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(Contract XXX)

ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS OF

INCINERATION AND CO-INCINERTAION OF WASTE

FINAL REPORT

Ive Vanderreydt, Ann Van der Linden, Veronique Van Hoof, Karl Vrancken (VITO)Henrik Wenzel, Nassera Shabeer Ahmed (SDU)

Study accomplished under the authority of EURITS

2008/ECIMS/R/xxx

VITO

February 2009

All rights, amongst which the copyright, on the materials described in this document rest with the Flemish Institute for Technological Research NV (“VITO”), Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Register of Legal Entities VAT BE 0244.195.916.The information provided in this document is confidential information of VITO. This document may not be reproduced or brought into circulation without the prior written consent of VITO. Without prior permission in writing from VITO this document may not be used, in whole or in part, for the lodging of claims, for conducting proceedings, for publicity and/or for the benefit or acquisition in a more general sense.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Distribution list

Guido Wauters, IndaverAndres Van Brecht, IndaverAnn Van der Linden, VITOIve Vanderreydt, VITOVeronique Van Hoof, VITOKarl Vrancken, VITOHenrik Wenzel, SDUNassera Shabeer Ahmed, SDU

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Table of content

Chapter 1 Introduction__________________________________________________________4

1.1 Understanding and goal of the project________________________________________41.2 Approach_____________________________________________________________________5

Chapter 2 Preliminary case study______________________________________________7

2.1 Introduction__________________________________________________________________7

2.2 General review_______________________________________________________________72.2.1 Used method_____________________________________________________________72.2.2 Emission Limit Values____________________________________________________82.2.3 Function of the compared systems_______________________________________92.2.4 Course of the study_______________________________________________________9

2.3 LCA review__________________________________________________________________102.3.1 Goal and scope definition_______________________________________________102.3.2 Life cycle inventory analysis_____________________________________________122.3.3 Life cycle impact assessment___________________________________________132.3.4 Interpretation___________________________________________________________13

Chapter 3 Literature search___________________________________________________14

3.1 Introduction_________________________________________________________________14

3.2 Approach____________________________________________________________________143.3 Results______________________________________________________________________14

Chapter 4 Conclusion__________________________________________________________18

4.1 Critical review of one case study_____________________________________________18

4.2 Literature search____________________________________________________________184.3 The way forward_____________________________________________________________19

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List of abbreviations

CK Cement kilnDTO Draai Trommel OvenELV Emission Limit Values

FBC Fluidised Bed CombustionLCA Life Cycle AssessmentPFD Process Flow DiagramRKI Rotary Kiln Incinerator

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CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

1.1 Understanding and goal of the project

Various routes exist for the treatment of hazardous wastes. When the waste has a medium or high calorific value, incineration in dedicated waste treatment installations and co-incineration in cement kilns are most often used. The priority order for waste treatment in the EU Waste Framework Directive prefers recovery of wastes over disposal. As simple as it seems, this priority order leaves a lot of room for interpretation. The incineration of waste can be seen as either a recovery operation (R1 : Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energy) or as a disposal operation (D10 : incineration on land). This has since long triggered a debate between hazardous waste incineration companies and the cement industry on the environmental benefits of both options. The classification of both routes may result in an adapted waste management policy, using e.g. taxes, to favor one route over another. In Flanders a tax has to be paid for the incineration (dedicated waste incinerator) and co-incineration (in cement kiln, power plant or other industrial installations) of waste. There is no distinction made between both incineration options.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely used and internationally accepted methods for the evaluation of the environmental impacts of products and systems. An LCA is a calculation of the environmental burden of a material, product or service during its lifetime, and ideally performed as a comparison between alternatives.

LCA has been used in the last decade to compare the environmental impacts of different options for the handling of waste. However, the application of LCA to such complex systems presents significant challenges, the most important being whether or not the interactions between a waste system with its surrounding technosphere have been properly characterised. Different assumptions around such interactions have often resulted in LCAs which apparently analyse the same material system but produce very different conclusions. A key objective of a comparative LCA review is therefore to build a greater understanding of the critical factors that determine environmental preferences between waste management options, taking into account overall life cycle impacts and underlying assumptions.

The thermal treatment of wastes in dedicated incinerators and in cement kilns has been the topic of several LCA studies, each using its own system borders and assumptions. In this review of comparative LCAs we will study the parallels and differences between the various LCA studies. From this we will provide insight in the key assumptions that govern the environmental performance of both waste treatment scenarios. In a final step we will give advice on how the key assumptions should be set to reflect the real life situation.

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1.2 Approach

The project is performed in two phases, each phase having 2 tasks: Phase 1: Setting the scene:

o Task 1.1 : preliminary case studyo Task 1.2 : literature search

Phase 2: Analytical review and evaluation of comparative LCAs o Task 2.1 : analysis and identification of key issues and robustness

of conclusionso Task 2.2 : definition of the right assumptions on selected key issues

The project follows a phased approach with an evaluation and go/no-go decision after phase 1. On basis of the results of phase 1, the extent of the analysis (i.e. total number of LCA studies to evaluate) will be clear. At this stage an evaluation of the budget proposal for the remaining phases will be done. The budget for phase 2 will be determined on basis of the number of cases for evaluation.

This report covers Phase 1 of the approach, with Chapter 2 focusing on the preliminary case study and on the literature search.

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CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2 PRELIMINARY CASE STUDYPRELIMINARY CASE STUDY

2.1 Introduction

In order to provide insight in the possible key issues for an assessment, a critical review of a LCA study is performed as part of phase 1. This review will help to decide on the selection of relevant LCAs for further study and will discuss, using an example, how a variation in key issues can affect the final conclusions of a comparative LCA study. The study ‘LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in Belgium, comparison to alternative treatment options’ (Annex A, [15]) will be used as an example case. In the critical review we refer to this study as “the study”.

The critical review consist of two parts, a general part and a LCA-part. In the general review we make a overall evaluation of the study and the way it was conducted. In the LCA review we make a critical review on whether the study is conform the ISO 14040 an 14044 [ISO, 2006].

2.2 General review

2.2.1 Used method

In the reviewed study the method of marginal changes is used to compare the two systems. The marginal approach is used when allocation problems in life cycle assessment occur [EKVALL, 1999] and allocates environmental burdens to each function in proportion to the extent to which the total modeled environmental burdens of the multi-function system are affected by a marginal change in that function. The results from a successful application of this approach will reflect the consequences of actions that affect the production volume of one of the functional outputs while the other functions remain unaffected. In the study the marginal change is the treatment of one extra ton of waste in either system.

ISO 14044 states that wherever possible, allocation should be avoided by Dividing the unit process to be allocated into two or more sub-processes and

collecting the input and output data related to these sub-processes, or Expanding the product system to include the additional functions related to the co-

products, taking the requirements of system boundaries into account.

We believe that in this case the latter method should have been used. Important key issues of the comparison between incineration and co-combustion relate to the products and systems replaced by the co-product outputs from the waste management, i.e. heat and electricity. In not applying system expansion on these, significant errors can be made.

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2.2.2 Emission Limit Values

Both incinerators are submitted to the European directive 2000/76 on the incineration of waste. In this directive different emission limit values (ELV) are given for the incineration of waste and the co-incineration of waste in specific industrial sectors. One of these specific industrial sectors is the cement industry. For a number of parameters less strict ELV apply for these installations. Furthermore the directive states that exemptions may be authorized by the competent authority for some pollutants. For instance, the ELV for dust an NOx are respectively 10 and 200 mg/Nm³ (oxygen content of 11%) for incineration and 30 and 500 (to 800) mg/Nm³ (with an oxygen content of 10%). This difference in ELV has as a consequence that less investments have to be made in flue gas cleaning installations by the cement industry. Besides that, both the emissions in concentration (mg/m³) and the pollution load (kg/year) are higher for co-incineration in the cement industry compared to incineration in a dedicated installation1.

In following table an overview is given of the average emissions to air for the Belgian Cement industry and the dedicated waste installation (DTO (or RKI) of Indaver). For the cement industry these figures are based on “the annual environmental report of the Belgian cement industry, 2006”. The emission levels given in the table are calculated using the percentage given in the report and the ELV of the waste incineration directive. These emission levels refer to the year 2005. More recent figures were not found by VITO. For SOx an ELV of 50 mg/Nm³ is used and for NOx 800 mg/Nm³. For the DTO of Indaver these emission levels are based on the information given on the website. They refer to the year 2007. These emission levels are the combined emissions of both DTO’s and the static furnace at the Antwerp site of Indaver.

Table 1: overview average emission values for the Belgian cement industry(2005) and for the DTO and static furnace of Indaver (2007)

mg/Nm³, dioxins and furans ng TEQ/Nm³

Cement kilns Dedicated hazardous waste incineration

CO nda 14,3dust 11,55 0,53HCl 6,07 0,56HF 0,219 ndaNOx 512 139SOx 19,5 7,13TOC nda 1,29Cd-Tl 0,0058 < 0,01Hg 0,0195 < 0,004Heavy metals 0,04 < 0,004dioxins en furans 0,0376 0,006nda = no data available.

These figures show that the emission levels of the dedicated incinerator are lower compared to the emission levels of the Belgian cement kilns.

The data that are used in the TNO-study for the waste incineration plant are based on several different sources, creating an installation that is non-existing. In addition, the majority of the emission data are based on a Swiss incineration plant. These installations are therefore not subjected to the EU-directive on waste incineration.

1 Wauters G. en Van Brecht A., 2007

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2.2.3 Function of the compared systems

Besides their differences in environmental performance both systems also have a different social function. The function of a waste incinerator is to destroy waste. In that function waste incinerators are important to society, and economic motives are often of minor importance. The function of a cement kiln is to produce cement. For this sector the main motive is to produce high-grade cement at a competitive price, and their impact on society is of secondary importance.Because of their specific function waste incinerators are designed to be able to process different types of (hazardous) waste, within certain limits, conform the ELV. Cement kilns can process different types of (hazardous) waste taking certain conditions into account (see also Annex A, [37]) : maximum 15% of the minerals used in the clinker can come from wastes replacing

fuels, at least 10% of the used fuels need to be high calorific, the suitability of types of waste is determined by the need for energy and specific

raw materials (e.g. Si, Al, ,…) of the process, some elements (e.g. Cl, P2O5, Hg, Tl, …) have a negative effect on the process,

product or installation. The use of wastes containing these elements are therefore undesirable in cement kilns.

By only evaluating in the LCA those waste streams that can be processed by the cement industry, the social function of the waste incinerator is not accounted for. Dedicated waste incinerators have to deal with waste, regardless it’s composition and calorific value.

A standard LCA study provides answers for one pillar of sustainability : the environmental pillar. The two other pillars of sustainability, social and economic, are not evaluated in these types of studies, although they also have to be considered in discussion related to waste hierarchy (as stated in Article 4 of the Waste Framework Directive). To evaluate these issues other types of impact assessments need to be conducted.

Finally, the conditions that need to be taken into account by the cement kilns concerning the total amounts of waste that can be processed are not taken into account in the study. These restrictions should at least be mentioned in the study.

2.2.4 Course of the study

The chairman of the expert panel, who should have been present at all the meetings has only attended the last meeting. He was replaced during the first three meetings by the commissioner of the study. This means that there is a conflict of interest.

According to VITO, the minutes of the meeting do not reflect the content of the meetings.

