BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY

Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and

Philips Lighting Company

Lamp TerminologyLamp TerminologyLumen (lm):

Total quantity of light produced independent of direction

Candlepower (cp):Quantity of light emitted in a specific direction

Illumination:Quantity of light falling on a surface measured in footcandles

Footcandle (fc):Amount of lumens falling on an area (lm/sf)

Lamp TerminologyLamp TerminologyLux (lx):

Metric equivalent of the footcandle. 1 fc ~ 10 lxColor Temperature (Kelvin, K)

The apparent color of a lamp expressed in Kelvin3000K ~ Warm White4100K ~ Cool White

Color Rendering Index (CRI)Measure from 0 - 100 of how well a lamp renders color based on incandescent being 100 (best).

Lamp TerminologyLamp TerminologyLumen Maintenance:

How well a lamp maintains light output over life. Usually shown as a percentage.

Lamp SizingLamp Sizing

Based on diameter at widest pointAll lamp types follow this formatSizes are described in 1/8” incrementsExamples:

A-19 = 19/8” = 2-3/8” diameterT-8 = 8/8” = 1” diameterPAR-38 = 38/8” = 4-3/4” diameter

Basic Lamp TypesBasic Lamp Types

IncandescentFluorescentHigh Intensity Discharge

Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure SodiumInduction

Incandescent LampsIncandescent LampsFirst electric light source ever usedLight produced by heating a metal (filament)Utilizes various bases as determined by

applicationStarts instantlyRequires no re-strike timeAvailable for operation at various voltages

Types of Incandescent LampsTypes of Incandescent Lamps

StandardHalogen

Standard LampsStandard Lamps

Yellow in appearanceMost often found in residential applicationsPoor lumen maintenance due to “blackening” of

bulb wallApplications:

General lighting Task lighting Accent lighting Flood lighting Specialty lighting

Halogen LampsHalogen LampsProvides “white” lightUp to 50% more efficient than standard

incandescentUp to 2.5 times the life than standard

incandescentBulb walls remain virtually clean due to

halogen processImproved lumen maintenance

Halogen ProcessHalogen ProcessHalogen process provides the longer life and higher

lumen maintenanceTungsten evaporates from the filament and

condenses on bulb wallTungsten atom combines with the halogen atom to

form tungsten-halogen moleculeFloating molecule comes in the vicinity of the

filamentVery hot filament evaporates halogenTungsten re-deposited on filament

Halogen Lamp ApplicationsHalogen Lamp Applications

Display and accent lightingGeneral lightingTask lightingFloodlighting

Incandescent Lamp ShapesIncandescent Lamp Shapes

Arbitrary Arbitrary Bulged Reflector Bulged Reflector Elliptical Reflector GlobeElliptical Reflector GlobeA-19 A-19 BR-40 BR-40 ER-30 ER-30 G-30 G-30

PAR-38 PAR-38 R-30 R-30 T-10 T-10 Parabolic Aluminized ReflectorParabolic Aluminized Reflector Reflector Reflector Tubular Tubular

Types of Fluorescent LampsTypes of Fluorescent Lamps

Pre-Heat SlimlineRapid StartHigh OutputVery High OutputCompact

Pre-Heat LampsPre-Heat Lamps

Bi-pin baseUtilize starter circuitPreheats electrodes in lamp before startingStarts in 2 to 3 secondsExample: Old fluorescent desk lamp --

Hold down button to startF15T8, F30T8 (these are not the energy-

efficient T8’s)

Slimline LampsSlimline Lamps

Single pin baseLamps start instantlyBallast provides high voltageFound on 8’ lamp type -- F96T12

Rapid Start LampsRapid Start LampsMost common lamp typeBi-pin baseCathodes continuously heatedLamps start in 1 to 2 seconds with rapid

start ballastLamps start instantly with instant start

ballastF32T8 is an example

High OutputHigh Output

Recessed double contact baseRapid start circuitsOperate at 800 milliamperesProduce 40% more light as regular T12Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor

applicationsF96T12/HO is a typical 8’ lamp found

Very High OutputVery High Output

Recessed double contact baseRapid start circuitsOperate at 1500 milliamperesProduce twice as much light as regular T12Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor

applicationsF96T12/VHO is a typical 8’ lamp found

Energy-Efficient T12 LampsEnergy-Efficient T12 Lamps

Interchangeable with standard T12 lampsOperate at 15 to 20% lower wattage (i.e. 40

vs. 34)Produce approximately 12% less lumensMore efficient than standard lampsWill not operate to specification in

temperatures below 60°F

Compact Fluorescent LampsCompact Fluorescent LampsEnergy-efficient replacement for many

incandescent lampsUp to 75% energy savingsAbout 4 times the efficacyUp to 13 times the lifeOperates similarly to standard fluorescent lampsBallast required - internal or externalHigh color renderingExcellent lumen maintenance - up to 90%

