Basketball

This article is about the sport. For the ball used inthe sport, see Basketball (ball). For other uses, seeBasketball (disambiguation).

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of five play-ers on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot aball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and10 feet (3.048 m) high mounted to a backboard at eachend. Basketball is one of the world’s most popular andwidely viewed sports.[1]

A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball throughthe basket during regular play. A field goal scores threepoints for the shooting team if the player shoots from be-hind the three-point line, and two points if shot from infront of the line. A team can also score via free throws,which are worth one point, after the other team was as-sessed with certain fouls. The team with the most pointsat the end of the game wins, but additional time (over-time) is issued when the game ends in a draw. The ballcan be advanced on the court by bouncing it while walk-ing or running or throwing it to a team mate. It is a vio-lation to lift or drag one’s pivot foot without dribbling theball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands thenresume dribbling.As well as many techniques for shooting, passing,dribbling and rebounding, basketball teams generallyhave player positions and offensive and defensive struc-tures (player positioning). Traditionally, the tallest andstrongest members of a team are called a center or powerforward, while slightly shorter and more agile players arecalled small forward, and the shortest players or thosewho possess the best ball handling skills are called a pointguard or shooting guard.

1 History

Main article: History of basketball

1.1 Creation

In early December 1891, Canadian Dr. James Nai-smith,[2] a physical education professor and instructorat the International Young Men’s Christian AssociationTraining School[3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College)in Springfield, Massachusetts was trying to keep his gymclass active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous in-

The first basketball court: Springfield College

door game to keep his students occupied and at properlevels of fitness during the long New England winters.After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorlysuited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rulesand nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) ele-vated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, thispeach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be re-trieved manually after each “basket” or point scored; thisproved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basketwas removed,[4] allowing the balls to be poked out with along dowel each time.Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. Thefirst balls made specifically for basketball were brown,and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, search-ing for a ball that would be more visible to players andspectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now incommon use. Dribbling was not part of the original gameexcept for the “bounce pass” to teammates. Passing theball was the primary means of ball movement. Dribblingwas eventually introduced but limited by the asymmet-ric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a major

1

2 1 HISTORY

part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing im-proved the ball shape.The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they werefinally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A fur-ther change was soon made, so the ball merely passedthrough. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, histeam would gain a point. Whichever team got the mostpoints won the game.[5] The baskets were originally nailedto the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but thisproved impractical when spectators on the balcony beganto interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced toprevent this interference; it had the additional effect of al-lowing rebound shots.[6] Naismith’s handwritten diaries,discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicatethat he was nervous about the new game he had invented,which incorporated rules from a children’s game called"Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Nai-smith called the new game “Basket Ball”.[7] The first of-ficial game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Al-bany, New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine play-ers. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA)court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

1.2 College basketball

See also: College basketballBasketball’s early adherents were dispatched to YM-

The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Nai-smith at the back, right.

CAs throughout the United States, and it quickly spreadthrough the USA and Canada. By 1895, it was well estab-lished at several women’s high schools. While the YMCAwas responsible for initially developing and spreadingthe game, within a decade it discouraged the new sport,as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract fromthe YMCA’s primary mission. However, other amateursports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filledthe void. In the years before World War I, the AmateurAthletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Associa-

tion of the United States (forerunner of the NCAA) viedfor control over the rules for the game. The first proleague, the National Basketball League, was formed in1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promotea less rough game. This league only lasted five years.Dr. James Naismith was instrumental in establishingcollege basketball. His colleague C.O. Beamis fieldedthe first college basketball team just a year after theSpringfield YMCA game at the suburban PittsburghGeneva College.[8] Naismith himself later coached at theUniversity of Kansas for six years, before handing thereins to renowned coach Forrest “Phog” Allen. Nai-smith’s disciple Amos Alonzo Stagg brought basketballto the University of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a stu-dent of Naismith’s at Kansas, enjoyed great success ascoach at the University of Kentucky. On February 9,1895, the first intercollegiate 5-on-5 game was played atHamline University between Hamline and the School ofAgriculture, which was affiliated with the University ofMinnesota.[9][10] The School of Agriculture won in a 9–3game.In 1901, colleges, including the University of Chicago,Columbia University, Dartmouth College, the Universityof Minnesota, the U.S. Naval Academy, the Universityof Colorado and Yale University began sponsoring men’sgames. In 1905, frequent injuries on the football fieldprompted President Theodore Roosevelt to suggest thatcolleges form a governing body, resulting in the cre-ation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of theUnited States (IAAUS). In 1910, that body would changeits name to the National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA). The first Canadian interuniversity basketballgame was played at the YMCA in Kingston, Ontarioon February 6, 1904, when McGill University visitedQueen’s University. McGill won 9–7 in overtime; thescore was 7–7 at the end of regulation play, and a ten-minute overtime period settled the outcome. A goodturnout of spectators watched the game.[11]

The first men’s national championship tournament, theNational Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tour-nament, which still exists as the National Associationof Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) tournament, was or-ganized in 1937. The first national championship forNCAA teams, the National Invitation Tournament (NIT)in New York, was organized in 1938; the NCAA nationaltournament would begin one year later. College basket-ball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948 to 1951,when dozens of players from top teams were implicatedin match fixing and point shaving. Partially spurred byan association with cheating, the NIT lost support to theNCAA tournament.