The distribution coefficients that are used for incinerators where sent to the expert panel after the deadline to formulate fundamental comments. So the quality of these data is not checked by the expert panel.

Several comments given by members of the expert panel were not taken into account.

2.3 LCA review

In “the study” is stated that ‘to follow the ISO guidelines for LCA and to improve the quality of the LCA study, an expert panel was consulted four times during the

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performance of the study”, (pg. 8). Therefore we assume that TNO had the intention to conduct this study according to the ISO guidelines. For that reason we use ISO 14040 [ISO, 2006] to evaluate the LCA study.

According to ISO 14040 [ISO, 2006] a full environmental LCA includes 4 phases : goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, interpretation.

In following paragraphs these parts are assessed.

2.3.1 Goal and scope definition

The goal of the LCA is not defined in compliance with the ISO standards ISO 14040 and 14044 [ISO, 2006].

According to these standards the goal should define following issues : the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study, the intended audience, the fact that the results are intended to be used in comparative assertions to be

disclosed to the public.

Only the intended audience is stated clearly in the study.

According to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 [ISO, 2006] following items should be addressed and elaborated in the scope of the LCA : (product) systems studied, functions of the systems, functional unit, system boundaries, allocation procedures, impact categories selected and methodology of impact assessment, and

subsequent interpretation to be used, assumptions made, value choices and optional elements, limitations, initial data quality requirements, type of critical review, type and format of the final report.

Some of the above mentioned issues are addressed in “the study”, although most of them not in the ‘goal and scope’ of the study (chapter 2.1). The information is spread over the entire report. There is no clear part in the report where these issues are summarized.

However some issues are not addressed at all the “goal and scope”, nor in the rest of the report.

limitations

The limitations of the used method (method of marginal changes) are not discussed. Besides that, the method of marginal changes is not applied in a consequent manner. When the method of marginal changes is applied it needs to be applied to all processes, sub-processes and avoided processes. A few examples :

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in case of energy production from the waste incineration installation the question should have been asked which type of electricity production installation would produce less electricity when the waste incineration installation produces electricity. This type of electricity should have been avoided instead of the Belgian mix (pg. 11).

for the avoided pet-cokes it should have been checked where this fraction would have been used when it was not used by the cement–industry. Only the difference in emissions from this other process compared to the cement-industry should have been taken into account. As a credit when this alternative process produces less emissions. Or as an impact if more emissions are produced by this process (pg. 10).

assumptions

There are some non-conformities in the used assumptions in the study. These assumptions are listed, starting with the assumptions that will have the most impact on the outcome of the study, according to the contractors expert judgment: For the environmental assessment, using the marginal approach, which defines

impact results to the base case. The base scenario that is used is the situation in 2006 (pg. 8). The five waste streams have been selected based on the actual input in the cement industry (also in 2006?) (pg. 7). The question that should have been asked is whether these streams could replace pet-cokes or coal or that they would replace other waste streams (see also 2.2). It would not be technical feasible to replace the total amount of pet-coke or coal in the Belgian cement industry as assumed in the study. So it is unlikely that the evaluated wastes replace pet-coke or coal (pg. 10). They are more likely to replace other similar wastes. The result of this would be that there is no avoided impacts because pet-cokes, coal or raw materials are not avoided. For waste incineration installations this assumption is not made. It is however very likely that in these installations the input of other wastes is avoided when the selected waste streams are used (see also 2.2).

The energy efficiency of the cement process is not taken into account (pg. 9) as opposed to this of the waste incinerators (pg. 10).

In the cement industry saw dust is used to be able to incinerate paint/ink residues (pg. 35). This additive is not necessary when this fraction is treated in a waste incineration plant. This fraction could thus be reused in the wood industry or thermally treated to produce electricity and/or heat. At least one of these options should be taken into account in favor of the waste treatment installations. It is unclear whether this is done in the study.

For NOx the study states that no transfer model can be obtained (for the cement kiln) due to the nature of the formation of this component (pg. 17). However the same can be said for the formation of NOx in a waste treatment installation. For the waste treatment installations however transfercoëfficients are given for N. So we assume that NOx emissions are taken into account in these installations. Although it is not very clear how these N-transfercoëfficients must be interpreted.

The impact of the clinker product itself not included in the study as the assumption is made that the environmental impact is the same for cement produced with or without input of hazardous waste. This assumption is based on a previous study

It is unclear which amount of the produced energy is taken into account for the waste incinerators (pg. 10). Is it the total amount of energy that is produced by the system or the net production of steam and electricity that is delivered to external users.

It is unclear whether the energy that is used by the ESP filters, conveys, e.g. of the cement kilns (pg. 18) is taken into account.

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According to the information available at VITO waste oil is not burned in waste incinerators in Flanders. It is treated to be re-used as a fuel or as a lubricant. If it would be burned in a waste incineration installation, it would replace light fuel oil.

In the study the same transport distances are taken into account for both scenarios (pg. 16). Because we believe that the initial intention of the study was to compare two treatment scenarios for Flemish waste we find this assumption incorrect. If this was not the initial scope of the study we believe that the marginal approach method says that you should check where these ‘non Belgian wastes’ would have been treated. We are not sure that they would be treated by Indaver, but instead in an incineration installation closer to the location of origin. Further the transport of waste from the pre-treatment site to the process site is not accounted for

Pre-treatment of the waste was included in cement kilns depending upon the waste stream but none for waste incineration except for electricity use to grind/mill fluff.

Belgian electricity mix is used as the avoided product for the incineration process. For steam it was the conventional generation of industrial process steam.

A potential other fuel marginal to the pet coke use from the cement kilns is not considered in the study

initial data quality.

Some of the transfercoëfficients used for the waste incineration installations are outdated (one reference is of the year 1988) (annex 3/ pg. 7). Most of them do not refer to the installations of INDAVER in Antwerp and Doel. The waste water treatment installation of the DTO is not taken into account, although according to the comments given annex 6 waste water treatment is taken into account. The transfercoëfficients used for the cement kilns are not given in the report. Therefore we can not evaluate the used method. According to the report this information is confidential. We believe that specific information should have been used for both installations. If this was not possible, public available information should have been used for both installation.

2.3.2 Life cycle inventory analysis

The inventory analysis involves data collection and calculation procedures to quantify the inputs and outputs that are associated with the systems under study.

Data collection

In “the study” information is given about the data collection. The transfercoëfficients that are needed to calculate the distribution of the different elements over the different outputs are given for waste incineration installations. For cement kiln this information is not given in the report due to confidentiality reasons. There is no overview in the report of the results of these calculations.

Input : additives

For the input of additives in the waste incineration installations it is not clear if the used amounts are based on the composition of the waste materials that are evaluated. We assume that general amounts are used, because of the used method of marginal changes. For the cement kilns however the amounts of avoided minerals are based on the specific composition of the waste. It is however unclear how these avoided materials are calculated. There is no information given in the report.

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For the input of additives in the cement kiln it is not clear weather the additives used for flue gas cleaning are taken into account.

Output : residues waste incinerators

Concerning the output of the waste incineration processes, the same goes as for the input. It is unclear if the amounts are based on the composition of the evaluated wastes or if they are based on general data.

2.3.3 Life cycle impact assessment

In the impact assessment, the results of the inventory analysis are linked to specific environmental damage categories.

In “the study” a method of aggregation of the different indicators is used. ISO 14040 [ISO, 2006] says that in case of comparative assertions disclosed to the public, the evaluation shall be conducted in accordance with the critical review process and presented category indicator by category indicator. We believe that in this study at least one third party was involved, i.e. OVAM. This is also indicated in the goal and scope of the study (pg. 9). Here is stated that the target audience of the report is, besides Febelcem and its members, the Belgian authorities, the Belgian special waste processors and experts in the field of waste incineration. Because of this the use of an aggregation instrument, such as shadow prices, is not allowed. In annex 5 of the report the unweighted characterized results are given.

2.3.4 Interpretation

According to ISO 14040/44 [ISO, 2006] in the interpretation phase of an LCA, the results of the inventory analysis and the impact assessment are critically analyzed and interpreted in line with the defined goal and scope of the study.

In this study the interpretation of the different stages are analyzed and interpreted in line with the defined goal and scope.

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CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE SEARCHLITERATURE SEARCH

3.1 Introduction

In the critical review made in the previous chapter we found, according to our expert judgment, some inconsistencies. These inconsistencies are mainly regarding the used methodology and the assumptions that are made. Because of this we conducted literature search to get an overall view of studies that are already made regarding the incineration of waste in a dedicated installation compared to the incineration in a cement kiln. The main purpose of this was to be able to get a clear view about the assumptions that are made and methods that are used in these studies.

The incineration of waste has been the subject of a wide variety of studies that compare disposal or recycling with incineration. These studies are not considered in the current project. The focus is on comparative LCAs that evaluate incineration of waste and co-incineration.

3.2 Approach

A search for studies on the incineration of waste in dedicated installations and co-incineration of waste in cement kilns for clinker production was done. With a preference for studies comparing these two options.

The literature search consulted the following sources: General internet search using engines such as Google Internet databases of research Journals such as Science Direct Environment Agency websites in different EU Member States LCA and sector expert groups (targeted mailing to LCA institutions and

experts worldwide) LCA study databases

3.3 Results

The literature search resulted in the identification of 58 potentially relevant references. An overview of these references is given under Annex A list of literature.

The results of the literature search are gathered in a review sheet, reference per reference. These review sheets are listed in Annex B Review sheets. In this first phase of the study only the top lines are filled out (‘publication ref’).

For each reference that was found, an overview is given of the type of waste that is analyzed in the study, the type of treatment technique that is used (waste incineration, cement kiln, composting, …), the used method (LCA, LCA-review, evaluation, overview,

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…) and the type of study (report/article/abstract) The result of this analysis is given in Annex C overview table.

A selection of relevant studies for further analysis is made, The criteria used to make this selection is : “Study or articles analyzing WI and/or CK using LCA or other evaluation methods.

Based in this criterion a selection is made. 24 studies meet the mentioned requirement. Their references are :

o [4] Akwo N. S., 2008. A life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment options. Master thesis in Environmental Management, Aalborg University.

o [5] Alkemade, M.M.C. and Eggels, PG., 1997. Waste treatment in cement kilns or in specially designed waste incinerators? TNO report MEP R 97/007 commissioned by AVR-Chemie, Ciments d’Obourg and Indaver

o [15] Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Seyler, C., Hungerbühler, K., 2006. Environmental assessment of waste-solvent treatment in the chemical industry. www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/research/lifecycle/solvents.html

o [16] Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Hungerbühler, K., 2008. Environmental Assessment of waste-solvent treatment options, part II : General ruses of thumb and specific recommendations. In journal of Industrial Ecology (2008) volume 12, number 1, p.111-127

o [17] De Vos, S. et al., 2007. LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in Belgium: Comparison to alternative treatment options. TNO report I&T-A R 2007/036 commissioned by Febelcem

o [19] Fehrenbach H. and Beyer J., 2006. Ökobilanz aternativer Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Sonderabfäll (LCA of alternative solutions for chemical waste combustion). Un Müll und Abfall 11 – 06, p. 589-596

o [20] Fehrenbach, H., Giegrich, J.,, Schmidt, R. 2007. Ökobilanz thermischer Entsorgungssysteme für brennbare Abfälle in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Ifeu, Heidelberg, juni 2007.

o [22] Genon, G. and Brizio, E., 2008. Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDF. Accepted in Waste Management on October 21st 2007

o [23] Hara, T., Yoshida Y., Matsuhashi R., Shima H., 2005. Environmental and economic assessment of waste recycling in the cement industry – Model description and pre-simulation. At ISIE conference 2005.

o [24] Hellweg, S., 2000. Time- and site-dependent life cycle assessment of thermal waste treatment processes. A dissertation submitted to the Swiss federal institute of technology for the degree of doctor of technical sciences

o [26] Houillon, G., Jolliet, O., 2005. Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge : energy and global warming analysis. In journal of cleaner production 13 (2005) 287 – 299

o [27] Hungerbühler, K., Capello, C., Hellweg, S., 2004. Assessment tool for waste solvent treatment options in Swiss chemical industry. Setac conferece, 2004.