Compact Fluorescent LampsCompact Fluorescent Lamps

Screw-in lamps Installed directly into incandescent sockets Integral electronic ballast in base Various sizes, shapes and wattages 82 CRI @ 2700K Dimmable available

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes

Universal Universal A-Lamp A-Lamp Reflector Reflector Globe Globe

Table Table Outdoor Outdoor Specialty Specialty

Compact Fluorescent LampsCompact Fluorescent Lamps

Plug-in lamps Require new sockets Independent ballast system Various sizes, shapes and wattages Screw-in adapters available for some

applications 82 CRI and various color temperatures Some are dimmable

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes

Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes

Double TubeDouble Tube Quad Tube Quad Tube Triple Tube Triple Tube Low WattageLow Wattage

Double Tube High WattageDouble Tube High Wattage

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Consist of 3 lamp types Mercury Vapor Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium

Gases in lamp are under high pressure

Mercury Vapor LampsMercury Vapor LampsOldest of the HID family: Introduced in 1950Least efficient of the HID family: 32 - 63 LPW12,000 - 24,000 hour lifeBlue-green color lightApplications

Industrial Parking Areas Landscape Roadways Security

Metal Halide LampsMetal Halide Lamps Introduced in 1964Superior color rendering over mercury vapor Increased efficacy over mercury vapor: 60-125 LPW6,000 to 20,000 hours lifeApplications

Industrial Commercial Flood Lighting Sports Street/Parking Lighting Retail

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

Introduced in 1965Most efficient of HID family: 65-140 LPWPoor color renderingExcellent life: 10,000 - 30,000 hoursApplications

Industrial Warehouses Roadway Security Flood Lighting Parking lots

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

Lamp gases are under low pressureHighest efficacy of any light source: up to

183 LPWMonochromatic yellow light

All objects appear grayApplication

Security Areas where high efficacy required and color rendition

not a concern

Operating Characteristics of HID & LPS

Operating Characteristics of HID & LPS

Lamp TypeApprox.

Warm-up TimeApprox.

Restrike Time

Metal Halide 3-4 min 10-20 min

High PressureSodium

3-4 min ½-1 min

Mercury Vapor 5-7 min 3-6 min

Low PressureSodium

7-10 min 3-12 sec

Induction LightingInduction Lighting

100,000 hour lifeOperates in temperature range of -30°F to

130°FHigh color renderingAvailable in various colorsOperates using a magnetic fieldVibration resistant

Induction LightingInduction Lighting

High power factorCooler operation than HID sourcesApplications:

Problematic maintenance areas Security lighting Low bay Flood lighting Landscape lighting General lighting

Range of Light Output (Lumens)Range of Light Output (Lumens)

Lamp Type Low High

Incandescent 12 33,300

Mercury Vapor 1,580 60,000

Fluorescent 135 15,700

Metal Halide 2,000 165,000

High Pressure Sodium 2,150 140,000

Low Pressure Sodium 1,800 33,000

Induction 3,500 12,000

Compact Fluorescent 250 4,300

Range of Rated Life (Hours)Range of Rated Life (Hours)

Lamp Low HighIncandescent 50 8,000

Fluorescent 6,000 24,000

Mercury Vapor 12,000 24,000

Metal Halide 6,000 20,000

High Pressure Sodium 10,000 30,000

Low Pressure Sodium 14,000 18,000

Induction 100,000 100,000

Compact Fluorescent 6,000 20,000

Lamp EfficacyLamp Efficacy

Lamp Type LPW (lumens/watt)Incandescent 22.2

Mercury Vapor 70.7

Fluorescent 60.0

Metal Halide 103.3

High Pressure Sodium 140.0

Low Pressure Sodium 183.0

Induction 72.7

Compact Fluorescent 86.0