Basics of Ccna

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Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana

MID TERM REPORT

COMPUTER NETWORKING AND WDRAMAT

RELIENCE COMMUNICATION

UNDER GUIDANCE OF

PARAMJEET BHULLAR, CIRCLE LEAD IT DEPT

CHANDIGARH

KULWINDER MAHAL, AOI IT DEPT LUDHIANA

SUBMITTED BY

JASMINE KAUR

Electronics and communication engg. (2009-2013)

Roll No. 93040

Uni Roll No. 90370412844


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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Company profilea. IT. infrastructure

2. Introduction to Networkinga. Definition

b. Requirement of Networking

3. Types of Network

a. LAN (Local Area Network)

b. WAN (Wide Area Network)

4. Network Models

a. OSI Model

5. Cables

a. Twisted Cable

b. Coaxial Cablec. Fibre Optic

6. Networking Devices

a. Router

b. Switch

c. Repeater d. Hub

e. Gateway

f. Bridge

7. IP Addressing

a. Introductionb. Private IP

c. Masking

d. Subnetting

8. Network topologies

9. WDRAM

a. Windows server update server

b. Domain

c. Remedy

d. Antivirus

e. Marimba


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COMPANY PROFILE

DHIRUBHAIS DREAM

Late Dhirubhai Ambani built Reliance from scratch to be in the reckoning

for a place in the Global Fortune 500 list. This achievement is even more

significant due to the fact, that the entire growth was achieved in an organic

manner and in a span of just 25 years.

Dhirubhai was not just firmly rooted in traditional Indian values, but was

also a quintessentially modern man - the man of the new millennium. This

was clearly reflected in his passion for mega-sized projects, the most

advanced technology and the highest level of productivity

Dhirubhai Ambani, Founder Chairman of the Reliance Group, had an acute

sense that education alone empowers people. He was a great communicator.

He communicated to inspire, to guide, to educate and to motivate.

Dhirubhai Ambani was of the conviction that Communications would

energize enterprises, galvanizes governance, make livelihood an enjoyment,

learning an experience, and living an excitement.

Reliance Communications is a fascinating outcome of this powerful

conviction. It is a major initiative to translate his inspiring dream intoreality

VISION

Reliance Communication ltd. envisions a digital revolution that will sweep

the country and bring about a New Way of Life. A digital way of life for a

New India. With mobile devices, net ways and broadband systems linked topowerful digital networks, Reliance Communication will usher fundamental

changes in the social and economic landscape of India.

Reliance Communication will help men and women connect and

communicate with each other It will enable citizens to reach out to their

work place, home and interests, while on the move. It will enable people to


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work, shop, educate and entertain themselves round the clock, both in the

virtual world and in the physical world.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE

Reliance Communication offices are spread across the country. There are

multiple offices in a city. IT being the important aspect of running the

business, a team has been dedicated for IT Infrastrucre. IT Infrastructure

team is responsible for setting up and further supporting IT Infrastructure at

various Infocomm Offices.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

Definition :-

A network is a system that transmits any combination of voice, video and/or

data between users. A network can be defined by its geographical

dimensions and by which the users PC access it.

A network consists of a:

The network operating system (Windows NT/2000TM/Xp) on the

users PC (client) and server. The cables connecting all network devices (users PC, server,

peripherals, etc.).

All supporting network components (hubs, routers and switches, etc.).

Computer Network means an interconnected collection of autonomous

computers.

Requirement of Networking

Resource sharing- To make all programs, equipment, and especially dataavailable to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of

the resource and the user.

High reliability- As all files could be replicated on two or three machines, so

if one of them is unavailable (due to hardware failure), the other copies

could be used.
http://4.it/http://4.it/


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Scalability- It is the ability to increase system performance gradually as the

workload grows just by adding more processors.

A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium along

widely separated employees.

The use of networks to enhance human-to-human communication will

probably prove more important than technical goals such as improved

reliability.