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o [29] Jungbluth N., Chudacoff M., Dauriat A., Dinkel F., Doka G., Faist Emmenegger M., Gnansounou E., Kljun N., Schleiss K., Spielmann M., Stettler C. and Sutter J. (2007) Life Cycle Inventories of Bioenergy. ecoinvent report No. 17, v2.0. ESU-services, Uster, CH, retrieved from: www.ecoinvent.org .

o [32] Morselli, L. et al., 2005. Tools for evaluation of impact associated with MSW incineration: LCA and integrated environmental monitoring. In Waste management 25 (2005) 191-196

o [33] Navia, R. et al, 2006. Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement facilities: Life cycle assessment. In Resources, conservation and recycling (48 (206) 339 – 356

o [35] Profu, 2004. Evaluating waste incineration as treatment and energy recovery method from an environmental point of view.

o [36] Reijnders, L., 2007. The cement industry as a scavernger in industrial ecology and the management of hazardous substances. Journal of Industrial Ecology, volume 11, number 3 (2007), p. 15 – 25.

o [37] Riber, C., Bhander, G. S.; Christensen, T. H., 2008. Environmental assessment of waste incineration in a life-cycle-perspective (EASEWASTE). In Waste Management & research 26 (2008) 96 - 103.

o [38] Seyler, C., Hellweg, S., Monteil, M. and Hungerbühler, K., 2005. Life cycle inventory for use of waste solvent as fuel substitute in the cement industry. In International Journal of LCA 10 (2) (2005) 120-130

o [39] Sonnemann, G. W.. 2002. Environmental damage estimations in industrial process chains, methodology development with a case study on waste incineration and a special focus on human health. Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.

o [40] Suh, Y.-J., Rousseaux, P. 2002. An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenarios. In Resources, conservation and recycling (2002) volume 35, number 3, p. 191 – 200.

o [41] Teller, Ph., Denis, S., Rezoni, R., Germain, A., 1999. Comparison between the incineration and the co-combustion in cement plants of industrial wastes using a life cycle approach. SETAC Europe-symposium, 1999.

o [43] Torfs, R., Huybrechts, D., Wouters, G. 1999. LCA for assessing waste treatment options – The case of waste incineration with energy recovery versus co-incineration in cement kilns. 1999, p. 245-252

o [56] Zeevalkink, J.A. et al., 1996. Waste processing in a wet cement kiln and a specialized combustion plant. TNO report R 96/082, commissioned by Ciments d’Obourg

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When we narrow the selection criteria to: True LCA or LCA-based studies, Comparing the two waste treatment routes in question, Full report,only five of the references given above remain:

o [4] Akwo N. S., 2008. A life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment options. Master thesis in Environmental Management, Aalborg University.

o [5] Alkemade, M.M.C. and Eggels, PG., 1997. Waste treatment in cement kilns or in specially designed waste incinerators? TNO report MEP R 97/007 commissioned by AVR-Chemie, Ciments d’Obourg and Indaver

o [17] De Vos, S. et al., 2007. LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in Belgium: Comparison to alternative treatment options. TNO report I&T-A R 2007/036 commissioned by Febelcem

o [20] Fehrenbach, H., Giegrich, J.,, Schmidt, R. 2007. Ökobilanz thermischer Entsorgungssysteme für brennbare Abfälle in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Ifeu, Heidelberg, juni 2007.

o [56] Zeevalkink, J.A. et al., 1996. Waste processing in a wet cement kiln and a specialized combustion plant. TNO report R 96/082, commissioned by Ciments d’Obourg

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CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

4.1 Critical review of one case study

A critical review was made during phase 1 of this study. This review will help to decide on the selection of relevant LCA studies that can be of interest for phase 2 of the project. Additionally this review pointed out key issues that can affect the final conclusion of a comparative LCA study.

This critical review was conducted in two steps : a general review and a LCA review. In the general part an overall evaluation was made of the study and the way it was conducted. In the LCA review was evaluated whether the study is conform ISO 14040/44.

In the general review the comments relate to the used method and the emission limit values used in the study. Also that the function of both treatment systems and the conditions that need to be taken into account, especially for cement kilns, are not mentioned in the study. Finally the course of the study is commented on.

The LCA review is made in four phases : goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. In the goal and scope definition the comments relate to limitations and assumptions made in the study. And also the quality of the used data. Regarding the life cycle inventory analysis the main comment is the lack of information about the used data and calculation methods. The impact assessment itself is not conform ISO because of the fact that an aggregation is made in a report in which a third party is involved. Regarding the interpretation of the results we have no comments.

Particularly the used method and the fact that it is used in an inconsequent manner could have a serious influence on the outcome of the study. Also some assumptions that are made can have major influence on the results of the study, such as: The assumption that the waste would replace pet-coke or coal; The energy efficiency of the cement kiln is not taken into account. Saw dust is taken into account for the cement kiln scenario, but not for the waste incineration scenario.

4.2 Literature search

The literature search led to the selection of 58 potential relevant references.

A selection was made using the criterion: “study or article analyzing WI and/or CK using LCA or other evaluation methods”. This led to 24 references that might be of interest for a critical review in phase 2 of the project.

18


When more strict selection criteria (true LCA and comparing the two treatment options) are used only 5 studies remain.

4.3 The way forward

Based on the previous paragraphs we can conclude that the conduction of phase two will be useful to find out the influence the used method, data and assumptions have on the outcome of the study.

To be able to do so we suggest some alternative approaches of phase 2 compared to the one described under §1.2. The main reason for these suggestions is the fact that only 5 comparative LCA studies where found during the literature search.The first suggestion is to make critical reviews of 24 environmental assessments of waste treatment in waste incinerators or in cement kilns. These reviews will help to get clear insight on the system boundaries, assumptions and methods that are used in other LCA studies, provide insight in the key assumptions that govern the environmental performance of both waste treatment scenarios and how they influence the outcome of the assessment.Additionally we can give advice on how the key assumptions should be set to reflect the real life situation. Based on these findings an LCA can be conducted using these correct assumptions, method and data. A schematic overview of this methodology is presented in figure 1.

19


And / Or

Key issues:1. Which type and amount of waste?

2. Any pretreatment? Data?

3. Degree of destruction, emissions to air, water and soil.

4. Does flue gas treatment involve condensing of vapour? Is condensation heat recovered? Data?

5. Heat and /or electricity production – what is the response to the change in the hazardous waste in-flow at the scale in question? See also issue 6.

6. Does heat replace heat from plant internal boiler, external boiler at neigbouring company, district heating or something else? Efficiencies and data. See also issue 7.

7. Which fuels is replaced on recovery of the heat – what is the marginal fuels on the market in question?

8. On which market/grid is electricity sold?

9. What is the marginal elelctricty productiuon replaced by the electricity? CHP or just power? Which fuel is marginal?

10. Are ashes and slags produced from the waste in question? What is their fate – final discharge or material recovery in cement, road construction or other?

11. Are any minerals/inorganic matter present in the waste that in turn can lead to replacement of other ingredients of the cement? Data?

Figure 1 : methodology to be used

20

List of references

List of references

[ISO, 2006] ISO 14040/44 : 2006 (E)

[EKVALL, 1999] Ekvall T., comment on the marginal approach to allocation (1999) Journal of cleaner production 7 (1999) 465 - 466

21

List of references

Annex A: List of literature

[1] An., 2006. Cement & lime BREF Revision, air emissions and alternative fuels in the European Cement industry. Cembureau contributions, May 2006.

[2] An. 2001. Industrial ecology and the use of waste in the cement industry. A study commissioned by CBR.

[3] An., 2006. Revised draft guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Booklet 3: Cement kilns firing hazardous waste. Draft April 2006

[4] Akwo N. S., 2008. A life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment options. Master thesis in Environmental Management, Aalborg University.

[5] Alkemade, M.M.C. and Eggels, PG., 1997. Waste treatment in cement kilns or in specially designed waste incinerators? TNO report MEP R 97/007 commissioned by AVR-Chemie, Ciments d’Obourg and Indaver

[6] Arena, U., Mastellone, M.L. and Perugini, F., 2003. The environmental performance of alternative solid waste management options: a life cycle assessment study. In Chemical engineering journal 96 (2003) 207-222

[7] Benko, T., Szanyi, A., Missey, P., Fonyo, Z., 2006. Environmental and economic comparison of waste solvent treatment options. In Central European Journal of Chemistry (2006), volume 4, number 1, p 92 - 110

[8] Bey, N., Willum, O., Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), and Vrgoc, M. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – aggregates. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Program, England.

[9] Bey, N., Willum, O., Frees, N., Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), Vrgoc, M. and Villanueva, A. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – aluminum waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Program, England.

[10] Björklund, A.E. and Finnveden, G., 2007. Life cycle assessment of a national policy proposal – the case of a Swedish waste incineration tax. In Waste Management 27 (2007) 1046-1058

[11] Björklund, A. and Finneveden, G. 2005. Recycling revisited – Life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy use of waste management strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 44 (2005), 309 – 317.

[12] Bolwerk R., 2005. Co-processing of waste in cement plants. IMPEL waste project “waste permitting and enforcement of waste installations”. Zwolle, Netherlands 25, 26 and 27th of May 2005.

[13] Bontoux, L., 1999. The incineration of waste in Europe: issues and perspectives. A report prepared by IPTS, Institute for prospective technological studies, for the Committee for Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament

[14] Brunner, P.H., 2007. Shortcomings of LCA – examples from waste management. Calcas conference, 2007.

List of references

[15] Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Seyler, C., Hungerbühler, K., 2006. Environmental assessment of waste-solvent treatment in the chemical industry. www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/research/lifecycle/solvents.html

[16] Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Hungerbühler, K., 2008. Environmental Assessment of waste-solvent treatment options, part II : General ruses of thumb and specific recommendations. In journal of Industrial Ecology (2008) volume 12, number 1, p.111-127

[17] De Vos, S. et al., 2007. LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in Belgium: Comparison to alternative treatment options. TNO report I&T-A R 2007/036 commissioned by Febelcem

[18] Doka G., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services. ecoinvent report No. 13, v2.0. EMPA St. Gallen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, CH, retrieved from: www.ecoinvent.org

[19] Fehrenbach H. and Beyer J., 2006. Ökobilanz aternativer Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Sonderabfäll (LCA of alternative solutions for chemical waste combustion). Un Müll und Abfall 11 – 06, p. 589-596

[20] Fehrenbach, H., Giegrich, J.,, Schmidt, R. 2007. Ökobilanz thermischer Entsorgungssysteme für brennbare Abfälle in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Ifeu, Heidelberg, juni 2007.

