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NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.1
Basics of Power System Control and Protection
A. P. Sakis MeliopoulosGeorgia Power Distinguished Professor
School of Electrical & Computer EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.2
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Associate DirectorGraduate Affairs
Associate DirectorGraduate Affairs
Chairman (interim)Dr. Douglas B. Williams
Chairman (interim)Dr. Douglas B. Williams
Associate DirectorUndergraduate Affairs
Associate DirectorUndergraduate Affairs
Associate DirectorAssociate Director
Associate DirectorAssociate Director
Computer EngineeringComputer Engineering
Digital Signal ProcessingDigital Signal Processing
Electric PowerElectric Power
ElectromagneticsElectromagnetics
Electronic Designand Applications
Electronic Designand Applications
MicroelectronicsMicroelectronics
Modern OpticsModern Optics
Systems and ControlsSystems and Controls
TelecommunicationsTelecommunications
BioengineeringBioengineering
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.3
Undergraduate Curriculum
ECE3070ECE3070 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
ECE4320ECE4320 Power System Analysis
ECE4321ECE4321 Power System Engineering
ECE4330ECE4330 Power Electronics
ECE4325ECE4325 Electric Power Quality
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.4
Graduate Courses in Power Systems
ECE6320ECE6320 Control and Operation of Power Systems
ECE6321ECE6321 Power System Stability
ECE6322ECE6322 Power System Planning
ECE6323ECE6323 Power System Relaying
ECE8843ECE8843Topics in Electric PowerComputational Intelligence in Power Systems
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.5
Graduate Courses in Power Electronics
ECE6330ECE6330 Power Electronic Devices & Subsystems
ECE6331ECE6331 Power Electronic Circuits
ECE6335ECE6335 Electric Machinery Analysis and Design
ECE6336ECE6336 Dynamics & Control of Electric Machine Drives
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.6
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.7
Continuing EducationContinuing EducationContinuing EducationContinuing EducationPower Systems Certificate ProgramPower Systems Certificate ProgramPower Systems Certificate ProgramPower Systems Certificate Program
- All Courses are Coordinated by the Department of
Professional Education
- All Courses are Offered Annually
- Academic Administrator: A. P. MeliopoulosA. P. MeliopoulosA. P. MeliopoulosA. P. Meliopoulos
Core Courses
•Power System Relaying: Theory and Application
•Modern Energy Management Systems
•Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing
•Grounding, Harmonics, & Electromagnetic Influence Design Practices
•Power Distribution System Grounding and Transients
•Power Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Elective Courses/Conferences
•Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference
•Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference
Core Courses
•Power System Relaying: Theory and Application
•Modern Energy Management Systems
•Integrated Grounding System Design and Testing
•Grounding, Harmonics, & Electromagnetic Influence Design Practices
•Power Distribution System Grounding and Transients
•Power Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Systems
Elective Courses/Conferences
•Fault and Disturbance Analysis Conference
•Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.8
Real Time ModelState Estimation
ApplicationsLoad ForecastingOptimization (ED, OPF)VAR ControlAvailable Transfer capabilitySecurity AssessmentCongestion managementDynamic Line RatingTransient StabilityEM Transients, etc.Visualizations
Markets: Day Ahead, Power Balance,Spot Pricing, Transmission Pricing (FTR, FGR), Ancillary Services
Present State of the Art: C&O and P&C Present State of the Art: C&O and P&C Present State of the Art: C&O and P&C Present State of the Art: C&O and P&C
Control & OperationControl & OperationControl & OperationControl & Operation Protection & ControlProtection & ControlProtection & ControlProtection & Control
The Infrastructure for Both Functions is Based on Similar Technologies: Thus the Opportunity to Merge, Cut Costs, Improve Reliability Integration of New Technologies
Component Protectiongenerators, transformers, lines, motors, capacitors, reactors
System ProtectionSpecial Protection Schemes, Load Shedding, Out of Step Protection, etc.