These are the requirement with respect to companies but computer

networking is required even in the normal day to day life as we have to

access the internet to get information about what all new happening in the

world, to have communication with people staying far away using the e mail

service.

TYPES OF NETWORKS

LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

These are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of

up to a few a kilometers in size.

LANs are distinguished from other networks by three characteristics:

1) Their size.

2) Their transmission technology.

3) Their topology.

LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission

time is bounded and known in advance.

LANs often use a transmission technology consisting of a single cable to

which all the machines are attached.

LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps, have low delays, and make very few

errors.


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LAN SETUP

IEEE has produced several standards for LANs. These standards

collectively known as IEEE 802 .

IEEE802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE802.4 (Token Bus), IEEE802.5 (Token Ring)

WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK)

It is a Computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area,

often a country or continent. Typically a WAN consists of two or more

Local Area Network.

Computers connected to WAN are often connected through public networks

such as telephone systems. They can also be connected through leased lines

or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is Internet.

WANs run at speed of maximum 2 to 10 Mbps.

WAN SETUP

For most WANs, the long distance bandwidth is relatively slow: on the order

of kilobits per second (kbps) as opposed to megabits per second (Mbps) for

local-area networks (LANs). For example, an Ethernet LAN has a 10 Mbps

bandwidth; a WAN using part or all of a T1 carrier has a bandwidth of 1.544

Mbps .

Three types of approaches are used to connect WANs:

1) Circuit switching, which provides a fixed connection (at least for the

duration of a call or session), so that each packet takes the same path.

Examples of this approach include ISDN, Switched 56, and Switched T1.


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2) Packet switching, which establishes connections during the transmission

process so that different packets from the same transmission may take

different routes and may arrive out of sequence at the destination. Examples

of this approach are X.25, frame relay, and ATM.

3) Leased lines, which can provide a dedicated connection for private use

NETWORK MODELS

Layering Concepts and Benefits

Many benefits can be gained from the process of breaking up the functions

or tasks of networking into smaller chunks, called layers, and defining

standard interfaces between these layers. The layers break a large, complex

set of concepts and protocols into smaller pieces, making it easier to talk

about, to implement with hardware and software, and to troubleshoot.

The following list summarizes the benefits of layered protocol

Specifications:

Humans can more easily discuss and learn about the many details of a

protocol specification.

Standardized interfaces among layers facilitate modular engineering.

A better environment for interoperability is created. One vendor can write

software that implements higher layersfor example, a Web browserand

another can write software that implements the lower layersfor example,

Microsofts built-in TCP/IP software in its operating systems.

Reduced complexity allows easier program changes and faster product

evolution.

One layer uses the services of the layer immediately below it. Therefore,

remembering what each layer does is easier. (For example, the network layer


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needs to deliver data from end to end. To do this, it uses data links to

forward data to the next successive device along that end-to-end path.)

OSI NETWORK MODEL

The OSI model describes how information makes its way from application

programs through a network medium to another application program in other

computer. It divides one big problem in to seven smaller problems . Each

problem is addressed by one of the seven layers of the OSI model.

Functions of Network Layers in Brief:

APPLICATION LAYER

Used for applications specifically written to run over the network

Allows access to network services that support applications;

Directly represents the services that directly support user applications

Handles network access, flow control and error recovery

Example apps are file transfer, e-mail, Net BIOS-based applications

PRESENTATION LAYER

Translates from application to network format and vice-versa

All different formats from all sources are made into a common

uniform format that the rest of the OSI model can understand

Responsible for protocol conversion, character conversion, data

encryption / decryption, expanding graphics commands, data

compression

Sets standards for different systems to provide seamlesscommunication from multiple protocol stacks

Not always implemented in a network protocol

SESSION LAYER

Establishes, maintains and ends sessions across the network


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Responsible for name recognition (identification) so only the

designated parties can participate in the session

Provides synchronization services by planning check points in the

data stream => if session fails, only data after the most recent

checkpoint need be transmitted

Manages who can transmit data at a certain time and for how long

Examples are interactive login and file transfer connections, the

session would connect and re-connect if there was an interruption;

recognize names in sessions and register names in history

TRANSPORT LAYER

Additional connection below the session layer Manages the flow control of data between parties across the network