[21] Gäbel, K. and Tillmans, A.-M., 2005. Simulating operational alternatives for future cement production. In Journal of cleaner production 13 (2005) 1246-1257

[22] Genon, G. and Brizio, E., 2008. Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDF. Accepted in Waste Management on October 21st 2007

[23] Hara, T., Yoshida Y., Matsuhashi R., Shima H., 2005. Environmental and economic assessment of waste recycling in the cement industry – Model description and pre-simulation. At ISIE conference 2005.

[24] Hellweg, S., 2000. Time- and site-dependent life cycle assessment of thermal waste treatment processes. A dissertation submitted to the Swiss federal institute of technology for the degree of doctor of technical sciences

[25] Holcim, 2005. Guidelines on co-processing waste materials in cement production. L. Timberlake Edit. Cooperation of Holcim and GTZ.

[26] Houillon, G., Jolliet, O., 2005. Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge : energy and global warming analysis. In journal of cleaner production 13 (2005) 287 – 299

[27] Hungerbühler, K., Capello, C., Hellweg, S. (2004). Assessment tool for waste solvent treatment options in Swiss chemical industry. Setac conferece, 2004.

[28] Josa, A. et al., 2004. Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU. In Cement and concrete research 34 (2004) 1313-1320

[29] Jungbluth N., Chudacoff M., Dauriat A., Dinkel F., Doka G., Faist Emmenegger M., Gnansounou E., Kljun N., Schleiss K., Spielmann M., Stettler C. and Sutter J., 2007 Life Cycle Inventories of Bioenergy. ecoinvent report No. 17, v2.0. ESU-services, Uster, CH, retrieved from: www.ecoinvent.org .

http://www.ecoinvent.org/

http://www.ecoinvent.org/

http://www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/research/lifecycle/solvents.html


List of references

[30] Kääntee, U. et al., 2003. Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modelling. In Fuel processing technology 85 (2004) 293-301

[31] Monier V., Labrouze, E, 2001. Critical review of existing studies an life cycle analysis on the regeneration and incineration of waste oils. Report under the commission of the European Commission, DG environment, A2-Sustainable resources- consumption and waste.

[32] Morselli, L. et al., 2005. Tools for evaluation of impact associated with MSW incineration: LCA and integrated environmental monitoring. In Waste management 25 (2005) 191-196

[33] Navia, R. et al, 2006. Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement facilities: Life cycle assessment. In Resources, conservation and recycling (48 (206) 339 – 356

[34] Prisciandaro, M. et al., 2002. Effect of burning supplementary waste fuels on the pollutant emissions by cement plants: a statistical analysis of process data. In Resources, Conservation and Recycling 39 (2003) 161-184

[35] Profu, 2004. Evaluating waste incineration as treatment and energy recovery method from an environmental point of view.

[36] Reijnders, L., 2007. The cement industry as a scavernger in industrial ecology and the management of hazardous substances. Journal of Industrial Ecology, volume 11, number 3 (2007), p. 15 – 25.

[37] Riber, C., Bhander, G. S.; Christensen, T. H., 2008. Environmental assessment of waste incineration in a life-cycle-perspective (EASEWASTE). In Waste Management & research 26 (2008) 96 - 103.

[38] Seyler, C., Hellweg, S., Monteil, M. and Hungerbühler, K., 2005. Life cycle inventory for use of waste solvent as fuel substitute in the cement industry. In International Journal of LCA 10 (2) (2005) 120-130

[39] Sonnemann, G. W.. 2002. Environmental damage estimations in industrial process chains, methodology development with a case study on waste incineration and a special focus on human health. Departament d’Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.

[40] Suh, Y.-J., Rousseaux, P. 2002. An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenarios. In Resources, conservation and recycling (2002) volume 35, number 3, p. 191 – 200.

[41] Teller, Ph., Denis, S., Rezoni, R., Germain, A., 1999. Comparison between the incineration and the co-combustion in cement plants of industrial wastes using a life cycle approach. SETAC Europe-symposium, 1999.

[42] Theunis, J., Van der Linden, A., Torfs, R., Vercalsteren, A., Spirinckx, C., Jacobs, A., Vrancken, K., 2003. Energetische valorisatie van hoogcalorische afvalstromen in Vlaanderen, Deel 1 en 2. Studie uitgevoerd in opdracht van OVAM. VITO-rapport 2003/IMS/R/050.

[43] Torfs, R., Huybrechts, D., Wouters, G. 1999. LCA for assessing waste treatment options – The case of waste incineration with energy recovery versus co-incineration in cement kilns. 1999, p. 245-252

List of references

[44] Torfs, R., Van der Linden, A., Rabl, A., Zoughaib, A., Taylor, T., Arnold, S., Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G., Holland M., 2005. Sustools, Tools for sustainability : Development and application of an integrated framework : Evaluation of treatment options for municipal solid waste and stakeholder workshops & multicirteria analysis. Study commissioned by EC DG Research. VITO-report 2005/IMS/R/002

[45] Vandecasteele, C. et al. , 2007. Integrated municipal solid waste treatment using a grate furnace incinerator: the Indaver case. In Waste Management 27 (2007) 1366-1375

[46] Vigon, B. 2002. Toward a sustainable cement industry, substudy 9 : industial ecology in the cement industry. A study commissioned by world Business Council fo Sustainable Development.

[47] Villanueva, A., Vrgoc, M. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste) and Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – steel waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme, England.

[48] Vrancken, K., Torfs, R., Van der Linden, A., Vercaemst, P., Geuzens, P., 2001. Vergelijking van verwerkingsscenario’s voor restfractie van HHA en niet-specifiek categorie II bedrijfsafval. Studie uitgevoerd in opdracht van OVAM. VITO-rapport.

[49] Vrgoc, M., Villanueva, A. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste) and Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – glass waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme, England.

[50] Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), and Villanueva, A. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – paper and cardboard waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme, England.

[51] Willitsch, F. et al., Alternative fuels in the cement industry. PMT-Zyklontechnik GmbH, Krems, Austria.

[52] Willum, O. and Wenzel, H. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – wood waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme, England.

[53] Willum, O., Wenzel, H., Frees, N. (Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark), and Vrgoc, M. (Danish Topic Centre on Waste), 2005. Strategic environmental review of waste management options – plastics waste. Report for WRAP, the Waste and Resources Action Programme, England.

[54] Yourn, S.B., Turnbull, S. Russell, A., 2002. Towards a sustainable cement industry: What LCA can tell us about the cement industry. An independent study commissioned by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development

[55] Zah R., Böni H., Gauch M., Hischier R., Lehmann M. and Wäger P. (2007) Ökobilanz von Energieprodukten: Ökologische Bewertung von Biotreibstoffen. Schlussbericht. Abteilung Technologie und Gesellschaft, Empa im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Energie, des Bundesamtes für Umwelt und des Bundesamtes für Landwirtschaft, Bern, retrieved from: http://www.bfe.admin.ch/energie/00588/00589/00644/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=12653 .

http://www.bfe.admin.ch/energie/00588/00589/00644/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=12653

http://www.bfe.admin.ch/energie/00588/00589/00644/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=12653

List of references

[56] Zeevalkink, J.A. et al., 1996. Waste processing in a wet cement kiln and a specialized combustion plant. TNO report R 96/082, commissioned by Ciments d’Obourg

[57] Zeevalkink, J.A. et al., 1997. Trace elements in cement products. TNO report MEP R 97/149, commissioned by Ciments d’Obourg

[58] Zeevalkink, J.A., 1997. The materials and energy potential method for the quantitative distinction between waste valorization and elimination in the cement industry. TNO report MEP R 96/502, commissioned by Febelcem

List of references

Annex B: Review sheetspu

blic

atio

n – r

ef [

1]

title Cement & lime BREF Revision, air emissions and alternative fuels in the European Cement industry

authors anonymousinstitute/company Cembureau

Sponsor/commisionerjournal/report

publication year 2006number of pages 23

contents

In the report an evaluation is made of the emissions to air of cement kilns and the relation of these emissions to the input of alternative fuels.The emissions from cement plants are largely independent of the type of fuel used, but depend predominantly of the natural raw materials and the process. The spread of emission figures are clearly independent from the fuel substitution rate. It is as well confirming that no relevant increases in pollutant emissions to air will be observed while substituting fossil fuels, provided that the alternative fuels undergo a rigorous acceptance and inspection procedure before being used. There are as well indications that NOx emissions reduction can be achieved when using alternative fuels.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment

transparency of datatransparency of

impact assessmentISO

conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[2]

title Industrial ecology and the use of waste in the cement industryauthors Anonymous

institute/companySponsor/

commisioner CBRjournal/report


contents

In this study an evaluation is made of the use of waste products by CBR. The study aims at evaluating the use of specifies waste products within the framework of industrial ecology. The environmental advantages of the use of a particular waste product by CBR in comparison with ladfilling are quantified.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

pub

licat

ion

– ref

[3]

titleRevised draft guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsBooklet 3 : cement kilns firing hazardous waste

authors Anonymousinstitute/company

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report


contents

The guidelings provide guidance on best available techniques (BAT) and guidance on best environmental practices for cement kilns relevant to article 5 and 6 and annex c, part II of the Stockholm-convention. In the guidelines also consideration is given tot the Technical Guidelines developed by the Basel Convention Parties. The document gives an overview of the cement production processes, fuels and alternative fuels and process outputs.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[4]

title A life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment optionsauthors Akwo N. S

institute/company Aalborg universitySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report


contents

In the report a comparative analysis of four treatment options for sewage sludge with focus on their environmental impacts in terms of global warming, acidification and eutrophication. The treatment systems that are evaluated are :

- anaerobic digestion + cement kiln incineration,- anaerobic digestion + agricultural land spreading- composting + agricultural land spreading- anaerobic digestion + fluidised bed incineration

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[5]

title Waste treatment in cement kilns or in specially designed waste incinerators?

authors Alkemade, M.M.C. and Eggels, P.Ginstitute/company TNO

Sponsor/commissioner AVR chemie, Ciments d’Obourg, Indaverjournal/report

publication year 1997number of pages 71 + appendices

contents

A comparison of environmental aspects concerning the treatment of wastes is made. Waste incineration installations (AVR and indaver) are compared to cement kilns (ciments d’Obourg). LCA was used to make the comparison. The ultimate result of the comparison is the supply of information about the ecobalance of treatment in the different plants for a number of wastes

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[6]

title The environmental performance of alternative solid waste management options: a life cycle assessment study

authors Arena, U., Mastellone, M.L. and Peruginiinstitute/company University of Napels II

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Chemical engineering journal


contents

The environmental performance of alternative solid waste management options that could be used in an area of the South of Italy suffering form a situation weightly solid waste emergency is assed. An analytical comparison between three selected scenarios for the treatment of “restwaste” (residual household waste?) is reported with reference to some crucial environmental impact categories. The results quantify the relative advantages and disadvantages of different management schemes and suggest some possible improvements in design and operating criteria. The scenarios that are evaluated are :

- landfilling- RDF production and combustion- Mass burn combustion

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[7]

title Environmental and economic comparison of waste solvent treatment options.

