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Basics of Anatomy and Tissue Injuries
Anatomical Position
•Anatomic Position: Refers to an erect stance with the arms at the sides and the palms of the hands facing forward
•The body moves in relation to planes▫Frontal▫Sagittal▫Transverse
•Refer back to Med Term notes/packets for help
Body Tissues
•Athletic injury usually involved injury to▫Skin▫Bone▫Cartilage▫Muscle▫Tendons▫Ligaments
Basically everything
Skin
•Outermost surface of the body•First line of defense against
▫Insects▫Air▫Dirt▫Bacteria▫Blunt force
•Keeps body fluids in•Senses agitators•Secretes sweat and oily substance
Skin
•Made up of multiple layers▫Epidermis – Most superficial▫Dermis – deep to epidermis▫Hypodermis – technically not part of the skin
AKA: Subcutaneous Layer Hold skin to underlying bone and muscle Responsible for storing 50% of body fat
•Has the ability to expand▫Increase in muscle girth▫Stretch marks – rupture of elastic fibers
Bones•3 primary functions
▫Protect vital organs▫Create movement▫Metabolically active
Produce RBC Store minerals
Cal, Phos
•Also provide a degree of protection for nerve and vessels that run length of bone
Bones
•206 bones in the body
•Skeleton▫Axial
Skull Spine Thorax
▫Appendicular extremities
Surface Anatomy Lab
•Turn to page 34•Using figure 3.3, place adhesive dots on
various areas of the skeleton and number them
•Using correct medical terminology, write now the name of the bone under the numbered adhesive and identify it’s location▫E.g. #3 Ulna; distal to Humerus, proximal
to carpals
Bone categories
•Bones come in several shapes and sizes▫Long (femur)▫Short (metacarpal)▫Flat (scapula)▫Irregular (vertebra)
•Features▫Shaft - Diaphysis▫Epiphysis – growth plate
Spongy during adolescence
Articular Cartilage
•Covers ends of the bones•Function
▫Absorb shock▫Permit smooth
bone movement
Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments
•Muscles – contract to create ▫Acceleration▫Deceleration▫Stop movement▫Maintain normal postural alignment▫Produce heat
•Tendons – connect MUSCLE to BONE•Ligaments – connect BONE to BONE
Your Aging Body
•As infants:▫Bones are cartilaginous
•As adults▫Bones harden and become strong▫Muscles are composed of fibers with high
excitability and elasticity•As elders
▫Bones become brittle▫Muscle degenerates and replaced by
fibrous connective tissue
Classification of Joints
•3 different classifications:▫Diarthrodial▫Amphiarthrodial▫Synarthrodial
Diarthrodial• AKA Synovial joints
• Have excellent mobility
• Components:▫ Joint Capsule (sleeve-like ligament that
surround entire joint)▫Synovial membrane (slick lining on the inside
of the capsule)▫Hyaline cartilage (thin layer of cushioning at
the ends of the bone)▫Ligaments
Diarthrodial
•Divided into several types:▫Hinge joints
Knee and elbow – move back and forth like hindges on a door
▫Multiaxial Shoulder and hip (AKA ball and socket) –
move alone many axes
Amphiarthrodial
•AKA Cartilaginous joints• Cartilage attaching two bones together
▫E.g. Ribs connecting at sternum
Synarhtrodial
• AKA Fibrous Joints•Held together by tough connective tissue•Immovable
▫E.g. – bones of the skull; tibia/fibula
Soft Tissue Injuries
•Wounds, Strains, Sprains▫Bleed, become infected, produced extra
fluid
•Classification: Acute▫Occurs suddenly as a result of a high
amount of force applied to the tissue over a short time (milliseconds-seconds)
•Wounds:▫Injuries to the skin
Incision Abrasion Contusion Laceration Avulsion Amputation Puncture Contrecoup
▫ Bleed EXTERNALLY
•Sprains▫Bleed INTERNALLY
May cause fluid build up Ligament (Bone to Bone)
•Strains▫Bleed INTERNALLY
Tendons (Muscle to Bone) Muscle
Grading
•Grade 1▫Over stretched
No decreased ROM, WBAT, ADL•Grade 2
▫Partial tear Decreased ROM, P w/ WB, decreased ADL,
Bruising•Grade 3
▫Complete rupture NWB, No ROM, often requires surgery
Chronic Soft Tissue Injury
•Chronic is the result of lesser forces being applied over a long period of time (weeks to months) ▫Often the product of overuse
•Types:▫Synovitis▫Bursitis▫Myositis▫Fasciitis
•Synovitis▫Inflammation of the synovial joint lining
Acute injury that never healed or from repeated join injury
•Bursitis▫Inflammation of the bursa sac
Tends to swell
•Myositis▫Chronic Inflammation of the muscle (Myo=
Muscle) Sore, tender, mild swelling, excessively sore
•Fasciitis▫Inflammation of the Thick, rough
connective tissue that surrounds the muscles Thicken, swollen, painful
Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing
•Stage 1: Acute Inflammatory▫Cells die from being ripped apart & from
being cut off from food and oxygen supply Fresh blood bring chemicals to begin healing
process Phagocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets (Vocab)
▫Acute stage lasts 48hrs
•Stage 2: Repair▫Injured area filled with fresh blood, cells,
and chemicals to rebuild the damage. Fibroblasts for scar tissue 6wks-3mo
depending on severity•Stage 3: Remodeling
▫Takes up to 1 year+
Factors That Slow Healing
•Poor Blood Supply•Poor nutrition•Illness/disease
▫Diabetes•Medications
▫Corticosteriods Chems made in the body to help reduce
inflammation Synthetic versions are available (i.e. Advil)
•Infection
Bone Injuries
•Dislocation▫Force displaces two ends of articulating
bone causes them to separate▫Disloc also causes:
Avulsion fx Strains/sprains Disruptions of blood flow Disruption of nerve conduction
▫Present w/ obvious deformity, P, NO ROM
•Fractures▫Failure point
Vary with age, bone structure, medical predisposition
▫(osteoporosis)
▫Name according to type of impact/how failure occurs
Broken/cracked/chipped/hairline fx▫13 types of fractures – pg 46 to 49
Stages of Bone Healing
•Stage 1: Acute▫injury causes break which causes bleeding
at site Osteoclasts begin to eat the debris to absorb
back in the body Osteoblasts begin to add new layers to
outside of bone Lasts 4 days
•Stage 2: Repair▫Soft Callus forms internally and externally
to hold fractured ends together▫Eventually turns to hard callus▫Process turning callus to bone begins at 3
weeks and last approx 3mo
•Stage 3: Remodeling▫Takes several years to complete
Callus is reabsorbed and replaced with bone Electrical stimulation can be applied to fx
that are not healing ▫Due to minerals in bone
▫Fractures can be nonunion Only in WB bones
(leg, foot, scaphoid most common sites) Painful, loss of ROM, necrosis
•Define terms found on pages 42 and 43
•Create a summary of each of the 13 fractures
•Chapter 4 worksheet