Divides streams of data into chunks or packets; the transport layer of

the receiving computer reassembles the message from packets

"Train" is a good analogy => the data is divided into identical units

Provides error-checking to guarantee error-free data delivery, with on

losses or duplications

Provides acknowledgment of successful transmissions; requests

retransmission if some packets dont arrive error-free

Provides flow control and error-handling

NETWORK LAYER

Translates logical network address and names to their physical

address (e.g. computer name ==> MAC address)

Responsible for addressing and determining routes for sending

Managing network problems such as packet switching, data

congestion and routing

If router cant send data frame as large as the source computer sends,the network layer compensates by breaking the data into smaller units.

At the receiving end, the network layer reassembles the data

Think of this layer stamping the addresses on each train car

IP; ARP; RARP, ICMP; RIP; OSFP;


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DATA LINK LAYER

Turns packets into raw bits 100101 and at the receiving end turns bits

into packets.

Handles data frames between the Network and Physical layers

The receiving end packages raw data from the Physical layer into data

frames for delivery to the Network layer

Responsible for error-free transfer of frames to other computer via the

Physical Layer

This layer defines the methods used to transmit and receive data on

the network. It consists of the wiring, the devices use to connect theNIC to the wiring, the signaling involved to transmit / receive data

and the ability to detect signaling errors on the network media

Logical Link Control

Error correction and flow control

Manages link control and defines SAPs

PHYSICAL LAYER

Transmits raw bit stream over physical cable

Defines cables, cards, and physical aspects

Defines NIC attachments to hardware, how cable is attached to NIC

Defines techniques to transfer bit stream to cable

IP ADDRESSING

Every machine on the internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP

Address. A typical; IP address looks like this:


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216.27.61.45

IP ADDRESS is a 32-bit number, usually written in dotted decimal

form, that uniquely identifies an interface of some computer. This 32-

bit number is divided into 4 octets each separated by a decimal. Outso many values certain values are restricted for use as typical IP

address. For example, the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the

default network and the address 255.255.255.255is used for

broadcast.

Each IP address is split into 2 sections:

1. Network address

2. Host address

Individual IP address in same network all have a different value in the

host part of address, but they have identical value in network part,

just as in town there are different street address but same ZIP code.

There are five IP classes:

Class A This class is for very large networks, such as a major

international company. IP addresses with a first octet from 1 to 126

are part of this class. The other three octets are each used to identify

each host.Net Host or Node

54. 24.54.43

Loopback- The IP address 127.0.0.1 is used as the loopback address.

This means that it is used by the host computer to send a message

back to itself. It is commonly used for troubleshooting and network

testing.

Class B- Class B is used for medium-sized networks. A good

example is a large college campus. IP addresses with a first octet

from 128 to191 are part of this class. Class B addresses also include


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the second octet as part of the Net identifier. The other two octets are

used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

24.53.198

Class C- Class C addresses are commonly used for small to mid-size

business. IP addresses with a first octet from192 to 223 are part of

this class. Class C addresses also include the second and third octets

as part of Net identifier. The last octet is used to identify each host.

Net Host or Node

34.86

Class D- It is used for multicast. It has first bit value of 1, second bit

value of 1, third bit value of 1 and fourth bit value of 0. The other 28

bits are used to identify the group of computers the multicast

messages is intended for.

Net Host or Node

224 24.54.145

Class E- It is used for experimental purpose only.

Net Host or Node

240. 23.45.105

Private IP

It is not necessary that every time we make a network we are

connected to some ISP (Internet Service Provider). So in that case werequire some private IP also which can be used in indigenous

networks .In each class a range of IP addresses have been defined for

this purpose

CLASS A 10.0.0.1 to 10.255.255.244

CLASS B 172.16.0.1 to 172.34.255.254


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CLASS C 192.168.0.0/16

MASKING

Computers use a mask to define size of network and host part of an

address. Mask is a 32-bit number written in dotted decimal form. Itprovides us the network address when we perform a Boolean AND of

mask with the IP address. It also define number of host bits in an

address.