authors Benko, T., Szanyi, A., Missey, P., Fonyo, Z.institute/company Budapest university of technology and economics and Hungarian

academy of sciences Sponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Central Europen Journal of chemisty


contents

Based on an industial case study the environmental and economic evaluation and comparison of the treatment alternatives of a non-ideal solvent mixture containing azeotropes is investigated for determining the preferable option. For the recovery of the industrial solvent mixture, two different separation alternatives are evaluated. Also an end-of-pipe alternative (incineration) is considered.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[8]

title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – aggregates

authors Bey, N., Willum, O., Wenzel, H., Vrgoc, M.institute/company Technical University of Denmark and Danish Topic Centre on Waste

Sponsor/commissioner WRAPjournal/report


contents

The aim of the study has been to identify an critically review existing LCA studies covering alternative handling options for “aggregates” waste, a term covering construction and demolition waste and other forms of aggregated types of waste, typically from building and road work industry. For this purpose, the system parameters and boundary assumptions that have been most decisive for the conclusions obtained in the reviewed LCA studies have been identified and assessed.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[9

]title Strategic environmental review of waste management options –

aluminium waste.authors Bey, N., Willum, O., Frees, N., Wenzel, H., Vrgoc, M. and Villanueva, A.

institute/company Technical University of Denmark and Danish Topic Centre on WasteSponsor/

commissioner WRAPjournal/report


contents

The aim of the study has been to identify an critically review existing LCA studies covering alternative handling options for aluminium waste. For this purpose, the system parameters and boundary assumptions that have been most decisive for the conclusions obtained in the reviewed LCA studies have been identified and assessed.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

([1

0]

title Life cycle assessment of a national policy proposal – the case of a Swedish waste incineration tax.

authors Björklund, A.E. and Finnveden, G.institute/company Royal Institute of Technology of Stockholm

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Waste Management


contents

The paper presents the results of a LCA of the waste incineration tax proposal of Sweden. The aim of the paper is to assess the life cycle environmental impacts of the waste incineration tax proposal, and to investigate whether there are any possibilities of more optimal design of such a tax.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[11

]title Recycling revisited – Life cycle comparisons of global warming impact

and total energy use of waste management strategies.authors Björklund, A.E. and Finnveden, G.

institute/company Royal Institute of Technology of Stockholm and Swedish defense research agency

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Resources, conservation and recycling


contents

Publications comparing the global warming impact and total energy use of recycling versus incineration and land filling were reviewed in order to find out to what extent they agree or contradict each other, and whether there are generally applicable conclusions to be drawn when certain key factors are considered. Four key factors with significant influence on the ranking between recycling, incineration and land filling were identified : type of recycled materials, type of materials avoided by recycling, energy sources avoided by energy recovery from incineration and the time perspective of landfills.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[12

]

title Co-processing of waste in cement plants. IMPEL waste project “waste permitting and enforcement of waste installations”

authors Bolwerk R.institute/company Council Government Münster



contentsAn overview is given of several aspects related to the input of waste in cement kilns. Energetic, technical and environmental aspects are discussed.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[13

]title incineration of waste in Europe: issues and perspectives

authors Bontoux, L.institute/company IPTS

Sponsor/commissioner

the Committee for Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament

journal/reportpublication year 1999number of pages 45

contents

The study analysis the issues raised by the current practice in the incineration of wastes in the European Union, with an emphasis on municipal solid wastes. It first presents an attempt at defining the size of the practice in the European union. It then goes on to cover important technological elements before reviewing the main issues raised by the incineration of wastes. Finally, the study provides a general analysis of the problem and proposes a few elements of discussion.

subj

ect

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system

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impacts

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conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[14

]

title Shortcomings of LCA – examples from waste managementauthors Brunner, P.H.

institute/company Vienna university of technologySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Presentation on the Calcas conference


contentsIn the presentation the answer to the question whether a set of LCA-criteria can asses if certain objectives of a waste management system are reached.

subj

ect

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system

data origin

impacts

assessment



conclusions

List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[15

]title Environmental assessment of waste-solvent treatment in the chemical

industryauthors Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Seyler, C., Hungerbühler, K.

institute/company ETH ZurichSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/research/lifecycle/solvents.html


contents

In the paper an integrated software tool is presented. The tool enebles the identification of environmentally preferable waste-solvent treatment options in industry. The tool, combines LCI models of the most important technologies, such as distillation and thermal treatment. With the tool a full LCA of various waste-solvent treatment options can be calculated for specific, user defined waste-solvent compositions.

subj

ect

regionyeargoal

system

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impacts

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conclusions


List of references

publ

icat

ion

– ref

[16

]

title Environmental Assessment of waste-solvent treatment options, part II : General ruses of thumb and specific recommendations

authors Capello, Ch., Hellweg, S., Hungerbühler, K.institute/company ETH ZURICH

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Journal of industrial ecology


contents

A comparison of various waste-solvent treatment technologies, such as distillation and incineration id hazardous-waste-solvent incinerators and cement kilns, is presented for 45 solvents with respect to the environmental life-cycle impact. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed, and uncertainties were quantified by stochastic modeling in which various scenarios were considered. The results show that no single treatment technology is generally environmentally superior to any other but that, depending on the solvent mixture and the process conditions, each option may be optimal in certain cases. Nevertheless, various rules of thumb could be derived, an a results table is presented for the 45 solvents showing under which process conditions and amount of solvent recovery distillation is environmentally superior to incineration.

subj

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impacts

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conclusions

List of references

publ

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[17

]title LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in

Belgium: Comparison to alternative treatment options.authors De Vos, S., Görtzen, J., Mulder, E., Ligthart, T., Hesseling, W.

institute/company TNOSponsor/

commissioner Feblecemjournal/report


contents

On request of Febelcem, TNO performed a LCA on the environmental impact of the thermal processing of waste streams in the Belgian cemnet industry, compared with the thermal treatment in alternative treatment options (waste incinerators). Five waste streams were defined (solvens/waste oil, filter cake, sawdust, impregnated paint, ink sludge, fluff and waste water treatment sludge.

subj

ect

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impacts

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conclusions

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[18

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title Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Servicesauthors Doka G.

institute/company Doka Life Cycle AssessmentsSponsor/

commissioner Ecoinventjournal/report


contents

This report is a general part on waste management and waste compositions. A general introduction to the waste disposal inventories of ecoinvent 2000 is given. General statistical data on waste in Switzerland and Europe is presented. The larger part of the report details the waste compositions used to calculate the disposal inventories in the ecoinvent database for waste incineration, land filling, wastewater treatment and building material disposal.

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[19

]title Ökobilanz aternativer Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Sonderabfäll

authors Fehrenbach H. and Beyer Jinstitute/company IFUE

Sponsor/commissioner Bayer Industry Servicesjournal/report Müll und Abfall


contents

An LCA-type study was conducted on the topic : what type of waste would be treated in what type of plant in the most environmental friendly way. Four different types of waste shall give an overview over the broad scale. Three technical options are compared : hazardous waste incinerator, coal power plant and cement word. The analysis shows, that all pollutant containing wastes are better treated in hazardous waste incineration plants. In these cases ther is a significant advantage concerning toxic releases whereas the disadvantage on the energy side turns out to be rather weak in case of energy recovery for industrial use.

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[20

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title Ökobilanz thermischer Entsorgungssysteme für brennbare Abfälle in Nordrhein-Westfalen

authors Fehrenbach, H., Giegrich, J.,, Schmidt, Rinstitute/company IFEU

Sponsor/commissioner

Ministeriums für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, MUNLV.


contents

The purpose of the study was to answer following questions : - is the co-incineration in cement kiln and/or power plants a good

alternative or complementary technique for the thermal treatment in waste incineration?

- Which criteria need to be fulfilled from an ecological point of view

In this study an answer is given on the questions : - for which waste, in which installation and under which

conditions, is co-incineration from an ecologic point of view equivalent or preferable to dedicated waste incineration;

- which xxx is decisive for the outcome- which recommendations can be derived for a sustainable

economy.

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[21

]title Simulating operational alternatives for future cement production

authors Gäbel, K. and Tillmans, A.-M.institute/company Chalmers University of Technology Sweden and Cementa, Sweden

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Journal of Cleaner production


contents

In the paper a flexible model for cement manufacturing is presented. The model predicts the environmental, product and economic performance in a life cycle perspective, simulating different operational alternatives. Interesting future operational alternatives, such as an increase in the use of industrial by-products and wastes as raw materials and fuels have been explored. The results, i.e. the consequences from a life cycle perspective of potential development options, are discussed.

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[22

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title Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDFauthors Genon, G. and Brizio, E

institute/company Politecnico di Torino, Italy and ARPa Piemonte, ItalySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Waste Management


contents

RDF, the high calorific value fraction of MSW obtained by conventional separation systems, can be employed in technological plants in order to obtain a useful energy recovery. It is interesting and important to evaluate this possibility within the general framework of waste-to-energy solutions. The solution must be assessed on the basis of different aspects, namely: technological features and clinker characteristics, local atmospheric pollution, the effects of RDF used in cement kilns in the generation of greenhouse gasses, the economics of conventional solid fuels substitution and planning perspectives, from the point of view of the destination of RDF and optimal cement kiln policy. The different experiences of this issue throughout Europe are reviewed, and some applications within Italy are also been considered.

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[23

]title Environmental and economic assessment of waste recycling in the

cement industry – Model description and pre-simulationauthors Hara, T., Yoshida Y., Matsuhashi R., Shima H

institute/company University of Tokyo, Mitsubishi materials corporationSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report ISIE converence


contents

In this study the inter-industrial and intr-regional recycling system for industrial waste by the cement industry in Japan is studied. A linear programming model is developed that represents cement production processes and waste transportation of all cement factories in Japan. The inter-regional material flows of industrial waste, and environmental effects of recycling are assessed.

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[24

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title Time- and site-dependent life cycle assessment of thermal waste treatment processes.

authors Hellweg, S.institute/company University of Karlsruhe



contents

In the dissertation a model is proposed that quantifies the emissions and resource use resulting from the incineration of waste using different technologies, the landfills for the incineration residues, the transport of the waste, related infrastructure, as well as the production of ancillary products in order to determine the environmental impact. Since this environmental impact of waste incineration depends on the technology used, a comprehensive assessment of the different thermal processes is necessary.

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[25

]title Guidelines on co-processing waste materials in cement production

authors Holciminstitute/company Holcim



contents

Different types of wastes have been successfully co-processed as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) in cement kilns in Europe, Japan, USA, Canada, and Australia since the beginning of the 1980s.These Guidelines are meant to gather the lessons of that experience and offer it particularly to developing countries that need to improve approaches to waste management.

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[26

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title Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge : energy and global warming analysis

authors Houillon, G., Jolliet, O.

institute/companyBG Consultin Engineers, Switzerland and Laboratory of Ecosystem Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Journal of Cleaner Production


contents

This study compares six wastewater sludge treatment scenarios applied to a 300.000 equivalent-inhabitant wastewater treatment plant: agricultural spreading, fluidised bed incineration, wet oxidation, pyrolysis, incineration in cement kilns and landfill. The study focuses on energy and emissions contributing to global warming over the whole treatment life cycle. As a result, avoided burdens by co-products are very important in terms of energy consumption and pollutants’ emissions. The energy balance suggests that incineration and agricultural spreading have the lowes non-renewable primary energy consumption. For global warming, incineration in cement kiln has the best balance, landfill and agricultural spreading the worst.