CommunicationsSubstation Automation, Enterprize, InterControl Center
Model Based Control and Operation
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.9
Power Systems Operation
Main Objectives
REGULATIONFrequencyVoltageNet InterchangePollutants
SECURITY
ECONOMICSNet InterchangePollutantsPower TransactionsIPPsEnergy Balance MarketAncillary Services
Tools
DATA AQUISITION SYSTEMSUPERVISORY CONTROLSTATE ESTIMATIONANALYSISOPTIMIZATIONCONTROL
Restructuring
POWER MARKET (SMD)TRANSMISSION TARRIFS (FTR,FGR)CONGESTION MANAGEMENTERO (Electric Reliability Organization)
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.10
Component (Zone) Protection
• Generators• Transformers• Buses• Transmission Lines• Motors• Capacitor Banks• Reactors, etc.
R
12kV
FDRZone
Radial
BusLine
230 kV20 kV
G+GSU Backup
Xfmr
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.11
System Protection
Load Shedding – Frequency / Voltage
Out of Step (Transient Stability)
Transient Voltage Collapse
Special Protection Schemes
G1
2
2x47.4 mile 115 kV Transmission LineG
1 2
Reactance Grounded Gen
800 MVA-15 kV
X1=15.5%,X2=18%,X0=9%
Reactance Grounded Gen
800 MVA-15 kV
X1=15.5%,X2=18%,X0=9%
Generator Angle52 Degrees Generator Angle
-49 Degrees
BUS10
BUS-MID
SOURCE-A
BUS20
BUS30
Va = 63.01 kV
Va = 42.02 kV
Va = 8.400 kV
Va = 61.99 kV
Va = 8.238 kV
Illustration of Voltage Collapse Near the Center of a Stable System SwingVoltage Transitions Are Slow – Undervoltage Protection Should not Operate
Illustration of Two Power System Swings: (a)Stable – Out of Step Relay Should not Operate(b)Unstable – Out of Step Relay Should Operate
Special Protection Schemes are Protective Relaying Functions Concerned with the Protection Against Special System Conditions that May Lead to Catastrophic Results.These System Conditions are Determined with Extensive Studies of Specific System Behavior. Using this Information a SPS is designed that monitors the System and When the Special System Conditions Occur (Recognition Triggers) the System Operates (Automatically or with Operator Review and Action)
A System Disturbance May Create Generation-Load Imbalance Leading to Sustained Frequency Decline. This Condition, if not Corrected, May Lead to Equipment Damage. The Condition Can be Temporarily Corrected by Load Shedding Until Additional Generation can be Dispatched.Similarly, a Disturbance May Create Sustained Voltage Problems. These problems Can be Also Corrected by Load Shedding
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.12
Control & Operation
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.13
Modern Energy Management System Functional Diagram
ENERGY/ECONOMYFUNCTIONS SUBSYSTEM
Load ForecastUnit Commitment
EconomicDispatch
DATA AQUISITION ANDPROCESSING SUBSYSTEM
EconomicInterchangeEvaluation
AutomaticGeneration
Control
OptimalPower Flow
SecurityDispatch
EnvironmentalDispatch
SECURITY MONITORINGAND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
EmergencyState
EmergencyControls
VARDispatch
SecurityMonitoring
NormalState
ContingencyAnalysis
InsecureState
PreventiveControls
ExtremisState
RestorativeControls
ExternalEquivalents
ParameterEstimation
NetworkTopology
StateEstimation
Displays
SCADAMeasurements
GPS SynchronizedMeasurements
Load Forecast
Power Bids
AncillaryServices
PowerBalanceMarket
CongestionManagement
TransmissionValuation
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.14
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSData Acquisition and Processing Subsystem
RTUCommunicationLink with ControlCenter
G2G1
MW Flow MeasurementMVAR Flow MeasurementkV MeasurementDisconnect Switch StatusBreaker Status
RTU
Contact InputsAnalog Inputs
Contact OutputsAnalog Outputs
MasterStation
Data
Commands
New Technology
GPS SynchronizedMeasurements(Phasors)
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.15
Network Configurator Example
G1 G2
AutoBank500kV/230kV AutoBank
500kV/230kV
SG1 SG2
Breaker OrientedModel
Bus OrientedModel
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.16
State Estimator
Interconnection
G1
MW Flow MeasurementMVAR Flow Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
T1
G2
T2
T1
Interconnection
L1
L2
L3
4
3
2
1
5
6
kV Measurement
• MEASUREMENTS:
• STATE:
• FORMULATION:
• SOLUTION:
Traditional State Estimation
