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BASIC WATER
COURSE
Introduction to Water Resources
I. Water Cycle
II. Typical Water Supply System
i. Source
ii. Treatment
iii. Distribution
Water Cycle
The world's total volume of water is in many
different forms:
Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
Solid- glaciers
Gas- invisible water vapor in the air
Water changes states as it is moved
around the planet by wind currents.
Understanding the Water Cycle
When the sun heats
the ocean and lakes,
water evaporates and
rises into the air.
Evaporation
The water vapor cools
and condenses to
become droplets,
which form clouds
Condensation
If enough water
condenses, the drops
become heavy enough
to fall to the ground as
rain and snow.
Rain
Snow
Some rain collects in
ground wells. The rest
flows through rivers,
including melted ice,
back into the ocean
Run-off
Ground
water
Melting
of ice
Typical Water Supply
System
Typical Water Supply System
TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION
sources of water that are
potentially useful
process of making the water
useful for end-users
the end-users or
the receiver
SOURCE
Water Resources
Fresh water
3%
Saline (Oceans)
97%
Earths water
Groundwater
30.1%
Icecaps and Glaciers
68.7%
Surface water
0.3% Others
0.9%
Freshwater
Lakes
87% Swamps
11%
Rivers
2%
Fresh surface water
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Surface Water Groundwater Seawater Rainwater
Sources of Natural Drinking Water
- is water in a
river, lake or
fresh
water wetland.
Surface water is
naturally
- is fresh water
located in
the pore space
of soil
and rocks
- water that is
flowing within
aquifers below
the water table
- is precipitation
that is collected
from relatively
clean, above-
ground
surfaces -
usually
rooftops.
- is water that
has the
property of
salinity and
temperature
which controls
the density of
the water.
Water Resources for Metro Manila
Laiban Dam Kanan Dam Agos Dam
Kaliwa Low Dam Marikina River
Wawa Dam Laguna Lake Angat Dam
Source: en.wikipedia.org
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION
SOURCE TREATMENT STORAGE
Storage
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water
What are dams?
Types of dams
Impound water in periods of surplus supply.
Used for irrigation, and for diversion of water from streams to a storage reservoir
Storage dam Diversion dam
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
UMIRAY Transbasin Tunnel ANGAT DAM
IPO DAM
LA MESA DAM
LAGUNA LAKE
Umiray Angat Dam Ipo Dam
Aqueducts
Portal
To La
Mesa
Dam
To Treatment Plants
UMIRAY UMIRAY
Tunnel 4.3 km
Diameter 4.3 m
Design 30cms
Actual 9-16 cms
LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,
General Nakar, Quezon Province
Multi Purpose Dam
For potable water supply
Electric power generation
Irrigation
Flood control
Overflow Level:217 m
Low water level: 180.00 m
Critical low water level: 150.00 m
Volume: 850 MCM
Watershed: 62,000 Hectares
ANGAT DAM
IPO DAM
Mass concrete gravity dam with gated spillways, and diversion control
Capacity: 5.9 MCM
Operating level: 100.50 100.80 m
Overflow Level: 101.0 m
Watershed: 6,600 Hectares
7units 12 m high Radial Gates
IPO DAM IPO DAM
LA MESA DAM
LA MESA DAM
Overflow Level: 80.15 M
Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)
Watershed: 2,700 Hectares
3 Intake Structures
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE DISTRIBUTION
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
-the end-users of
the receiver
TREATMENT
Why do we treat water?
58% of ground water is contaminated with coliform 31% of illness for a 5-year period were water-borne diseases
Impurities in Water
CLASSIFICATIONS
I. Suspended
II. Dissolved
III. Living Organisms
Impurities in Water
I. Suspended Solids
Sand Silt Clay Debris
Effects
Increase in surface water temperature, thus decrease the
dissolved oxygen
Turbid water Discoloration
Organic matter (e.g. leaves) Industrial/Domestic by-products
Impurities in Water
II. Dissolved Solids
Calcium Magnesium Chloride Manganese
Sulfate Nitrate Carbonate
Effects
Cause metallic/bitter taste Discoloration/Staining (Brown,
black or yellow)
Cause hard water Rusty odor
Impurities in Water
III. Living Organisms
Fish Shrimps Worms
Larvae Algae
Effects
Cause water-bourne diseases Cause taste and odor problems Clog filters, and produce slime
growths on intake pipes and
equipment
Impurities in Water
IV. Dissolved Gases
How it gets into the water
Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit
gases to enter
Effects
Affects aquatic life Corrosion Rotten egg Odor
Water Quality
- characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for drinking
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Main water quality
parameters:
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
1. Turbidity
2. pH
3. Residual Chlorine
4. Microbiological Quality
5. Color
6. Taste and Odor
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Parameter Maximum Level
Color Apparent 10 PCU
True 5 PCU
Turbidity 5 NTU
Chloride 250 mg/L
Hardness 300 mg/L as CaCO3
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/L
Iron 1 mg/L
Manganese 0.4 mg/L
pH 6.5 - 8.5
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
500 mg/L
Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
Total Coliform
1. Turbidity
Refers to cloudiness of water
The higher the value, the more turbid the water is
Removed through chemical application
1,500
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Parameter Limit Turbidity 5 NTU
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
2. pH
Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution
Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process
Parameter Limit pH 6.5 - 8.5 mg/L
Acidic Basic
pH < 7 < pH
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
3. Residual Chlorine
Remaining chlorine available for disinfection
Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence
Parameter Limit Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
Colorimeter
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
4. Microbiological Parameter
Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk
These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of warm blooded
Pathogens: Salmonella
Shigella
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia enterocolitica
Campylobacter fetus
Legionella pneumophila
Parameter Maximum Level
Total Coliform
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply
Systems for Microbiological Examination
Source: PNSDW
5. Color
Green or blue water is usually caused by corrosion of copper
plumbing.