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[27

]title Assessment tool for waste solvent treatment options in Swiss chemical

industryauthors Hungerbühler, K., Capello, C., Hellweg, S.

institute/company ETH ZurichSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report SETAC 2004 conference


contents

A generic inventory tool was developed to support decision making in the waste solvent management of chemical industry. Mainly two different waste solvent treatment options are applied : (1) thermal treatment in special waste solvent incinerators and the cement industry and (2) solvent recovery. The incineration module of this tool calculates inventory data of solvent combustion as a function of the elemental waste solvent composition and technology used. The model for solvent recovery focuses on solvent distillation. First results show that distillation is the environmentally preferable treatment option if solvents with complex petrochemical production are recovered. Incineration can be important if waste solvent mixtures have high enthalpy of combustion and little contamination with halogens.

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[28

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title Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU.

authors Josa, A., Aguado, A., Heino, A., Byars, E., Cardim, A.institute/company Technical university of Catalonia, University of Sheffield, Penambuco

UniversitySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Cement and concrete research


contents

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of Life cycle inventories of several different types of cement produced in Europe. It considers the production of 1 kg of cement from cradle to gate, and all results are based on this mass unit. The reliability of cement inventories is affected by inaccurate or non-representative data, and comparative analysis is difficult due to varying system boundary definitions. Only the four main emissions (CO2, NOx, SO2 and dust) are considered. The theoretical model used gives reasonable estimates of emission levels and, thus, can serve as a reference to measured values. In case of CO2, this is definitely a feasible alternative to in situ measurements. The emissions derive primarily from the production of clinker, both from the chemical reactions occurring in the kiln and by its fossil fuel consumption.

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[29

]title Life Cycle Inventories of Bioenergy

authorsJungbluth N., Chudacoff M., Dauriat A., Dinkel F., Doka G., Faist Emmenegger M., Gnansounou E., Kljun N., Schleiss K., Spielmann M., Stettler C. and Sutter J.

institute/companyESU, Carbotech, Doka lLCA, Chudacorff Ökoscience, ENERS Energy concept, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Zürich, INFRAS, Umwelt- und kompostberatung

Sponsor/commissioner Ecoinventjournal/report


contents

The goal of this project is to investigate life cycle inventory data of several energy products from biomass. These data shall complement existing datasets in the ecoinvent database and should become available in a future version of this database.The production and use of ethanol, biogas, BTL-fuels and plant oils have been investigated.Agricultural products that are nedded for these fuels are included in the analysis. The use of biofuels in different means of transportation is investigated as well. Lci data have been collected for biomass production and biofuel conversion n different countries. To day and future conventional transport means have been included in the analysis. Also an inventory has been investigated for modern biogas plant with a cover of the storage which minimizes the methane emission. Also preliminary data for organic rape seed have been revised.

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[30

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title Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modelling.

authors Kääntee, U., Zvenhoven, R., Backman, R., Hupa, M.institute/company Finnsementti Oy, Helsinki university of Technology, Abo Akademi

UniversitySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Fuel processing technology


contents

Energy costs and environmental standard encouraged cement manufacturers world-wide to evaluate to what extent conventional fuels can be replaced by alternative fuels, i.e., processed waste materials. clinker burning is well suited for various alternative fuels. In order to select a suitable alternative fuel, a commercial modelling tool is used to model the four-stage pre-heater kiln system of a full-scale cement plant using pet-coke as fuel. The goal is to optimise process control and alternative fuel consumption, while maintaining clinker product quality. Calculations with varying amounts of different fuels are compared with a reference case. The dependence of process performance on the amount of combustion air is clearly demonstrated and the energy demand of the process could be predicted for varying fuel mixes.

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[31

]title Critical review of existing studies an life cycle analysis on the

regeneration and incineration of waste oilsauthors Monier V., Labrouze, E

institute/company Taylor Nelson Sofres consulting, BIO intelligence serviceSponsor/

commissionerthe European Commission, DG environment, A2-Sustainable resources- consumption and waste


contents

In the frame of the revision of the directive 75/439/EC on waste oils, the main objective of this study is to undertake a thorough technico-economic and environmental analysis of the literature available about the generation of WO and its comparison with their incineration. For that purpose, more than 75 studies have been analysed. In order to update some of the obsolete information, to overcome some of the inconsistencies and gather information about new subjects sill poorly covered by the literature, a lot of experts have been interviewed. A critical assessment has been performed for the four life cycle analysis studies available.

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[32

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title Tools for evaluation of impact associated with MSW incineration: LCA and integrated environmental monitoring.

authors Morselli, L., Bartoli, M., Bertacchini, M., Brighetti, A., Luzi, J., Passarini, F, Masoni, P.

institute/company University of BolognaSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Waste Management


contents

In this work a life cycle assessment and an integrated environmental monitoring system were applied together, in order to obtain complete information about the incineration process and its environmental impact. The former is a proven methodology, but its application to waste management systems constitutes a relatively new field of application with a great developmental potential. The contribution of the incineration process to the different environmental impact categories was investigated, finding many avoided impacts due to energy recovery. The latter is an innovative approach that allows a remarkable understanding of impact due to a contamination source : interesting correlations were found between heavy metals both in gas emissions and in natural matrices in the surroundings.

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[33

]title Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement

facilities: Life cycle assessmentauthors Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement

facilities: Life cycle assessmentinstitute/company University of La Frontera, University of Santiago de compostela,

University of LeobenSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Resources, conservation and recycling


contents

The utilization of volcanic soil in the cement industry as an alternative raw material was evaluated using LCA methodology. This possibility has been studied from an environmental point of view in a Chilean cement facility, including both technical and economic analysis. Two scenarios were compared : Scenario 1which corresponds to the existing cement production process, and Scenario 2, which represents cement production using spent volcanic soil.

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[34

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title Effect of burning supplementary waste fuels on the pollutant emissions by cement plants: a statistical analysis of process data.

authors Prisciandaro, M., Mazziotti, G., Veglióinstitute/company university of L’Aquila, University of Teramo

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Resources, conservation and recycling


contents

This paper shows how some statistical tools can be applied in the process analysis of real plant data, e.g. in the clinker production process by using alternative fuels in clinker kilns of two different cement plants. Statistical Student’s t-tests, stepwise linear regression models and factor analysis were employed in the data analysis to evaluate the effect on the atmospheric stack emission of these alternative fuel feeding. Moreover a quite large improvement in the knowledge of the process have been obtained by statistical analysis of the data process that very often suffer of internal correlation among the process variables under investigation.

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[35

]title Evaluating waste incineration as treatment and energy recovery method

from an environmental point of viewauthors

institute/company ProfuSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report


contents

During the last 10-20 years methods an models for describing the environmental impacts of incineration in comparison to other waste treatment options are developed. This project maps out this research field in order to gather relevant system studies made on local, regional and national levels in Europe. By thoroughly analysing these studies, this project describes the environmental performance for incineration with energy recovery in comparison with other options for both waste treatment/recovery and energy production. The project focuses on mixed waste and on waste fractions where there has been a lot of controversy whether the material should be recycled, incinerated or treated biologically..

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[36

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title The cement industry as a scavernger in industrial ecology and the management of hazardous substances

authors Reijnders, L.institute/company University of Amsterdam

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Journal of Industrial Ecology


contents

The cement industry uses a variety of secondary materials and fuels. In dealing with hazardous elements contained in the wastes, this development ahs side effects such as relatively significant stack emissions of heavy metals and leaching of hazardous compounds during the life cycle of cement-derived products. An analogy to metabolic functions of selective uptake, sequestration, and selective excretion is presented.

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[37

]title Environmental assessment of waste incineration in a life-cycle-

perspective (EASEWASTEauthors Riber, C., Bhander, G. S.; Christensen, T. H.

institute/company Technical University of DenmarkSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Waste Management and research


contents

A model for lice-cycle assessment of waste incinerators is described and applied to a case study for illustrative purposes. The presented model is a module in the life-cycle assessment model EASEWASTE. The module accounts for all uses of materials and energy and credits in the incinerator for electricity and heat recovered.

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[38

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title Life cycle inventory for use of waste solvent as fuel substitute in the cement industry.

authors Seyler, C., Hellweg, S., Monteil, M. and Hungerbühler, K.institute/company ETH Zurich, Holcim

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report International journal of LCA


contents

A multi-input allocation model was developed that takes into account the physico-chemical properties of waste solvents such as elementary composition and net calorific value. The model is based on asset of equations and data on fuel mix, fuel composition as well as transfer coefficients for heavy metals. The model calculates ‘avoided inputs’ and ‘changes in emissions’ which arise from substituting fossil fuels with waste solvents. The application of the model is illustrated in a case study on four waste solvents. The results show that solvent incineration in cement kilns generally reduces the overall impact of clinker production because fossil fuels are replaced. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the model is especially sensitive to the fuel mix and coal properties, such as net calorific value as well as the content of nitrogen and carbon. The transfer coefficients are also uncertain, but this uncertainty is not relevant as the amount of heavy metals emitted into the atmosphere is small.

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[39

]title

Environmental damage estimations in industrial process chains, methodology development with a case study on waste incineration and a special focus on human health.

authors Sonnemann, G. W..institute/company Universitat Rovira I Virgili



contents

The research question of the thesis is in which way environmental damages of industrial process chains can be estimated the most accurately possible, but still with acceptable efforts an in a communicable way. To find an adequate trade-off between process chain-oriented and site-oriented environmental impact assessment and to convert environmental damage estimates in meaningful results like environmental costs. A case study on waste incineration with a special focus on human health impact in given. A strategy for stochastic uncertainty assessment by Monte Carlo simulation is presented; The sensitivity analysis indicates that using toxicological dos-response and epidemiological exposure-response function the main impact on human health does not stem from PCDD/F and the heavy metals, but particles and NOx. A mathematical framework an a flowchart that allows spatial differentiation at different levels of detail and proposes an integration of LCA, IPA and environmental costs. A framework for site-dependent impact assessment as a way to find compromise between site-specific damage endpoint assessments and potential midpoint life cycle indicators are developed.

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[40

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title An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenariosauthors Suh, Y.-J., Rousseaux, P.

institute/companySponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Resources, conservation and recycling


contents

LCA was carried out in order to compare the environmental impacts of five alternative treatment scenarios of sewage sludge in the French context. The scenarios were composed of one main process (incineration, agricultural land application, or landfill), one stabilization process (lime stabilization, composting, or anaerobic digestion) and transport of sludge.

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[41

]title Comparison between the incineration and the co-combustion in cement

plants of industrial wastes using a life cylce approachauthors Teller, Ph., Denis, S., Rezoni, R., Germain, A.

institute/company University of LiègeSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Symposium SETAC-Europe, 1999


contents

The possibility of using different industrial wastes as combustible has been studied for two industrial processes: the incineration and the co-combustion in cement plants. This study has mainly been achieved to illustrate the Eco-indicator 95 methodology, bus also to demonstrate that both industrial processes are complementary. The uncertainty due to choices has been taken into account through different valuation methods leading tot different weightings of the environmental impacts considered, while a Monte Carlo simulation has been used to translate the parameters uncertainty. One of the main conclusions of this study is that most of the wastes with a high heavy metals, sulphur and halogens content and also with a low calorific value should rather be incinerated than burned in a cement kiln.