1.3 High school basketball

See also: List of U.S. high school basketball nationalplayer of the year awards

1.4 Professional basketball 3

A basketball game between the Heart Mountain and Powell HighSchool girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944

Before widespread school district consolidation, mostAmerican high schools were far smaller than theirpresent-day counterparts. During the first decades of the20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal inter-scholastic sport due to its modest equipment and person-nel requirements. In the days before widespread televi-sion coverage of professional and college sports, the pop-ularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in manyparts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of highschool teams was Indiana’s Franklin Wonder Five, whichtook the nation by storm during the 1920s, dominatingIndiana basketball and earning national recognition.Today virtually every high school in the United Statesfields a basketball team in varsity competition.[12] Basket-ball’s popularity remains high, both in rural areas wherethey carry the identification of the entire community, aswell as at some larger schools known for their basketballteams where many players go on to participate at higherlevels of competition after graduation. In the 2003–04season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented their schoolsin interscholastic basketball competition, according to theNational Federation of State High School Associations.The states of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are partic-ularly well known for their residents’ devotion to highschool basketball, commonly called Hoosier Hysteria inIndiana; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows highschool basketball’s depth of meaning to these communi-ties.There is currently no national tournament to determine a

national high school champion. The most serious effortwas the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournamentat the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. Theevent was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invi-tations to state champion teams. The tournament startedout as a mostly Midwest affair but grew. In 1929 ithad 29 state champions. Faced with opposition from theNational Federation of State High School Associationsand North Central Association of Colleges and Schoolsthat bore a threat of the schools losing their accreditationthe last tournament was in 1930. The organizations saidthey were concerned that the tournament was being usedto recruit professional players from the prep ranks.[13]The tournament did not invite minority schools or pri-vate/parochial schools.The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tour-nament ran from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.[14]The National Catholic Invitational Basketball Tourna-ment from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues,including Catholic University, Georgetown and GeorgeMason.[15] The National Interscholastic Basketball Tour-nament for Black High Schools was held from 1929to 1942 at Hampton Institute.[16] The National Invita-tional Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was heldfrom 1941 to 1967 starting out at Tuskegee Institute.Following a pause during World War II it resumed atTennessee State College in Nashville. The basis for thechampion dwindled after 1954 when Brown v. Board ofEducation began an integration of schools. The last tour-naments were held at Alabama State College from 1964to 1967.[17]

1.4 Professional basketball

Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hun-dreds of men’s professional basketball teams in towns andcities all over the United States, and little organizationof the professional game. Players jumped from teamto team and teams played in armories and smoky dancehalls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squadssuch as the Original Celtics and two all-African Ameri-can teams, the New York Renaissance Five (“Rens”) andthe (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to twohundred games a year on their national tours.In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA)was formed. The first game was played in Toronto, On-tario, Canada between the Toronto Huskies and NewYork Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946. Three sea-sons later, in 1949, the BAA merged with the NationalBasketball League to form the National Basketball Asso-ciation (NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become amajor college sport, thus paving the way for a growth ofinterest in professional basketball. In 1959, a basketballhall of fame was founded in Springfield, Massachusetts,site of the first game. Its rosters include the names ofgreat players, coaches, referees and people who have con-tributed significantly to the development of the game.

4 1 HISTORY

Ad from The Liberator magazine promoting an exhibition inHarlem, March 1922. Drawing by Hugo Gellert.

The hall of fame has people who have accomplishedmanygoals in their career in basketball. An upstart organiza-tion, the American Basketball Association, emerged in1967 and briefly threatened the NBA’s dominance untilthe ABA-NBA merger in 1976. Today the NBA is thetop professional basketball league in the world in termsof popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.The NBA has featured many famous players, includ-ing George Mikan, the first dominating “big man"; ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive genius BillRussell of the Boston Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain, whooriginally played for the barnstorming Harlem Globetrot-ters; all-around stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West;more recent big men Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, ShaquilleO'Neal and Karl Malone; playmaker John Stockton;crowd-pleasing forward Julius Erving; European starsDirk Nowitzki and Dražen Petrović; more recent starsLeBron James, Kevin Durant, & Kobe Bryant and thethree players who many credit with ushering the profes-sional game to its highest level of popularity: Larry Bird,Earvin “Magic” Johnson, and Michael Jordan. In 2001,the NBA formed a developmental league, the NBDL. Asof 2014, the league has 18 teams.

1.5 International basketball

The International Basketball Federation was formedin 1932 by eight founding nations: Argentina,Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal,Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organization