SUBNETTING

Basically it is a process of subdividing networks into smaller subnets.

In case we have 2-3 small networks but we cant buy IP address for each and

every network. So here we use the basic concept of SUBNETTING i.e usingone public IP address we will give them IP address and make them

independent networks. For this we take some bits of host address and use

them for network address so we have different independent networks

Example

If subnet mask is 255.255.240.0

And an IP address for a computer is given as 142.16.52.4

142.16.0.0 is network address

0.0.48.0 is the subnet address

0.0.4.4 is the host address of the computer

10001110.00010000.00110100.00000100 is ANDed with

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

and output is 10001110.00010000.00110000.00000000


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here first two octets represents Network address and third octet represents

subnet address.

It can be compared with a postal address as there is only one ZIP code

(Network address), different streets (Subnet address), and different house

number (Host address).

Some terminologies those are used with Networking models:

Collision Domain- It is the group of PCs in which collision will occur

when two PC will transmit data simultaneously.

Broadcast Domain- It is the group of PCs those will receive same

broadcast message.

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Detection)- In this

protocol when a PC wants to transmit any packet it sense the carrier i.e the

path ,if no other PC is using the carrier then only it sends. If two PCs starts

sending data simultaneously collision will occur. Both PCs will wait for

some random time and then initiate the same process.

MAC (Media Access Control) . The IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.5

(Token Ring) are the MAC sub layers of these two LAN data-link protocols.

Burned-in address: The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making

the card. It is usually burned in to a ROM or EEPROM on the LAN card and

begins with a 3-byte organizationally unique identifier (OUI) assigned by

the IEEE.

Locally administered address: Through configuration, an address that is

used instead of the burned-in address.

Unicast address: Fancy term for a MAC that represents a single LAN

interface.


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PASSIVE COMPONENTS

Passive components are those devices which are used to provide

connectivity between different networking devices.

It includes

Cables

Patch Panel

Patch Cord

I/O box

Racks

RJ-45 Connectors

CABLES

There are different Cabling options depending on the access method :

Twisted pair

This made it easy to access the back of the patch panel and other

networking components.The wires are twisted around each other

tominimize interference from other twisted pairs in the cable.


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Twisted pair cables are available unshielded (UTP)

or shielded (STP). UTP is the most common type

and uses a RJ-45 Connector.

Typical lengths are up to 100m.

Twisted pair network uses a star topology.

Coaxial

Coaxial cable uses BNC connectors.

The maximum cable lengths are around 500m.

Coaxial networks use a single bus topology


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Fiber Optic

UTP and Co-axial cables are not capable for driving the data signalsfor long distance i.e. UTP is capable of transmitting up to a distance

100 meters only By using the Fiber cables it is possible to send the

data about 10 kilometers. Fiber optic cable uses SC, ST, LC

connectors (most common in use is SC connector)

In fiber cables the data is converted to light signals and the signal is

made to propagate through the fiber cable. There are two types of

Fibre optic cable available.

1. Single mode: In this mode typical length is up to 12km and data

rate is 1000Mbps. The core diameter is about 9.25 nm cable is knownas 1000 base LX cable.

2. Multi mode: This mode is further categorised in two:

1. SX: Typical length is up to 500m and data rate is 1000Mbps.

2. FX: Typical length is up to 220m and data rate is 100Mbps.


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PATCH PANEL

A patch panel provides a convenient place to terminate (connect) allof the cable coming from different locations into the wiring closet.

We connect the cables coming from various locations willing to

connect to switch through the patch panel.

NEED OF PATCH PANEL

We can label the patch panel so we know that which wire belongs to

which location. Without a patch panel, it is chaotic. If we want to

disconnect a station from the switch, it's a lot easier if there's a label.