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[42

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title Energetische valorisatie van hoogcalorische afvalstromen in Vlaanderen, Deel 1 en 2.

authors Theunis, J., Van der Linden, A., Torfs, R., Vercalsteren, A., Spirinckx, C., Jacobs, A., Vrancken, K

institute/company VITOSponsor/

commissioner OVAMjournal/report

publication year 2003number of pages 82 + 182

contents

In this study an answer was given tot the question ‘which treatment infrastructure is necessary to thermally valorise the selective collected high calorific waste in Flanders’. Using different scenarios an evaluation was made on how thermal treatment options can be combined in the most optimized way taking costs, energy production and emissions into account.

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[43

]title

LCA for assessing waste treatment options – The case of waste incineration with energy recovery versus co-incineration in cement kilns.

authors Torfs, R., Huybrechts, D., Wouters, G.institute/company VITO

Sponsor/commissionerjournal/report Conference XXX

publication year XXXnumber of pages 7

contents

In this paper an overview of several LCA studies of waste treatment options is given, and their key features and conclusions are discussed briefly. In many cases the conclusions taken from the LCA studies were found to be not unambiguous or even contradictory. Waste incineration with energy recovery versus co-incineration in cement kilns is used as an example to discuss the usefulness and the limitations of LCA as an environmental system analysis tool. It is concluded that LCA is nog well fit to make comparative assertions, bu can be used as a tool to identify critical parameters and key-issues of waste treatment options.

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[44

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titleSustools, Tools for sustainability : Development and application of an integrated framework : Evaluation of treatment options for municipal solid waste and stakeholder workshops & multicirteria analysis

authors Torfs, R., Van der Linden, A., Rabl, A., Zoughaib, A., Taylor, T., Arnold, S., Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G., Holland M.

institute/company VITO, Ecole des Mines de Paris, University of Bath, National Technical University of Athens, EMRC

Sponsor/commissioner DG Researchjournal/report


contents

This study consists of two parts. In the first part the results of the waste treatment case studies of the SusTools project of the EC are summarized. The case studies concern the waste that remains after selective collection and recycling? The case study in France compares the external costs of land fill and incineration. The case study in Flanders zooms in on several technologies for incineration, presenting both private and external costs. In part two the results of part one are used as a basis for the multicriteria analysis that is made. The methodological background to develop the MCA framework, organizational details for the workshop, and the results obtained for each case study during the workshops are summarised in this part.

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[42

5title Integrated municipal solid waste treatment using a grate furnace

incinerator: the Indaver case.authors Vandecasteele, C., Wauters, G., Arickx, S., Jaspers, M., Van Gerven, T.

institute/company Katholieke universiteit Leuven, IndaverSponsor/

commissionerjournal/report Waste management


contents

An integrated installation for treatment of municipal solid waste and comparable waste from industrial origin is described. It is demonstrated that this integrated installation combines high recovery of energy (40,8% net) with high materials recovery. The following fractions were obtained after wet treatment of the bottom ash : ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, three granulate fractions with different particle sizes, and sludge. For all components of interest, emissions to air are below the limit values. The integrated grate furnace installation is characterised by zero waste water discharge and high occupational safety.

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[46

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title Toward a sustainable cement industry, substudy 9 : industial ecology in the cement industry.

authors Vigon, B.institute/company Battelle

Sponsor/commissioner World Business council for sustainable developmentjournal/report


contents

The study, of which this substudy is a part, represents an effort by ten major cement companies to explore how the cement industry as a hole can evolve over time to better meet the need for global sustainable development while enhancing shareholder value. The study findins include a variety of recommendations for the industry and its stakeholders to improve the sustainability of cement production. The participating companies believe that an independent assessment of the cement industry’s current status and future opportunities will yield long-term benefits that justify the risks. The intent of the study is to share information that will help any cement company to work construcitively toward a sustainable future. This substudy, provides the basis for assessing the current status or performance and identfies areas for progress toward sustainability on a specific topic.

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[47

]title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – steel

waste.authors Villanueva, A., Vrgoc, M. Wenzel, H.

institute/company Danish Topic Centre on Waste, technical university of Denmark.Sponsor/



contents

The review analyses LCA’s on the recycling , land filling and incineration of steel waste. A search for existing studies has been conducted. The evaluation process led to the selection of 9 studies finally comprised by the review, all of them comparing the recycling, land filling and incineration of steel waste. These studies are judged to represent the state-of-the-art knowledge of the environmental aspects of steel waste management.

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[48

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title Vergelijking van verwerkingsscenario’s voor restfractie van HHA en niet-specifiek categorie II bedrijfsafval.

authors Vrancken, K., Torfs, R., Van der Linden, A., Vercaemst, P., Geuzensinstitute/company VITO

Sponsor/commissioner OVAMjournal/report


contents

In this study treatment scenarios for residual waste were compared for 5 different criteria : environmental impact, energy recovery, material recovery, price and management. The choice of the scenarios was based on a combination of processes that could be implemented on a short term on the Flemish market and that were demonstrated on industrial or pilot scale for the treatment of MSW. I nthe study an inventory and analysis is made of the currently available techniques. Systems based on mechanical-biological treatment and integrated pyrolyses are evaluated using an LCA-approach. The performance of these scenarios was compared to the performance of a grate furnace.

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[49

]title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – glass

waste.authors Vrgoc, M., Villanueva, A., Wenzel, H.

institute/company Danish Topic Centre on Waste, technical university of Denmark.Sponsor/



contents

The review analyses LCA’s on the recycling , land filling and incineration of glass waste. A search for existing studies has been conducted. The evaluation process led to the selection of 11 studies finally comprised by the review, all of them comparing the recycling, land filling and incineration of steel waste. These studies are judged to represent the state-of-the-art knowledge of the environmental aspects of glass waste management.

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[50

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title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – paper and cardboard waste

authors Wenzel, H. and Villanueva, A.institute/company Institute for Product Development, Technical University of

Denmark ,Danish Topic Centre on WasteSponsor/



contents

In the reviewed studies a comparison is made between two or more of the following paper/cardboard waste management options: recycling, incineration and land filling. Each study comprises one or more scenarios of varying system boundary conditions and assumptions, and a total of 63 scenarios comparing the three main waste management options to each other is included in the review, each scenario being in fact an LCA on its own. The review is thus comprehensive and quite exhaustive, having captured the vast majority of existing studies and knowledge on the topic.

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[51

]title Alternative fuels in the cement industry

authors Willitsch F., Sturm G., Wurst, F.; Prey, T.institute/company PMT-zyklontechnik GmbH, University of Vienna


publication yearnumber of pages 25

contentsIn the study an overview is given of the alternative fuels that are used in the cement industry. Technical aspects related to the process and the clinker production due to the use of these fuels are given. And also the influence of these fuels on the emissions to air are discussed.

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[52

]

title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – wood waste.

authors Willum, O. and Wenzel, H.institute/company Technical University of Denmark , Danish Topic Centre on Waste

Sponsor/commissioner WRAPjournal/report


contents

In the reviewed studies a comparison between the options of wood incineration and depositing of wood on land fills is made. Each study comprises two ore more scenarios of varying system boundary conditions and assumptions. A total of 7 scenarios comparing the two waste management options to each other are included in the review. Each scenario is a LCA on its own.

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[53

]title Strategic environmental review of waste management options – plastics

wasteauthors Willum, O., Wenzel, H., Frees, N., Vrgoc, M.

institute/company Technical University of Denmark , Danish Topic Centre on WasteSponsor/



contents

In the reviewed studies a comparison between the options of plastics recycling, incineration and land filling. Each study comprises two ore more scenarios of varying system boundary conditions and assumptions. A total of 60 scenarios comparing the three waste management options to each other are included in the review. Each scenario is a LCA on its own. The review is thus comprehensive an quite exhaustive having captured the vast majority of existing studies and knowledge on the topic.

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[54

]

title Towards a sustainable cement industry: What LCA can tell us about the cement industry. (substudy 6)

authors Young, S.B., Turnbull, S. Russell, A.institute/company Five Winds

Sponsor/commissioner World Business Council for Sustainable Development journal/report

publication year 2002number of pages

contents

This substudy provides the basis for assessing the current status or performance and identifies areas for progress toward sustainability on a specific topic.The substudy has two main objectives:

- document LCA status and cement industry experience with LCA: The substudy illustrates the use of LCA by cement companies, industry associations, and other interested parties. It demonstrates the use of LCA in areas such as comparisons of differing production technologies, comparisons of cement to alternative construction materials, and product environmental labelling.

- Identify the potential relevance and value of LCA to designing a sustainable future for the cement industry : This substudy provides a report of the applicability of LCA tot the cement industry. Additionally, it identifies how these applications might provide business benefits tot the industy.

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ect

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[55

]title Ökobilanz von Energieprodukten: Ökologische Bewertung von

Biotreibstoffen authors Zah R., Böni H., Gauch M., Hischier R., Lehmann M. and Wäger P.

institute/company EmpaSponsor/

commissionerBundesamtes für Energie, des Bundesamtes für Umwelt und des Bundesamtes für Landwirtschaft, Bern


contents

The objective of the study is to evaluate the environmental impact of the entire production chain of fuels made from biomass used in Switzerland. An analysis of the possible environmental impacts of biofuels is made. Then an ‘ecological life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the various biofuels is done. In addition, the impacts of fuel use are compared with other uses for bioenergy such as the generation of electricity and heat. The results refer to average values from the year 2004 in the respective production countries and are to be taken as a snapshot of factors relevant to the fuels’ use in Switzerland.

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[56

]

title Waste processing in a wet cement kiln and a specialized combustion plant.

authors Zeevalkink, J.A., Eggels, P.G., Hesseling, W.F.M.institute/company TNO

Sponsor/commissioner Ciments d’Obourgjournal/report


contents

The objective of the study is to compare the environmental impact of waste processing in a cement kiln to the environmental impact of waste incineration in a specialized waste combustion plant. The environmental impacts are calculated based on methods derived from the Life Cycle Analysis methodology. The environmental impacts of final solid waste disposal are not defined in detail in the LCA method. Therefore this fraction cannot be compared or included with the other environmental effects. Four types of wastes served as examples for the method and the results :

- spent solvents,- filter cake,- paint residue,- sewage sludge.

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[57

]title Trace elements in cement products.

authors Zeevalkink, J.A., Eggels, P.G., Alkemade, M.M.Cinstitute/company TNO

Sponsor/commissioner Ciments d’Obourgjournal/report


contents

The objective of this study is to explore the aspects that determine the maximum level of trace elements, or heavy metals, in the clinker, i.e. the limit value that is acceptable in terms of environmental impact of the process and products involved. Another goal of this study is to give an indication of what information is lacking, in order to establish clear limits.

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[58

]

titleThe materials and energy potential method for the quantitative distinction between waste valorization and elimination in the cement industry

authors Zeevalkink, J.Ainstitute/company TNO

Sponsor/commissioner Febelcemjournal/report


contents

This report proposes a quantitative method to distinguish between the valorisation and elimination of waste in a cement kiln. Examples are presented to illustrate the consequences of the developed approach. These examples are related to the process conditions in the kiln in the dry- and the wet-cement process.The method which is presented in this report is based on the recognition that a specific waste can contribute tot the cement-makin process as an alternative raw material, and at the same time, as a source of energy. This is a specific advantage of waste processing in the cement process which is expressed in the assessment method: the Materials and Energy Potential (MEP) method.