USA vs Mexico at the 2014 FIBA World Cup

only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym, derivedfrom the French Fédération Internationale de BasketballAmateur, was thus "FIBA". Men’s Basketball was firstincluded at the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics, althougha demonstration tournament was held in 1904. TheUnited States defeated Canada in the first final, playedoutdoors. This competition has usually been dominatedby the United States, whose team has won all but threetitles. The first of these came in a controversial finalgame in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union, inwhich the ending of the game was replayed three timesuntil the Soviet Union finally came out on top.[18] In 1950the first FIBA World Championship for men was heldin Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA WorldChampionship for Women was held in Chile. Women’sbasketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, whichwere held in Montreal, Canada with teams such as theSoviet Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling the Americansquads.FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and pro-fessional players in 1989, and in 1992, professional play-ers played for the first time in the Olympic Games. TheUnited States’ dominance continued with the introduc-tion of their Dream Team. However, with developingprograms elsewhere, other national teams started to beatthe United States. A team made entirely of NBA play-ers finished sixth in the 2002 World Championships inIndianapolis, behind Yugoslavia, Argentina, Germany,New Zealand and Spain. In the 2004 Athens Olympics,the United States suffered its first Olympic loss whileusing professional players, falling to Puerto Rico (in a19-point loss) and Lithuania in group games, and beingeliminated in the semifinals by Argentina. It eventuallywon the bronze medal defeating Lithuania, finishing be-hind Argentina and Italy. In 2006, in the World Champi-onship of Japan, the United States advanced to the semi-finals but were defeated by Greece by 101–95. In thebronze medal game it beat team Argentina and finished3rd behind Greece and Spain. After the disappointmentsof 2002 through 2006, the U.S. regrouped, reestablishingthemselves as the dominant international team behind the

1.6 Women’s basketball 5

"Redeem Team", which won gold at the 2008 Olympics,and the so-called “B-Team”, which won gold at the 2010FIBA World Championship in Turkey despite featuringno players from the 2008 squad.The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBAWorld Championships, respectively held in Indianapo-lis and Japan, demonstrate the globalization of the gameequally dramatically. Only one member of either teamwas American, namely Carmelo Anthony in 2006. The2002 team featured Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, Peja Sto-jakovic of Yugoslavia (now of Serbia), and Pero Cameronof New Zealand. Ginobili also made the 2006 team;the other members were Anthony, Gasol, his Spanishteammate Jorge Garbajosa and Theodoros Papaloukas ofGreece. The only players on either team to never havejoined the NBA are Cameron and Papaloukas. The all-tournament team from the 2010 edition in Turkey fea-tured four NBA players—MVP Kevin Durant of TeamUSA and the Oklahoma City Thunder, Linas Kleiza ofLithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis Scola of Ar-gentina and the Houston Rockets, and Hedo Türkoğlu ofTurkey and the Phoenix Suns. The only non-NBA playerwas Serbia’s Miloš Teodosić. The strength of interna-tional Basketball is evident in the fact that Team USAwon none of the three world championships held between1998 and 2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia)winning in 1998 and 2002 and Spain in 2006.Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys andgirls of all age levels. The global popularity of the sportis reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA.Players from all six inhabited continents currently playin the NBA. Top international players began coming intothe NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians DraženPetrović and Toni Kukoč, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuani-ans Arvydas Sabonis and Šarūnas Marčiulionis and Ger-man Detlef Schrempf.In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Associa-tion's first game was played on April 9, 1975 at theAraneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines.It was founded as a “rebellion” of several teams fromthe now-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Ath-letic Association, which was tightly controlled by the Bas-ketball Association of the Philippines (now defunct), thethen-FIBA recognized national association. Nine teamsfrom the MICAA participated in the league’s first seasonthat opened onApril 9, 1975. TheNBL is Australia’s pre-eminent men’s professional basketball league. The leaguecommenced in 1979, playing a winter season (April–September) and did so until the completion of the 20thseason in 1998. The 1998–99 season, which commencedonly months later, was the first season after the shiftto the current summer season format (October–April).This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directlyagainst Australia’s various football codes. It features 8teams from around Australia and one in New Zealand. Afew players including Luc Longley, Andrew Gaze, ShaneHeal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it big inter-

nationally, becoming poster figures for the sport in Aus-tralia. The Women’s National Basketball League beganin 1981.

1.6 Women’s basketball

See also: Women’s basketballWomen’s basketball began in 1892 at Smith College

Women of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Educa-tion, Mexico City playing a game at the campus gymnasium

when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher,modified Naismith’s rules for women. Shortly after shewas hired at Smith, she went to Naismith to learn moreabout the game.[19] Fascinated by the new sport and thevalues it could teach, she organized the first women’scollegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, whenher Smith freshmen and sophomores played against oneanother.[20] However, the first women’s interinstitutionalgame was played in 1892 between the University of Cali-fornia and Miss Head’s School.[21] Berenson’s rules werefirst published in 1899, and two years later she becamethe editor of A. G. Spalding's first Women’s BasketballGuide.[20] Berenson’s freshmen played the sophomoreclass in the first women’s intercollegiate basketball gameat Smith College, March 21, 1893.[22] The same year,Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coachedby Clara Gregory Baer) women began playing basketball.By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the coun-try, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. Thefirst intercollegiate women’s game was on April 4, 1896.Stanford women played Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1Stanford victory.Women’s basketball development was more structuredthan that for men in the early years. In 1905, the Execu-tive Committee on Basket Ball Rules (National Women’sBasketball Committee) was created by the AmericanPhysical Education Association.[23] These rules calledfor six to nine players per team and 11 officials. TheInternational Women’s Sports Federation (1924) in-cluded a women’s basketball competition. 37 women’shigh school varsity basketball or state tournaments wereheld by 1925. And in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Unionbacked the first national women’s basketball champi-