Most cabling is wired "straight-through" from end to end. But

sometimes we need to cross-wire some of the pairs between switch


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and station, like with a cable modem, or cross-wire to connect two

switches. With a patch panel, all of this cross-wiring is done in the

patch cable. If you have to make any changes, like moving a station

or switch, you just move the patch cable with it, instead of having to

reterminate the cable run.

RACK

We have to mount the patch panel somehow. The best way is to buy a

rack. Basically, a rack is a pair of vertical rails with holes drilled in

them so that we can mount patch panels, hubs, and other network

equipment. This made it easy to access the back of the patch panel

and other networking components.

Computer networking devices

Router

A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks,

creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more datalines from different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines,

the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its

ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table orrouting

policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers

perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is

typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that

constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination nodeUnlike a

gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. Works on OSI layer 3.

Routers may provide connectivity within enterprises, between enterprisesand the Internet, and between internet service providers (ISPs) networks.

The largest routers (such as the CiscoCRS-1 orJuniperT1600) interconnect

the various ISPs, or may be used in large enterprise networks. Smaller

routers usually provide connectivity for typical home and office networks.

Other networking solutions may be provided by a backbone Wireless
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Distribution System (WDS), which avoids the costs of introducing

networking cables into buildings.

Switch

A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from

any device connected to it and then transmits the message only to the

device for which the message was meant. This makes the switch a moreintelligent device than a hub (which receives a message and then

transmits it to all the other devices on its network). The network switch

plays an integral part in most modern Ethernetlocal area networks

(LANs). Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed

switches. Small office/home office (SOHO) applications typically use a

single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as a residential

gateway to access small office/homebroadband services such as DSL or

cable Internet. In most of these cases, the end-user device contains a

routerand components that interface to the particular physical broadband

technology. User devices may also include a telephone interface forVoIP. Works on OSI layer 2.

Bridge

It is a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link

layer. Network bridging describes the action taken by network equipment

to allow two or more communication networks, or two or more network
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segments,[1] to create an aggregate network. Bridging is distinct from

routing which allows the networks to communicate independently as

separate networks.[2] A network bridge is a network device that connects

more than one network segment.Works on OSI layer 2.

Hub

A network hub is an unsophisticated device in comparison with, for

example, a switch. A hub does not examine or manage any of the traffic

that comes through it: any packet entering any port is rebroadcast on all

other ports. Effectively, it is barely aware of frames or packets and

mostly operates on raw bits orsymbols. Consequently, due to the larger

collision domains, packet collisions are more frequent in networks

connected using hubs than in networks connected using more

sophisticated devices. Works on OSI layer 1.

Repeater

It is a device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while

sending them from one part of a network into another. Works on OSI

layer 1.

Gateway

A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to anothernetwork.

On the Internet, a node or stopping point node or a host (end-point) node.

Both the computers of Internet users and the computers that servepages

to users are host nodes, while the nodes that connect the networks in

between are gateways. For example, the computers that control traffic

between company networks or the computers used by internet service

providers (ISPs) to connect users to the internet are gateway nodes.

In the network for an enterprise, acomputer serveracting as a gateway node

is often also acting as aproxy serverand a firewall server. A gateway is

often associated with both a router, which knows where to direct a given

packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which furnishes the

actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.
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Some hybrid network devices:

Multilayer switch: a switch which, in addition to switching on OSI

layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers. Protocol converter: a hardware device that converts between two

different types oftransmissions, such as asynchronous and

synchronous transmissions.

Bridge router(brouter): a device that combines router and bridge

functionality and therefore works on OSI layers 2 and 3.