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Annex C: overview table

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[1] Cement & lime BREF Revision, air emissions and

alternative fuels in the European Cement industry

Cembureau Waste Cement kiln Evaluation report

[2] Industial ecology and the use of waste in the cement industry

Rubber tyresAnimal mealFly ashes

Cement kiln LCA report

[3] Revised draft guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

section V part IIa waste incinerators

section V pert IIb cement kilns firing hazardous waste

Municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, sewage sludge, medical waste

Hazardous waste

Waste incinerator

Cement kiln

BAT

BAT

report

report

[4] A life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment options

Aalborg university Sewage sludge Anaerobic digestion + cement kilnAnaerobic digestion + agricultural land spreading Composting + agricultural land spreading Anaerobic digestion + fluidized bed incineration

LCA report

[5] Waste treatment in cement kilns or in specially designed waste incinerators?

TNO Spent solventPolluted waterPaint sludgeFiltration earthHighly contaminated waste

Cement kiln Waste incinerator

LCA report

[6] The environmental performance of alternative solid waste management options: a life cycle assessment study.

University of Napels II Municipal solid waste LandfillRDF production + incinerationWaste incineration

LCA article

[7] Environmental and economic comparison of waste solvent treatment options

Budapest University of technology& economics and Hungarian academy of sciences

Waste solvent Recoveryincineration

LCA abstract

[8] Strategic environmental review of waste management options – aggregates

Technical University of Denmark , Danish Topic Centre on Waste

Aggregates (C&DW) Recycling Landfill

LCA review

report

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[9] Strategic environmental review of waste

management options – aluminum waste.Technical University of Denmark , Danish Topic Centre on Waste

Aluminium waste RecyclingLandfillWaste Incineration

LCA review

report

[10] Life cycle assessment of a national policy proposal – the case of a Swedish waste incineration tax

Royal institute of technology of Stockholm

Household wasteIndustrial wasteConstruction & Demolition WastePark & yard waste

RecyclingAnaerobic digestionCompost (central/home)LandfillWaste incineration

LCA article

[11] Recycling revisited – Life cycle comparisons of global warming impact and total energy use of waste management strategies.

Royal institute of technology of Stockholm and Swedish defense research agency

Non-renewable (glass, metals, plastics)Renewable (paper, cardboard)

Recycling Waste IncinerationLandfill

LCA article

[12] Co-processing of waste in cement plants Council Government Münster

Waste Cement kiln Overview article

[13] The incineration of waste in Europe: issues and perspectives

IPTS Municipal solid waste Waste Incineration Overview report

[14] Shortcomings of LCA – examples from waste management

Vienna university of technology

Waste Waste IncinerationLandfillRecycling

Evaluation Abstract + slides

[15] Environmental assessment of waste-solvent treatment in the chemical industry

ETH Zurich Waste solvent RecoveryWaste IncinerationCement kiln

LCA Article

[16] Environmental Assessment of waste-solvent treatment options, part II : General ruses of thumb and specific recommendations.

ETH Zurich Waste solvent RecoveryWaste incinerationCement kiln

LCA Article

[17] LCA of thermal treatment of waste streams in cement clinker kilns in Belgium: Comparison to alternative treatment options.

TNO Impregnated sawdustSludgeWaste solventFluffFilter cake

Waste incinerationCement kiln

LCA report

[18] Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services.

Doka Life Cycle Assessments

Waste Waste incinerationLandfillWaste water treatmentC&DW disposal

LCI report

[19] Ökobilanz aternativer Verfahren zur Verbrennung von Sonderabfäll

IFUE Waste solvent Industrial sludgefluff

Waste incinerationCement kilnPower plant

LCA Article

[20] Ökobilanz thermischer Entsorgungssysteme für brennbare Abfälle in Nordrhein-Westfalen

IFUE Municipal solid wasteIndustrial waste similar to MSWSorting residue LVP (leichtverpackung)

Waste incinerationPower plant (coal)Cement kiln

LCA Report

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[21] Simulating operational alternatives for future

cement productionChalmers university of technology Sweden and Cementa Sweden

Industrial by-products (slag, fly ash, gypsum, sand)Waste (tyres, plastic, waste solvent, waste oil)

Cement kiln Model article

[22] Perspectives and limits for cement kilns as a destination for RDF

Politecnico di Torino, Italy and APRa Piemonte, Italy

RDF Cement kilnWaste incineration

LCA article

[23] Environmental and economic assessment of waste recycling in the cement industry – Model description and pre-simulation

University of Tokyo, Mitsubishi materials corporation

Industrial waste Cement kilnRecycling

Model article

[24] Time- and site-dependent life cycle assessment of thermal waste treatment processes.

University of Karlsruhe Municipal solid waste Waste incinerationSlag landfill

LCA report

[25] Guidelines on co-processing waste materials in cement production

Holcim PlasticPaper and cardboardTyresBiomassTextileASRWaste oilIndustrial sludgeSpent solvents…

Cement kiln Guidelines report

[26] Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge : energy and global warming analysis

BG consulting Engineers, Switzerland and Laboratory of Ecosystem Management , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland

Waste water treatment sludge

Agricultural Land spreadingFluidized bed incinerationWet oxidationPyrolysisCement kilnLandfill

LCA Article

[27] Assessment tool for waste solvent treatment options in Swiss chemical industry

ETH Zurich Waste solvent Waste incinerationCement kilnrecovery

LCA abstract

[28] Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU.

Technical university of Catalonia, University of Shefield, Penambuco university

Cement kiln LCA Article

[29] Life Cycle Inventories of Bioenergy ESU, Carbotech, Doka lLCA, Chudacorff Ökoscience, ENERS Energy concept, Paul Scherrer Institute, ETH Zürich, INFRAS, Umwelt- und kompostberatung

Biomass Waste incineration (biomass)Cement kiln (sewage sludge)

LCI report

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[30] Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels

and the advantages of process modellingFinnsementti Oy, Helsinki university of Technology, Abo Akademi University

Liquid waste (waste solvent, waste oil, …)Solid waste (paper, used tyres, sludge, …)Gaseous waste (landfill gas, pyrolysis gas)

Cement kiln Model Article

[31] Critical review of existing studies an life cycle analysis on the regeneration and incineration of waste oils.

Taylor Nelson Sofres consulting, BIO intelligence service

Waste oil Recovery (regeneration)Re-useGasificationIncineration Cement kiln

LCA review

Report

[32] Tools for evaluation of impact associated with MSW incineration: LCA and integrated environmental monitoring.

University of Bologna Municipal solid waste Waste incineration Evaluation article

[33] Recycling contaminated soil as alternative raw material in cement facilities: Life cycle assessment

University of La Frontera, University of Santiago de compostela, University of Leoben

Contaminated soil Cement kiln LCA Article

[34] Effect of burning supplementary waste fuels on the pollutant emissions by cement plants: a statistical analysis of process data

university of L’Aquila, University of Teramo

TyresWaste oil

Cement kiln Statistical analysis

Article

[35] Evaluating waste incineration as treatment and energy recovery method from an environmental point of view

Profu Municipal solid Waste Waste incinerationRecyclingAnaerobic digestionCompstingLandfilling

LCA evaluation

report

[36] The cement industry as a scavernger in industrial ecology and the management of hazardous substances

University of Amsterdam

Hazardous waste Cement kiln Evaluation Article

[37] Environmental assessment of waste incineration in a life-cycle-perspective (EASEWASTE)

Technical University of Denmark

Municipal solid waste Waste incineration Model Article

[38] Life cycle inventory for use of waste solvent as fuel substitute in the cement industry.

ETU Zurich, Holcim Waste solvent Cement kiln Model article

[39] Environmental damage estimations in industrial process chains, methodology development with a case study on waste incineration and a special focus on human health

Universitat Rovira I Virgill

Municipal solid waste Waste incinerator Evaluation/methodology development

Report

[40] An LCA of alternative wastewater sludge treatment scenarios.

Waste water sludge Waste incineration (sludge)Agricultural land spreadingCompostingLandfill

LCA Article

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[41] Comparison between the incineration and the

co-combustion in cement plants of industrial wastes using a life cycle approach.

University of Liège TyresPlasticSewage sludge


LCA Article

[42] Energetische valorisatie van hoogcalorische afvalstromen in Vlaanderen, Deel 1 en 2.

VITO High calorific waste (wood, plastic, ASR, tyres, RDF, …)

Waste incineration (FBC)Cement kilnPower plant

Model Report

[43] LCA for assessing waste treatment options – The case of waste incineration with energy recovery versus co-incineration in cement kilns

VITO Waste incinerationCement kiln

LCA evaluation

Article

[44] Sustools, Tools for sustainability : Development and application of an integrated framework : Evaluation of treatment options for municipal solid waste and stakeholder workshops & multicirteria analysis

VITO, Ecole des Mines de Paris, University of Bath, National Technical University of Athens, EMRC

Municipal solid waste Mechanical-biologial treatment Waste incinerationLand fill

External costs

report

[45] Integrated municipal solid waste treatment using a grate furnace incinerator: the Indaver case.

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Indaver

Municipal solid waste Waste incineration Evaluation Article

[46] Toward a sustainable cement industry, substudy 9 : industial ecology in the cement industry

Battelle Waste Cement kiln Evaluation Report

[47] Strategic environmental review of waste management options – steel waste.

Danish Topic Centre on Waste and Technical University of Denmark

Steel waste RecyclingLandfillWaste incineration

LCA review

report

[48] Vergelijking van verwerkingsscenario’s voor restfractie van HHA en niet-specifiek categorie II bedrijfsafval

VITO Municipal solid waste Waste incinerationMechanical biological treatmentPyrolysis

LCA report

[49] Strategic environmental review of waste management options – glass waste


Glass waste Recycling LandfillWaste incineration

LCA review

Report

[50] Strategic environmental review of waste management options – paper and cardboard waste


Paper and cardboard waste

RecyclingWaste incinerationLandfill

LCA review

Report

[51] Alternative fuels in the cement industry PMT-zyklontechnik GmbH and University of Vienna

Waste Cement kiln Overview Report

[52] Strategic environmental review of waste management options – wood waste.


Wood waste Waste incinerationLandfill

LCA review

Report

List of references

Studie Institute Type of waste Type of treatment method type[53] Strategic environmental review of waste

management options – plastics waste.Danish Topic Centre on Waste and Technical University of Denmark

Plastic waste Recycling (Recovery/Re-use)Waste incinerationlandfill

LCA review

Report

[54] Towards a sustainable cement industry: What LCA can tell us about the cement industry

Five winds Cement kiln LCA (review)

Report

[55] Ökobilanz von Energieprodukten: Ökologische Bewertung von Biotreibstoffen

EMPA Biomass fuels LCA Report

[56] Waste processing in a wet cement kiln and a specialized combustion plant

TNO Waste solventFilter cakePaint residueSewage sludge


LCA Report

[57] Trace elements in cement products. TNO Cement kiln Evaluation Report[58] The materials and energy potential method for

the quantitative distinction between waste valorization and elimination in the cement industry

TNO Spent solventsContaminated soilFilter cakeSewage sludge

Cement kiln Method Report

List of references

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