Red or dark brown water generally indicates iron rust or
manganese in the water or pipe
sediment
Cloudy White is usually due to turbidity
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Parameter Maximum Level
Color Apparent 10 PCU
TRUE 5 PCU
6. Taste and Odor
Standard:
Unobjectionable
- Petroleum or solvent odor
- Metallic taste
- Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor
- Rotten egg odor
- Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor
- Salty taste
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
7. Total Dissolved Solids
Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic substances contained in a liquid
Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial wastewater.
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Parameter Maximum Level
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
500 mg/L
Parameter Operational
Limit
Iron (Total) 1
Iron (Dissolved)
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Screening Aeration Coagulation Flocculation Sedimentation/ Clarification
Flotation Filtration Membrane Reverse Osmosis Disinfection
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other large floatables to enter the process
Prevents:
Damage to treatment plant equipment
Increase in chemical requirements
impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes
hinder the treatment process
SCREENING
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Process of bringing water and air into close contact
Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide
Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese
AERATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid mixing
Uses coagulant chemicals
Common coagulants are as follows:
1. Aluminum Sulfate
2. Sodium Aluminate
3. Ferric Sulfate
4. Ferrous Sulfate
5. Ferric Chloride
6. Polymers
7. PolyAluminum Chloride
Coagulant
COAGULATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for sedimentation process
Utilizes slow mixing
FLOCCULATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the filters
Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with minimum turbulence at entry and exit points
Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin
SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
FLOATATION
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.
The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE
Filter Media
Silica Sand
Anthracite Coal
Membrane Nanofilters
Ultrafilters
Microfilters
Reverse Osmosis
FILTRATION
Raw water Filtrate
Filter
Filt
er
Filtrate
Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration
Conventional Granular / Mixed Media
Irregular Pore Size Distribution
Probable/ Filtration
MF Membrane Media
Controlled/Uniform Pore Size Distribution (0.1 micron)
Absolute Filtration
Better water quality
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Relative Sizes of Small Particles
Protozoa Giardia Cyst (5 - 15 m)
Pencil Dot (40 m)
Protozoa Cryptosporidium Oocysts (3 - 6 m)
Microfiltration (0.1 m)
Virus (0.3 m)
Large Siliceous
Bacteria (20 m)
Particle (0.5 m)
Can all particles be filtered?