6 2 RULES AND REGULATIONS

onship, complete with men’s rules.[23] The EdmontonGrads, a touring Canadian women’s team based inEdmonton, Alberta, operated between 1915 and 1940.The Grads toured all over North America, and were ex-ceptionally successful. They posted a record of 522 winsand only 20 losses over that span, as they met any teamthat wanted to challenge them, funding their tours fromgate receipts.[24] The Grads also shone on several exhi-bition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive exhi-bition Olympics tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and1936; however, women’s basketball was not an officialOlympic sport until 1976. The Grads’ players were un-paid, and had to remain single. The Grads’ style focusedon team play, without overly emphasizing skills of in-dividual players. The first women’s AAU All-Americateam was chosen in 1929.[23] Women’s industrial leaguessprang up throughout the United States, producing fa-mous athletes, including Babe Didrikson of the GoldenCyclones, and the All American Red Heads Team, whichcompeted against men’s teams, using men’s rules. By1938, the women’s national championship changed froma three-court game to two-court game with six players perteam.[23]

Brittney Griner accepting an award.

The NBA-backed Women’s National Basketball Associ-ation (WNBA) began in 1997. Though it had shaky at-tendance figures, several marquee players (Lisa Leslie,Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) havehelped the league’s popularity and level of competition.Other professional women’s basketball leagues in theUnited States, such as the American Basketball League(1996–98), have folded in part because of the popularityof the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by manyas a niche league. However, the league has recently takensteps forward. In June 2007, theWNBA signed a contractextension with ESPN. The new television deal runs from2009 to 2016. Along with this deal, came the first everrights fees to be paid to a women’s professional sportsleague. Over the eight years of the contract, “millions

and millions of dollars” will be “dispersed to the league’steams.” TheWNBA gets more viewers on national televi-sion broadcasts (413,000) than both Major League Soc-cer (253,000)[25] and the NHL (310,732).[26] In a March12, 2009 article, NBA commissioner David Stern saidthat in the bad economy, “the NBA is far less profitablethan the WNBA. We're losing a lot of money among alarge number of teams. We're budgeting the WNBA tobreak even this year.”[27]

2 Rules and regulations

End of a match.

Main article: Rules of basketball

Measurements and time limits discussed in this sectionoften vary among tournaments and organizations; inter-national and NBA rules are used in this section.The object of the game is to outscore one’s opponentsby throwing the ball through the opponents’ basket fromabove while preventing the opponents from doing so ontheir own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot.A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if itis taken from beyond the three-point arc 6.75 metres (22ft 2 in) from the basket in international games and 23 feet9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot canbe earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is

2.2 Equipment 7

made.

2.1 Playing regulations

Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[28]or 12 minutes (NBA).[29] College games use two 20-minute halves,[30] while United States high school var-sity games use 8 minute quarters.[31] 15 minutes areallowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, andNCAA rules[30][32][33] and 10 minutes in United Stateshigh schools.[31] Overtime periods are five minutes inlength[30][34][35] except for high school, which is four min-utes in length.[31] Teams exchange baskets for the secondhalf. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clockis stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, gamesgenerally take much longer to complete than the allottedgame time, typically about two hours.Five players from each team may be on the court atone time.[36][37][38][39] Substitutions are unlimited but canonly be done when play is stopped. Teams also havea coach, who oversees the development and strategiesof the team, and other team personnel such as assistantcoaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers.For both men’s and women’s teams, a standard uniformconsists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with a clearly vis-ible number, unique within the team, printed on both thefront and back. Players wear high-top sneakers that pro-vide extra ankle support. Typically, team names, play-ers’ names and, outside of North America, sponsors areprinted on the uniforms.A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages re-quested by a coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA)for a short meeting with the players, are allowed. Theygenerally last no longer than one minute (100 secondsin the NBA) unless, for televised games, a commercialbreak is needed.The game is controlled by the officials consisting of thereferee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one or twoumpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the tableofficials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools,there are a total of three referees on the court. The tableofficials are responsible for keeping track of each teamsscoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, playersubstitutions, team possession arrow, and the shot clock.

2.2 Equipment

Main articles: Basketball (ball), Basketball court andBackboard (basketball)The only essential equipment in a basketball game isthe ball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface withbaskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require theuse of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets,scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.

Traditional eight-panel basketball

An outdoor basketball net.

A regulation basketball court in international games is91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In the NBA andNCAAthe court is 94 feet by 50 feet. Most courts have woodflooring, usually constructed from maple planks runningin the same direction as the longer court dimension.[40]The name and logo of the home team is usually paintedon or around the center circle.The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an at-tached net affixed to a backboard that measures 6 feet by3.5 feet and one basket is at each end of the court. Thewhite outlined box on the backboard is 18 inches highand 2 feet wide. At almost all levels of competition, thetop of the rim is exactly 10 feet above the court and 4feet inside the baseline. While variation is possible in thedimensions of the court and backboard, it is consideredimportant for the basket to be of the correct height – arim that is off by just a few inches can have an adverseeffect on shooting.The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, theofficial ball is 29.5 inches in circumference (size 7, or

8 2 RULES AND REGULATIONS

a “295 ball”) and weighs 22 oz. If women are playing,the official basketball size is 28.5 inches in circumference(size 6, or a “285 ball”) with a weight of 20 oz.