Hardware or software components that typically sit on the connection point

of different networks, e.g. between an internal network and an external

network:

Proxy server: computernetwork service which allows clients to make

indirect network connections to other network services

Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to

prevent some communications forbidden by the network policy

Network address translator(NAT): network service provide as

hardware or software that converts internal to external network

addresses and vice versa

Other hardware for establishing networks or dial-up connections:

Multiplexer: device that combines several electrical signals into a

single signal

Network interface controllera piece of computer hardware to allow

the attached computer to communicate by network

Wireless network interface controllera piece of computer hardware to

allow the attached computer to communicate by LAN

Modem: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as

sound), to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such

a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information, as a computercommunicating with another computer over the telephone network

ISDN terminal adapter(TA): a specialized gateway for ISDN

Line driver: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying

the signal. Base-band networks only.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN_terminal_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(networking)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN_terminal_adapterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_driver


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Network topologies

Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape

does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices

on the network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may bearranged in a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find

a ring topology there.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

bus

ring

star

tree

mesh hybrid

Bus Topology

Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a

common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone

functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into

with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with anotherdevice on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other

devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes

the message.

Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much

cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5

("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for

bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of

devices. If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus,performance problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable

fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable. ]
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_lan.htm


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Ring Topology

In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for

communication purposes. All messages travel through a ring in the same

direction (either "clockwise" or "counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable

or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI,SONET, orToken

Ring technology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or

school campuses.

Star Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central

connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub, switch orrouter. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair

(UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable,

but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's

network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire

network also fails.)

Tree Topology

Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its

simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each

hub functions as the root of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach

supports future expandability of the network much better than a bus (limited

in the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star

(limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

Mesh Topology

Mesh topologies involve the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous

topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several

possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring,

although two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.)

Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/sonet/g/bldef_sonet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/sonet/g/bldef_sonet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/hardwarenetworkgear/g/bldef_switch.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_wan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/sonet/g/bldef_sonet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/token-ring-networks.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/hardwarenetworkgear/g/bldef_switch.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_wan.htm


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A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a

full mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also

exist in which some devices connect only indirectly to others.

Hybrid

Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a

way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard

topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network connected

to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is

always produced when two different basic network topologies are

connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are:star ring

networkandstar bus network

A Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connectedusing a multistation access unit (MAU) as a centralized hub.

A Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected

using a bus trunk (the bus trunk serves as the network's backbone).

While grid and torus networks have found popularity in high-performance

computing applications, some systems have used genetic algorithms to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm


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design custom networks that have the fewest possible hops in between

different nodes. Some of the resulting layouts are nearly incomprehensible,

although they function quite well.[citation needed]

A Snowflake topology is really a "Star of Stars" network, so it exhibits

characteristics of a hybrid network topology but is not composed of two

different basic network topologies being connected. Definition : Hybrid

topology is a combination of Bus,Star and ring topology.

IP ADDRESS

IP Address is a logical address of the computer. It use for identify of

computer this is unique same as telephone number. IP is a 32 bit address.Computer networking is depending on IP address.

IP Address is two types: --------

STATIC IP: - Provide by User this IP cannot change automatically.

DYNAMIC IP: - Provide by DHCP Server this is can be change

automatically

Difference between Static IP and Dynamic IP

STATIC IP DYNAMIC IP

Required more time to fill IP address Required less time to fill

IP List maintain by user IP List maintain by DHCP

Server

Human Error No chance

PC shuffle Problem No Problem

12.2 What is DHCP?

Automatically assigns IP addresses method centralized.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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DHCP is a protocol that allocates IP addresses to computer on a network.

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY OF RCOM CIRCLE OFFICECHANDIGARH

In Chandigarh circle office, we have a LAN IP pool of10.132.16.1/24 and

WAN IP pool of 97.246.86.101.

We have 1 DHCP SERVER having an IP address of 10.132.16.20 and DNS

server having an IP address of 10.132.16.19.

We have 4 TOSHIBA printers on each floor of the office having IP

addresses

10.132.16.4, 10.132.16.7, 10.132.16.5 AND 10.132.16.8.

SWITCH STACK connects the whole network.
http://10.132.16.1/24http://10.132.16.1/24


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WDRAM

RELIANCE I.T PROJECT

INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGED SERVICE GROUP(IMSG)

This project is started, so that there can be a proper utilization and

management of all the computers within the RELIANCE NETWORK.