Introduction to Water Treatment Process
Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in the last step of water purification
Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters
Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
Common Disinfectant:
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Ozone
Ultraviolet
Hypochlorites
Mixed Oxide
PATHOGENS
DISINFECTANT CHEMICAL
DISINFECTION
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculation-
settlement-rapid gravity filter plant
Design Capacity: 1500 mld
Overload Capacity: 1650 mld
Type: Conventional
Filters: Anthracite coal & sand
ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)
IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Caustic Soda
Potassium Permanganate
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
created by: Production Planning
Raw water from LP-1 Open canal (Portal)
Aluminum Sulfate
Pre-chlorination
Polymer
Post Chlorination
To Bagbag Reservoir
Sedimentation Screening
Junction Box Structure
Flocculation Coagulation
Recovery Lagoon
Filtration
Rapid Mixing
Water Source
Rapid Mixing
Flocculation Process
Sedimentation Process
Filtration Process
Potable Water
Sludge Lagoons Recovery
Primary Coagulant
Coagulant Aid
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
Chlorine Application
Coagulant Aid
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
Commissioning Date: January 1995
Design Capacity: 900 mld
Overload Capacity: 990 mld
Type: Pulsator
Filters: Silica sand
ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )
IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
Washwater
Recovery
Tank
Raw water from LP-2 Open canal (Portal)
Post Chlorination
Pre- chlorination
Caustic Soda Aluminum Sulfate Polymer
Recovered Water
Caustic Soda (if necessary)
Effluent
Potassium Permanganate
Screening (Raw Water Inlet)
Coagulation
(Repartition
Building) Pulsator-Clarifier
Filtration
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
Water Source
Flash Mixing
Pulsation/ Clarification Process
Filtration Process
Potable Water
Sludge Management Facility Recovery
Primary Coagulant
Coagulant Aid
To LMTP1 Sludge Lagoons
Water Source
Flash Mixing
Pulsator Clarifier
Filtration Process
Recovery
Primary Coagulant
Chlorine Application
Coagulant Aid
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
07/08/10
PWTP
o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers
o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower
than 10.5 meters
RAW WATER PUMPING STATION
FOREBAY
EXISTING NIA BLDG
TRANSFORMER YARD
PWPS MCC
14ML RESERVOIR
PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION
PNR RAILWAY
CHLORINATION BLDG
SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG
GENSET HOUSE
PRE-TREATED 1
PRE-TREATED 2
SUB STATION
MFRO BLDG
PERMEATE TANK
DAF-2
DAF-1
CHEMICAL STORAGE 100 MLD PUTATAN WATER
TREATMENT PLANT
When TDS > 400
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
Typical Water Supply System
SOURCE
-sources of water that are
potentially useful
-process of making the water
useful for end-users
-the end-users of
the receiver
TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
To Bagbag Reservoir
Interconnecting Structure HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings) (Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)
ARPS
2100 b. valve inside weir box
2000 mm dia.
1500 mm dia.
3200 mm dia. 2500 mm dia. By-pass
50 ML la Mesa Reservoir Overflow Weir Elev. = 73.74 m
2800 mm dia.
BV
900 mm dia. BV
VELOCITY FLOW ROUGHNESS
HEADLOSS
ENERGYLOSS
trunk line
lateral line
Secondary/tertiary lines
Physical NRW
CommercialNRW
WSC
lateral line
Hydraulic Grade Line
P.S.
consumer
Datum
elev. 45m
elev. 50m
elev. 60m
Reservoir
Typical Distribution System
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time low consumption
During day time high consumption
What is the reason why
reservoir is draining
during peak
demand/hour?
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
P.S.
consumer
Datum
elev. 45m
elev. 50m
elev. 60m
Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time low consumption
During day time high consumption
1400mld
1200 mld 1700 mld
Typical Distribution System
What is the function of pump stations in the distribution system?
Flow and Pressure on Pipes
P.S.
consumer
Datum
elev. 45m
elev. 50m
elev. 60m
Bagbag Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time low consumption
During day time high consumption
Typical Distribution System
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
TREATMENT
PLANT Typical Distribution System
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PE TUBING
P.S.
consumer
Datum
elev. 45m
elev. 50m
elev. 60m
Bagbag Reservoir
Hydraulic Grade Line
During night time low consumption
During day time high consumption
Typical Distribution System
BAGBAG
RESERVOIR
TREATMENT
PLANT Typical Distribution System
PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE
PUMPING
STATION
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
PE TUBING
WATER METER
2m
3m
7 psi ~ 5m
How high can 7 psi go?
PIPE NETWORK
Primary Line
Secondary Line
DMA
Tertiary Line
PRV
District Meter
Valves
PRV
Fire Hydrant
Meter Set
Assembly
Pipe Fittings
Air Valve Blow-off
Check Valve Flow Meter
GP
STEEL PIPES
DUCTILE IRON PIPES
Asbestos Cement Pipe
PVC Pipe
HDPE Pipe
Galvanized Steel Pipe
Butterfly Valve Commonly used in large
diameter pipes
Small Gate Valve Commonly used in MSA
and domestic plumbing
Gate Valve Commonly used in MSA and domestic
plumbing
Cone Valve Commonly used in pumping stations Glove Valve Commonly
used in pumping stations
Check Valve Permit water to flow in only one direction and are
commonly used to to prevent
reversal of flow when pumps are
shutoff
Air Valve are provided in long pipelines to permit release of air at
high points and prevent negative
pressures when lines get drained.
Pressure Regulating Valve Automatically reduce the
downstream pressure to any
desired level..
District Meter Are used to measure supply and to
calculate losses in a DMA.
Flow Meter Are used to measure supply and to
calculate losses on
distribution lines. Electromagnetic Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Insertion Type Flow Meter
Blow-off valve Are designed to prevent
contamination of water
supplies. It is usually
located at the lowest part
of the pipeline.
Fire Hydrant Are designed for fire fighting
and can be used as
flushing point.
Spring Fire Hydrant
Traffic Type Fire Hydrant
Meter Set Assembly Are used to measure water
consumption of
costumers.
End Cap Tee Reducer
STC
Bend Elbow
Adaptor