2.3 Violations

The ball may be advanced toward the basket by beingshot, passed between players, thrown, tapped, rolled ordribbled (bouncing the ball while running).The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touchthe ball before it travels out of bounds forfeits possession.The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, ortouches any player or object that is out of bounds.There are limits placed on the steps a player may takewithout dribbling, which commonly results in an infrac-tion known as traveling. Nor may a player stop his dribbleand then resume dribbling. A dribble that touches bothhands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this in-fraction the name double dribble. Within a dribble, theplayer cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on thebottom of the ball; doing so is known as carrying the ball.A team, once having established ball control in the fronthalf of their court, may not return the ball to the back-court and be the first to touch it. A violation of theserules results in loss of possession.The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist.For the offense, a violation of these rules results in lossof possession; for the defense, most leagues reset the shotclock and the offensive team is given possession of theball out of bounds.There are limits imposed on the time taken before pro-gressing the ball past halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and theNBA; 10 seconds in NCAA men’s play and high schoolfor both sexes), before attempting a shot (24 seconds inFIBA and the NBA, 30 seconds in NCAA women’s andCanadian Interuniversity Sport play for both sexes, and35 seconds in NCAA men’s play), holding the ball whileclosely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the re-stricted area known as the free-throw lane, (or the "key")(3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote moreoffense.Basket interference, or goaltending is a violationchargedwhen a player illegally interferes with a shot. Thisviolation is incurred when a player touches the ball on itsdownward trajectory to the basket, unless it is obviousthat the ball has no chance of entering the basket, if aplayer touches the ball while it is in the rim, or in the areaextended upwards from the basket, or if a player reachesthrough the basket to interfere with the shot. When a de-fensive player is charged with goaltending, the basket isawarded. If an offensive player commits the infraction,the basket is cancelled. In either case possession of theball is turned over to the defensive team.

2.4 Fouls

The referee signals that a foul has been committed.

Main articles: Personal foul (basketball) and Technicalfoul

An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent throughcertain types physical contact is illegal and is called a per-sonal foul. These are most commonly committed by de-fensive players; however, they can be committed by of-fensive players as well. Players who are fouled either re-ceive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one ormore free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting,depending on whether the shot was successful. One pointis awarded for making a free throw, which is attemptedfrom a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.The referee is responsible for judging whether contact isillegal, sometimes resulting in controversy. The calling offouls can vary between games, leagues and referees.There is a second category of fouls called technical fouls,which may be charged for various rules violations includ-ing failure to properly record a player in the scorebook,or for unsportsmanlike conduct. These infractions resultin one or two free throws, which may be taken by anyof the five players on the court at the time. Repeatedincidents can result in disqualification. A blatant foul in-volving physical contact that is either excessive or unnec-essary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in theNBA). In FIBA, a foul resulting in ejection is called adisqualifying foul, while in leagues other than the NBA,such a foul is referred to as flagrant.If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a givenperiod (quarter or half) – four for NBA and internationalgames – the opposing team is awarded one or two free

3.2 Strategy 9

throws on all subsequent non-shooting fouls for that pe-riod, the number depending on the league. In the US col-lege and high school games, if a team reaches 7 fouls in ahalf, the opposing team is awarded one free throw, alongwith a second shot if the first is made. This is called shoot-ing “one-and-one”. If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half,the opposing team is awarded two free throws on all sub-sequent fouls for the half.When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may notinterfere with the shooter, nor may they try to regain pos-session until the last or potentially last free throw is in theair.After a team has committed a specified number of fouls,the other team said to be “in the bonus”. On scoreboards,this is usually signified with an indicator light reading“Bonus” or “Penalty” with an illuminated directional ar-row or dot indicating that team is to receive free throwswhen fouled by the opposing team. (Some scoreboardsalso indicate the number of fouls committed.)If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, theopposing teammust wait for the completion of the secondshot before attempting to reclaim possession of the balland continuing play.If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shotis unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of freethrows equal to the value of the attempted shot. A playerfouled while attempting a regular two-point shot, then,receives two shots. A player fouled while attempting athree-point shot, on the other hand, receives three shots.If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shotis successful, typically the player will be awarded one ad-ditional free throw for one point. In combination with aregular shot, this is called a “three-point play” or “four-point play” (or more colloquially, an “and one”) becauseof the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points)and the additional free throw (1 point).

3 Common techniques and prac-tices

3.1 Positions

Main article: Basketball positionAlthough the rules do not specify any positions whatso-ever, they have evolved as part of basketball. During theearly years of basketball’s evolution,two guards, two for-wards, and one center were used. In more recent timesspecific positions evolved, but the current trend, advo-cated by many top coaches including Mike Krzyzewski istowards positionless basketball, where big guys are free toshoot from outside and dribble if their skill allows it.[41]Popular descriptions of positions include:

1

2

3

4

5

Basketball positions in the offensive zone

Point guard (often called the "1") : usually the fastestplayer on the team, organizes the team’s offense by con-trolling the ball and making sure that it gets to the rightplayer at the right time.Shooting guard (the "2") : creates a high volume of shotson offense, mainly long-ranged; and guards the oppo-nent’s best perimeter player on defense.Small forward (the "3") : often primarily responsible forscoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble penetra-tion; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimesplays more actively.Power forward (the "4"): plays offensively often with theirback to the basket; on defense, plays under the basket (ina zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (inman-to-man defense).Center (the "5"): uses height and size to score (on of-fense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or torebound.The above descriptions are flexible. For most teams to-day, the shooting guard and small forward have very sim-ilar responsibilities and are often called the wings, asdo the power forward and center, who are often calledpost players. While most teams describe two players asguards, two as forwards, and one as a center, on someoccasions teams choose to call them by different desig-nations.