Centralized Procedure
ObservabilityBad Data Detection/ID/RejectionParameter Estimation
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.17
Technological Developments
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.18
Relays
P
Q
I
V
CircuitBreaker
CT CCVT
CircuitBreaker
IED-Relay
Comm Link
CT CCVT
The OLD and the NEW
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.19
Indicator
Control
Control Center
CommunicationsTerminal
EncoderDecoder
UserInterface
RTU IED DisturbanceRecorders
Relays
GPS
LocalComputer
CommunicationsTerminal
To Data Base Remote Access
SCADA
SCADA circa 1923
SCADA circa 2003
SCADA Evolution
Communication Standards
Independent of Protection
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.20
Project BackgroundProject BackgroundProject BackgroundProject Background: Substation Architectures: SmartGrid: Substation Architectures: SmartGrid: Substation Architectures: SmartGrid: Substation Architectures: SmartGrid
Protection, Control, Communications
Physical System
GE Hardfiber System
Industry Direction: Single Data Acquisition System for Protection, Control, and Operations
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.21
Important New TechnologyGPS-Synchronization
History of GPS-Synchronized Measurements
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.22
History of GPS- Synchronized Measurements
The Antikythera Mechanism87 BC
GPS Satellite SystemInitiated 1989, Completed 1994
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.23
Important Milestones
1970: First Computer Relay (PRODAR, Westinghouse, Gilcrest, Rockefeller, Udren)
1984: First Commercial µProcessor Based Relay (SEL)
1989: GPS Signal Becomes Commercially Available
1990-91: Phasor Measurement System (Arun Phadke)
1992: Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) (Jay Murphy, Macrodyne)
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.24
Arun Phadke’s PMSVintage 1990-92several units were sold to AEP, NYPA, others
Block Diagram Published by Arun PhadkeBlock Diagram Published by Arun Phadke
Time Accuracy Was Never Measured or Reported. Multiplexing and Design Suggest Very High Timing Er rorEstimated Time Precision: 100 us, 2 degrees at 60 H z
Time Accuracy Was Never Measured or Reported. Multiplexing and Design Suggest Very High Timing Er rorEstimated Time Precision: 100 us, 2 degrees at 60 H z
CHARACTERISTICS
• Analog Filter with Cutoff Frequency of 360Hz
• Sample & Hold A/D Technology with Analog Multiplexing
• 12 bit S&H A/D 720 s/s
Vintage 1990-91
Several UnitsWere Sold toAEP, NYPA,
others
Arun Phadke’s Phasor Measurement System
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.25
Macrodyne 1620 PMU
A/D Converter(Σ∆ Modulation)
Input Protection &Isolation Section
OpticalIsolation
µP Mem
ory
PLL
Digitized Data2880 s/s
A/D Converter(Σ∆ Modulation)
Input Protection &Isolation Section
OpticalIsolation
Sampling Clock
GPSReceiver
Digitized Data2880 s/s
1PPS IRIGB
GPSAntenna
DataConcentrator(PC)
Display&
Keyboard
RS232
MasterWorkstation
OpticalIsolation
OpticalIsolation
AnalogInputsV : 300VI : 2V
Released to Market January 1992
CHARACTERISTICS
• Individually GPS Sync’d Channels
• Common Mode Rejection Filter with Optical Isolation
• 16 bit A/D Σ∆ Modulation
Time Accuracy 1 µs0.02 Degrees at 60 Hz
Time Accuracy 1 µs0.02 Degrees at 60 Hz
Jay Murphy (Macrodyne) Was First to IntroduceTerm PMU: Phasor Measurement Unit
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.26
Distributed Dynamic State Estimation ImplementationDistributed Dynamic State Estimation ImplementationDistributed Dynamic State Estimation ImplementationDistributed Dynamic State Estimation ImplementationPMU Technology Enables Distributed SEPMU Technology Enables Distributed SEPMU Technology Enables Distributed SEPMU Technology Enables Distributed SE
Phase Conductor
Pot
entia
lT
rans
form
er
CurrentTransformer
PMUVendor A
Burden
Inst
rum
enta
tion
Cab
les
v(t)
v1(t) v2(t)
Burdeni2(t)i1(t)
i(t)
Attenuator
Attenuator Anti-AliasingFilters
RelayVendor C
PMUVendor C
Measurement Layer
Super-Calibrator
Dat
aP
roce
ssin
g
IED Vendor D
LAN
LAN
FireWall
Enc
odin
g/D
ecod
ing
Cry
ptog
raph
y
Data/Measurements from all PMUs, Relays, IEDs, Meters, FDRs, etc are collected via a Local Area Network in a data concentrator.