There are 5 major components of the project

1. WINDOWS SERVER UPDATE SERVER

2. DOMAIN

3. REMEDY

4. ANTIVIRUS

5. MARIMBA

In this project there are 5 main servers, through which constant updates,

patches etc are being sent.

These servers are different from the normal servers, as they have to

communicate with multiple users at the same time.

THESE MAIN SERVERS ARE KEPT IN DAKC (DHIRU AMBANI

KNOWLEDGE CENTER) BOMBAY.

FOR THE CHANDIGARH CLUSTER, THE SUBSERVERS ARE KEPT

IN WAREHOUSE MOHALI.

Main servers first communicate with the sub servers, then those sub servers

sends all the updates to all those computers which are kept come in the

pendency list.


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The PENDENCY list is being send by the IMSG team in Bombay, known as

the

'WDRAM REPORT'.

This report consists of all the pendencys, issues and problems related to the

WDRAM.

Report is being sent on the weekly basis.

Report is forwarded by the AREA OPERATION INCHARGE, of the

respective cluster, to all the Engineers.

Currently there are over 200 PC's in CMP OFFICE and these pcs have to be

constantly monitored so that they can all work properly.

The main purpose here is to maintain the proper working of the 5 major

components as mentioned above.

In this report there are issues like:

1 Is PC in DOMAIN?

2 Is antivirus installed?

3 Is antivirus infected?

4. Is marimba installed?

5 Has computer fetched 7 days report?(there is a weekly report which is

constantly sent from DAKC)

6. Are patches up-to-date?

7. Is there any Remedy mismatch?

There are many other issues under WDRAM which IT TEAM have to deal

with.


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19.2 Five major components of the project

W(WINDOWS SERVER UPDATE SERVER):

For this server RELIANCE had a special tie up with MICROSOFT. This

server updates the client machine with security patches for software

application. Patches are used for software applications, so that they can work

properly.

WSUS Servers configuration is different from normal servers

configuration.

For updating wsus server we have to make a user login.

1 of the most important component used in the WSUS is MBSA(Microsoft

base line security Analyzer )

MBSA helps to scan a computer, by the help of MBSA a user can scan anyindividual PC or even multiple Pcs in any given range.

Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer (MBSA) is an easy-to-use tool that

helps small and medium businesses determine their security state in

accordance with Microsoft security recommendations and offers specific

remediation guidance. Improve your security management process by using

MBSA to detect common security misconfigurations and missing security

updates on your computer systems. Built on the Windows Update Agent and

Microsoft Update infrastructure, MBSA ensures consistency with otherMicrosoft management products including Microsoft Update (MU),

Windows Server Update Services (WSUS), Systems Management Server

(SMS), System Centre Configuration Manager (SCCM) 2007, and Small

Business Server (SBS). Used by many leading third party security vendors

and security auditors, MBSA on average scans over 3 million computers


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each week. Join the thousands of users that depend on MBSA for analyzing

their security state.In RELIANCE COMMUNICATIONS version 2.1 is

used.

D (DOMAIN SERVER)

By Default every computer domain is work group. So every computer has

to be kept in the RELIANCE domain that is ricpj.ric.com.

When the new PC comes to the office, it cannot pick up the updates

automatically from the domain server .so for that the PC should be kept in

the Domain.

R (REMDY SERVER)

This server is responsible for the working of the REMEDY SOFTWARE.

Which consist of all the information about the user.

ADVANTAGES

o Calls are put through this software. Any User having IT related

problem would lock a call on toll free number or they can mail

to [email protected] .

o It is also used in call logging or call tracing for any I.T related

problem .each and every asset is mapped through this.