3.2 Strategy

Main article: Basketball playbook

There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense andman-to-man defense. In a zone defense, each player isassigned to guard a specific area of the court. Zone de-

10 3 COMMON TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES

fenses often allow the defense to double team the ball, amanoeuver known as a trap. In a man-to-man defense,each defensive player guards a specific opponent.Offensive plays are more varied, normally involvingplanned passes andmovement by players without the ball.A quick movement by an offensive player without the ballto gain an advantageous position is known as a cut. A le-gal attempt by an offensive player to stop an opponentfrom guarding a teammate, by standing in the defender’sway such that the teammate cuts next to him, is a screenor pick. The two plays are combined in the pick androll, in which a player sets a pick and then “rolls” awayfrom the pick towards the basket. Screens and cuts arevery important in offensive plays; these allow the quickpasses and teamwork, which can lead to a successful bas-ket. Teams almost always have several offensive playsplanned to ensure their movement is not predictable. Oncourt, the point guard is usually responsible for indicatingwhich play will occur.

3.3 Shooting

Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is eitherknocked down, or trying to “take a charge.”

Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throw-ing the ball through the basket, methods varying withplayers and situations.Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing

the basket. A player will rest the ball on the fingertipsof the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly abovethe head, with the other hand supporting the side of theball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not al-ways) and extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm,fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationaryfor a moment following the release of the ball, known as afollow-through. Players often try to put a steady backspinon the ball to absorb its impact with the rim. The idealtrajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but gen-erally a proper arc is recommended. Players may shootdirectly into the basket or may use the backboard to redi-rect the ball into the basket.

Basketball falling through hoop

The two most common shots that use the above describedsetup are the set-shot and the jump-shot. The set-shot istaken from a standing position, with neither foot leav-ing the floor, typically used for free throws, and in othercircumstances while the jump-shot is taken in mid-air,the ball released near the top of the jump. This pro-vides much greater power and range, and it also allowsthe player to elevate over the defender. Failure to releasethe ball before the feet return to the floor is considered atraveling violation.Another common shot is called the lay-up. This shot re-quires the player to be in motion toward the basket, andto “lay” the ball “up” and into the basket, typically offthe backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version iscalled a finger roll). The most crowd-pleasing and typi-cally highest-percentage accuracy shot is the slam dunk,in which the player jumps very high and throws the balldownward, through the basket while touching it.Another shot that is becoming common is the “circusshot”. The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that isflipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop whilethe shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down, and/orfacing away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot takenwhen the player is facing away from the basket, and maybe shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is avery low chance that the shot will be successful.

3.6 Dribbling 11

A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard com-pletely is referred to as an air-ball. A particularly badshot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularlycalled a brick.

3.4 Rebounding

Main article: Rebound (basketball)The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain pos-

A player making an offensive rebound

session of the basketball after a missed field goal or freethrow, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard. Thisplays a major role in the game, as most possessions endwhen a team misses a shot. There are two categories ofrebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is re-covered by the offensive side and does not change pos-session, and defensive rebounds, in which the defendingteam gains possession of the loose ball. The majority ofrebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends tobe in better position to recover missed shots.

3.5 Passing

See also: Assist (basketball)

A pass is a method of moving the ball between players.Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to in-crease power and are followed through with the hands toensure accuracy.

A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directlyfrom the passer’s chest to the receiver’s chest. A properchest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to addvelocity and leaves the defence little time to react.Another type of pass is the bounce pass. Here, the passerbounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the way fromhis own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the courtand bounces up toward the receiver. The bounce passtakes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is alsoharder for the opposing team to intercept (kicking the balldeliberately is a violation). Thus, players often use thebounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass around adefender.The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender.The ball is released while over the passer’s head.The outlet pass occurs after a team gets a defensive re-bound. The next pass after the rebound is the outlet pass.The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficultto intercept. Good passers can pass the ball with greataccuracy and they know exactly where each of their otherteammates prefers to receive the ball. A special way ofdoing this is passing the ball without looking at the re-ceiving teammate. This is called a no-look pass.Another advanced style of passing is the behind-the-backpass, which, as the description implies, involves throwingthe ball behind the passer’s back to a teammate. Althoughsome players can perform such a pass effectively, manycoaches discourage no-look or behind-the-back passes,believing them to be difficult to control and more likelyto result in turnovers or violations.

3.6 Dribbling

A demonstration of the basic types of dribbling in basketball.