The data is used in a dynamic state estimator which provides the validated and high fidelity dynamic model of the system.
Bad data detection and rejection is achieved because of high level of redundant measurements at this level.
Physical Arrangement
Data Flow
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.27
Numerical Results Numerical Results Numerical Results Numerical Results –––– BBBB----G PlantG PlantG PlantG Plant
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.28
The dynamic state estimator is utilized to predict the transient stability or instability of a generator. The dynamic state of the system provides the center of oscillations of the generator swing. From this information the potential energy of the generator is computed as a generalization of the basic energy function method.
The total energy of the generator can also be trivially computed once the potential energy has been computed. The total energy is compared to the potential energy of the generator – if the total energy is higher than the peak (barrier) value of the potential energy this indicates that the generator will lose its synchronism (transient instability).
It is important to note that this approach is predictive, i.e. it identifies a transient instability before it occurs.
The figures provide visualizations of generator oscillations and the trajectory of the total energy superimposed on the system potential energy.
Transient Stability Monitoring
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.29
Energy Management SystemsHierarchy of Scheduling Functions
Level 1: Load Forecasting Unit Commitment Emissions ControlEconomy Purchases
Level 2: Economic Dispatch Environmental DispatchEconomic Interchange Evaluation Optimal Power Flow Transfer CapabilityDay-Ahead SchedulingSpot Market Scheduling
Level 3: Automatic Generation Control- Frequency Control- Interchange Control- Transactions Control- Inadvertent Power Flow Control
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.30
Generating Unit Control Schemes Schematic Representation
PrimeMover
G
Exciter
Σ
Vg Pg f
PSSD(s)
GovernorG(s)
L(s)
Σ
Vref
Pg
f
Pg
f
K(s) Σ
Σ PschedBiasBf
Σ
fsched
f
-
+
+
+
+-
+
-++
-
TieLine
TramsmissionSystem
and Load
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.31
Net Interchange Control
Area Control Error (ACE)
PACE =
fBPACE ∆+∆= int
ACEaP igi =∆
GArea 1
G
GArea 3
G G
G
Area 2
G
GArea 4
G
Vi e jδi
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.32
Economic Scheduling Functions Hierarchical Structure
Resource Scheduling(weeks)
Unit Commitment(hours/Days)
Economic Dispatch(minutes)
AutomaticGeneration Control
(seconds)
SecurityDispatch
Mid Term Load ForecastUnits out for maintenanceFuel ManagementWeekly hydro energy usage
Short Term Load ForecastList of committed unitsHourly hydro energy usageInterchange schedule
Economic Base PointsParticipation Factors
Pdesi , i =1,2,...,n
A
B
C
D
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.33
Economic Dispatch
Interconnection
G1
MW Flow MeasurementMVAR Flow Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
T1
G2
T2
T1
Interconnection
L1
L2
L3
4
3
2
1
5
6
kV Measurement
• MEASUREMENTS
• COST
• FORMULATION
• SOLUTION
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.34
Optimal Power Flow
Interconnection
G1
MW Flow MeasurementMVAR Flow Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
T1
G2
T2
T1
Interconnection
L1
L2
L3
4
3
2
1
5
6
kV Measurement
• MEASUREMENTS
• STATE
• CONTROLS
• FORMULATION
• SOLUTION
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.35
SYSTEM SECURITY(Congestion Management)Power System Operating States
NORMAL and SECURESystem Optimization
Transition Due to Disturbances
Transition Due to Control Action
Emergency ControlsEmergency
Controls