This software was made by BMC, exclusively for RELIANCE

COMMUNICATIONS. This software is used to map each and every asset of

the computer which has been deployed to the user.
http://ricpj.ric.com/mailto:[email protected]://ricpj.ric.com/mailto:[email protected]


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Whenever a user faces any problem in his\her computer OR even if there is

any issue related to WDRAM, he\she would send a mail to

[email protected], then a call would be locked and

would be assigned to a particular engineer. Each and every Engineer has his

account in the REMMEDY Software which he is able to keep a track of allthe calls which are being assigned to him.

Even if any of the external customers (customers to RELIANCE

COMMUNICATIONS e.g. SBI, PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK etc)

Once an Engineer logs into the REMEDY software, then he clicks onto the

Incident Management Console. The main work of the engineer is in the

Incident Management Console.

An engineer has to check his calls which are locked .all the calls are

categorized according there priority levels.

HIGHEST PRIORITY CALL:

Issues related to NETWORK, router call (external call), HSD Call (external

call).

MEDIUM PRIORITY CALL:

Most of the calls are categorised under medium priority call. Calls of

WDRAM are categorised under medium priority.

LOW PRIORITY CALL:

Calls related to hardware is categorised under low priority.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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After putting the call in progress , engineer then tries to resolve the issue

.time available to the engineer is 180 minutes. if by any chance engineer is

not able to resolve his call within the given time period, then his call would

be escalated.

A (ANTIVIRUS SERVER):

Symmetric(ANTIVIRUS used in RELIANCE NETWORK) sends all the

updates to the ANTIVIRUS server, and those updates are send all over the

network.

Earlier trend micro was used but it was not that much effective.

In antivirus we can face many issues like;

Is antivirus infected?

Is antivirus updated?

Is antivirus engine on?

Removal of Infection from a system

If a system, gets infected, we have to download a file called NSS file which

is updated daily. The complete procedure to download and install the NSS

file is below:-

Goto 10.8.51.60 which is a FTP server for all downloads.

Then click Download and then Symantec which shows the list of antivirus

tools.

Goto Symantec tool and then NSS file is visible. Download this file and

place it on C: drive.

Restart the sytem in Safe Mode and run this NSS file.


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M (MARIMBA TOOL):

The Marimba Remedy Service Console (Windows) can be used as the

primary interface which is used for tracking, scanning and monitoring

hardware and software changes of a system. It is present in all the systemsand is a necessary tools for diagnosis

Marimba is a software developed by BMC Software Group. Marimba is

mandatory and is installed on the all servers, workstations and laptops

located all over India which are connected by ADAG Group Intranet

Network. Any computer or laptop must have Marimba installed before it can

be connected to the domain. Failure to do so results in a pendency which is

easily spotted at the Mumbai Circle office with the help of WDRAM

software. It is the IT engineers job to make sure all the PCs and laptopshave Marimba installed.

Marimba provides a continuous compliance over software, patches,

configuration settings, power settings, and security content through a

powerful policy-based management system that:

Discovers, manages, and documents configurations for client devices

like POS systems, handhelds, kiosks, and ATMs

Configures, updates, and patches client endpoints to ensure total

compliance and prevent security vulnerabilities

Installs, updates, and repairs application software and content to

ensure successful application releases

Tracks, harvests, and reuses software licenses to control costs and

ensure compliance with corporate license agreements

Manages advanced PC power settings to help establish and enforce

Green IT initiatives Supports popular client platforms, such as: Microsoft Windows

(including Windows 7), Windows Mobile, Red Hat and SUSE Linux


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Marimba is now called BMC BladeLogic Client Automation which is a

newer version. But ADAG Group uses the older version which is still called

Marimba.

The Advantages of using Marimba are:-

Attain first-time success rates of up to 95% or more for configuration

changes even in highly distributed environments

Eliminate 90% of the manual steps required by other patch

management systems

Deploy software to hundreds of thousands of diverse endpoints with

minimal hardware infrastructure and bandwidth usage

Enforce policy-driven compliance, while also saving on license costsand minimizing security vulnerabilities

Reduce client power consumption by up to 70%

Reduce annual software spend and gain clear insight to overall

software usage

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