CorrectiveControls
RestorativeControls
RestorativeControls
Preventive Controls
D,O
D,O
NORMAL butVULNERABLE/INSECUREOptimization/Security
D,O
RESTORATIVESystem Security
D,O
EXTREMISSystem Security
D,O
EMERGENCYSystem Security
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.36
Energy Management SystemsHierarchical Structure
System PowerProduction and
Control (SPPC)
OperationsCoordination
Office (OCO)
RegionalDispatchCenter(RDC)
Substation Power Plant
Power PlantControls
Psched
fsched
ACEVsched
UCE
Vexc
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.37
New Challenges: Wind/PV Farm CharacteristicsTypes 1 and 2 are Not Used for Large Projects
Types 3 and 4 Limit Fault Currents to About 120% of Nominal Current
Proposed Requirements – NERC PRC-024, >20 MVA or >75 MVA Total
Proposed Requirements – NERC PRC-024, >20 MVA or >75 MVA Total
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.38
Renewables and UncertaintySolar is Available During High Price/Cost Hours
Small Storage can provide huge add-on value to solar projects
Better capacity factor than other renewables (70 to 80%)
Wind Availability is Highly Volatile and Patterns May be Opposite to Grid Needs (i.e. CA)
Large Storage Schemes are needed to coordinate economic usage of wind energy and to provide add-on value
Very small capacity factor (10 to 25%)
Large Wind Swings
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.39
Control and Operation of Power Systems is Driven by
(a) Legislative action(b) Economics(c) Technical constraints
The envelop is always moving because of technological advancements
Energy Management Systems: Evolution
ERO Focus: Operational Reliability
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.40
History of Utility Regulatory Legislation
Federal Power Commission
• PUHCA – 1935 (Public Utility Holding Company Act)
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (1977)
• PURPA – 1978 (Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act)
• Clean Air Act – 1990
• Energy Policy Act – 1992
• Orders 888 & 889 – 1996 (� OASIS )
• CECA – 1998 (Comprehensive Electricity Competition Act)
• Order 2000
• SMD – Standard Market Design
• US Energy Policy Act, 2005 (provides authority to enforce reliability)
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.41
dP g/dP
G enerato r A nim ation - U n it Capab ili tyU nit Nam e
Q g
P g
Sens itiv ities
0 1 3 42
dQ g/dP0 1 3 42
dV g/dP0 1 3 42
RotorHeating
LowVoltage
Visualization & AnimationUniversity of Illinois/Georgia Tech (PSERC Project)
Large Scale SystemsLarge Scale SystemsPerformance Performance -- Model HierarchyModel Hierarchy
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.42
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.43
Energy Management SystemsInformation Systems and Standards
OASIS Open Access Same-Time Information System
UCA Utility Communication Architecture
ICCP Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol
CCAPI Control Center Application Program Interface
CIM Common Information Model
IEC61850 Evolution of the UCA
C37.118 Synchrophasor Data
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.44
Active Future Distribution Systems (with distributed energy resources – solar, wind, PHEVs, fuel cells,…).
Smart Grid technologies : Distributed Monitoring, Control, Protection and Operations system. Target Speeds 10 times per second
Functions : (a) Optimal operation of the distribution system under normal operating conditions, (b) Emergency management in cases of faults and assist the power grid when needed, (c) Assist Voltage recovery, (d) Assist cold load pickup, (e) Balance Feeder, (f) etc., etc.
NSF/ECEDHA Education WorkshopGeorgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
1.45
Evolution, Naxos Island, GreeceJune 25, 2011