Main article: Dribble

Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously withone hand, and is a requirement for a player to take stepswith the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball downtowards the ground with the fingertips rather than pattingit; this ensures greater control.When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should

12 5 VARIATIONS AND SIMILAR GAMES

A U.S. Naval Academy (“Navy”) player, left, posts up a U.S. Mil-itary Academy (“Army”) defender.

dribble with the hand farthest from the opponent, makingit more difficult for the defensive player to get to the ball.It is therefore important for a player to be able to dribblecompetently with both hands.Good dribblers (or “ball handlers”) tend to bounce theball low to the ground, reducing the distance of travel ofthe ball from the floor to the hand, making it more difficultfor the defender to “steal” the ball. Good ball handlersfrequently dribble behind their backs, between their legs,and switch directions suddenly, making a less predictabledribbling pattern that is more difficult to defend against.This is called a crossover, which is the most effective wayto move past defenders while dribbling.A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball, us-ing the dribblingmotion or peripheral vision to keep trackof the ball’s location. By not having to focus on the ball,a player can look for teammates or scoring opportunities,as well as avoid the danger of having someone steal theball away from him/her.

3.7 Blocking

Main article: Block (basketball)

A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted,a defender succeeds in altering the shot by touching theball. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touchthe ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this

is known as goaltending. It is also illegal under NBAand Men’s NCAA basketball to block a shot after it hastouched the backboard, or when any part of the ball is di-rectly above the rim. Under international rules it is illegalto block a shot that is in the downward path of its arc orone that has touched the backboard until the ball has hitthe rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal totouch it even though it is no longer considered as a blockperformed.To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a pointhigher than where the shot is released. Thus, height canbe an advantage in blocking. Players who are taller andplaying the power forward or center positions generallyrecordmore blocks than players who are shorter and play-ing the guard positions. However, with good timing anda sufficiently high vertical leap, even shorter players canbe effective shot blockers.

4 Height

At the professional level, most male players are above 6feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and most women above 5 feet 7inches (1.70 m). Guards, for whom physical coordina-tion and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be thesmallest players. Almost all forwards in the top men’s proleagues are 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) or taller. Most cen-ters are over 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) tall. According toa survey given to all NBA teams, the average height of allNBA players is just under 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m), withthe average weight being close to 222 pounds (101 kg).The tallest players ever in the NBA were Manute Bol andGheorghe Mureșan, who were both 7 feet 7 inches (2.31m) tall. The tallest current NBA player is Sim Bhullar,who stands at 7 feet 5 inches (2.26 m). At 7 feet 2 inches(2.18 m), Margo Dydek was the tallest player in the his-tory of the WNBA.The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is MuggsyBogues at 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).[42] Other short play-ers have thrived at the pro level. Anthony “Spud” Webbwas just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall, but had a 42-inch(1.07 m) vertical leap, giving him significant height whenjumping. While shorter players are often at a disadvan-tage in certain aspect of the game, their ability to navigatequickly through crowded areas of the court and steal theball by reaching low are strengths.

5 Variations and similar games

Main article: Variations of basketballVariations of basketball are activities based on thegame of basketball, using common basketball skills andequipment (primarily the ball and basket). Some varia-tions are only superficial rules changes, while others aredistinct games with varying degrees of basketball influ-

13

Schoolgirls shooting hoops among the Himalayas inDharamsala, India.

A basketball training course at the Phan Đình Phùng HighSchool, Hanoi, Vietnam.

ences. Other variations include children’s games, contestsor activities meant to help players reinforce skills.There are principal basketball sports with variationson basketball including Wheelchair basketball, Waterbasketball, Beach basketball, Slamball, Streetball andUnicycle basketball. An earlier version of basketball wasSix-on-six basketball played until the end of the 1950s.Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball ishandled and points are scored by shooting it through ahigh net (approximately 1.5m×1.5m). The sport is like acombination of polo, rugby, and basketball. There is evena form played on donkeys known as Donkey basketball,but that version has come under attack from animal rightsgroups.

Half-court Perhaps the single most common variationof basketball is the half-court game, played in in-formal settings without referees or strict rules. Onlyone basket is used, and the ball must be “cleared”– passed or dribbled outside the three-point lineeach time possession of the ball changes from oneteam to the other. Half-court games require lesscardiovascular stamina, since players need not run

MECVOLLEYBALL GROUND

back and forth a full court. Half-court raises thenumber of players that can use a court or, con-versely, can be played if there is an insufficient num-ber to form full 5-on-5 teams.

Half-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1,2-on-2 or 3-on-3. The latter variation is grad-ually gaining official recognition as 3x3, origi-nally known as FIBA 33. It was first tested atthe 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau andthe first official tournaments were held at the2009 Asian Youth Games and the 2010 YouthOlympics, both in Singapore. The first FIBA3x3 YouthWorld Championships[43] were heldin Rimini, Italy in 2011, with the first FIBA3x3 World Championships for senior teamsfollowing a year later in Athens. The sport ishighly tipped to become an Olympic sport asearly as 2016.[44]

There are also other basketball sports, such as:

• 21 (also known asAmerican, cutthroat and rough-house)[45]

• 42

• Around the world

• Bounce

• Firing Squad

• Fives

• H-O-R-S-E

• Hotshot

• Knockout

• One-shot conquer

• Steal The Bacon

14 6 SOCIAL FORMS OF BASKETBALL

• Tip-it

• Tips

• “The One”

• Basketball War.

• One-on-One, a variation in which two players willuse only a small section of the court (often no morethan a half of a court) and compete to play the ballinto a single hoop. Such games tend to emphasize in-dividual dribbling and ball stealing skills over shoot-ing and team play.

Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair basketball, createdby disabled World War II veterans,[46] is played onspecially designed wheelchairs for the physically im-paired. The world governing body of wheelchairbasketball is the International Wheelchair Basket-ball Federation[47] (IWBF), and is a full medal sportin the Summer Paralympic Games.

Water basketball Water basketball, played in a swim-ming pool, merges basketball and water polo rules.

Beach basketball A modified version of basket-ball, played on beaches, was invented by PhilipBryant.[48] Beach basketball is played in a circularcourt with no backboard on the goal, no out-of-bounds rule with the ball movement to be donevia passes or 2½ steps, as dribbling is next toimpossible on a soft surface.[49]

Beach basketball has grown to a very popular, widespreadcompetitive sport. 15AnnualWorld Championships havebeen organized.

Dunk Hoops Dunk Hoops (a.k.a. Dunk Ball) is a varia-tion of the game of basketball, played on basketballhoops with lowered (under basketball regulation 10feet) rims. It originated when the popularity of theslam dunk grew and was developed to create betterchances for dunks with lowered rims and using al-tered goaltending rules.

Slamball Slamball is full-contact basketball, withtrampolines. Points are scored by playing the ballthrough the net, as in basketball, though the point-scoring rules are modified. The main differencesfrom the parent sport is the court; below the paddedbasketball rim and backboard are four trampolinesset into the floor, which serve to propel players togreat heights for slam dunks. The rules also permitsome physical contact between the members of thefour-player teams.

Streetball Streetball is a less formal variant of bas-ketball, played on playgrounds and in gymnasiums

across the world. Often only one half of the courtis used, but otherwise the rules of the game are verysimilar to those of basketball. The number of par-ticipants in a game, or a run, may range from onedefender and one person on offense (known as oneon one) to two full teams of five each. Streetballis a very popular game worldwide, and some citiesin the United States have organized streetball pro-grams, such as midnight basketball. Many cities alsohost their own weekend-long streetball tournaments.

Unicycle Basketball Unicycle basketball is played usinga regulation basketball on a regular basketball courtwith the same rules, for example, one must dribblethe ball while riding. There are a number of rulesthat are particular to unicycle basketball as well, forexample, a player must have at least one foot on apedal when in-bounding the ball. Unicycle basket-ball is usually played using 24” or smaller unicycles,and using plastic pedals, both to preserve the courtand the players’ shins. In North America, popularunicycle basketball games are organized.[50]

Spin-offs from basketball that are now separate sports in-clude:

• Korfball (Dutch: Korfbal, korf meaning 'basket')started in the Netherlands and is now played world-wide as a mixed gender team ball game, similar tomixed netball and basketball

• Netball (formerly known as Women basketball butnow played by both males and females), a limited-contact team sport in which two teams of seven tryto score points against one another by placing a ballthrough a high hoop.

6 Social forms of basketball

Typical privately owned basketball hoop

Basketball has been adopted by various social groups,which have established their own environments and

15

sometimes their own rules. Such socialized forms of bas-ketball include the following.

• Recreational basketball, where fun, entertainmentand camaraderie rule rather than winning a game;

• Basketball Schools and Academies, where stu-dents are trained in developing basketball fun-damentals, undergo fitness and endurance exer-cises and learn various basketball skills. Bas-ketball students learn proper ways of passing,ball handling, dribbling, shooting from variousdistances, rebounding, offensive moves, defense,layups, screens, basketball rules and basketballethics. Also popular are the basketball camps or-ganized for various occasions, often to get preparedfor basketball events, and basketball clinics for im-proving skills.

• College and University basketball played in edu-cational institutions of higher learning.

• This includes National Collegiate Athletic As-sociation (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.

• Disabled basketball played by various disabledgroups, such as

• Bankshot basketball,[51]

• Deaf basketball,• Wheelchair basketball, a sport based on bas-ketball but designed for disabled people inwheelchairs and considered one of the majordisabled sports practiced.

• Ethnic and Religion-based basketball: Exam-ples of ethnic basketball include Indo-Pak or Rus-sian or Armenian leagues in the United States orCanada, for example, or Filipino expatriate bas-ketball leagues in the Gulf or the United States.Religion-based basketball includes, most notably,church-related Christian basketball leagues, Jew-ish, Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues, and soon. or denominational leagues like Coptic, Syr-iac/Assyrian basketball leagues in the United Statesor Canada.

• Gay basketball played in gay, lesbian, bisexualand transgender communities in gay basketballleagues. The sport of basketball is a major part ofevents during the Gay Games, World Outgames andEuroGames.

• Midnight basketball, a basketball initiative to curbinner-city crime in the United States and elsewhereby keeping urban youth off the streets and engagingthem with sports alternatives to drugs and crime.

• Mini basketball played by underage children.

• Maxi Basketball played by more elderly individu-als.

• Prison basketball, practiced in prisons and pen-itentiary institutions. Active religious basketballmissionary groups also play basketball with prison-ers. Some prisons have developed their own prisonbasketball leagues. At times, non-prisoners mayplay in such leagues, provided all home and awaygames are played within prison courts. Film directorJason Moriarty has released a documentary relatingto the sport, entitled Prison Ball.

• Rezball, short for reservation ball, is the avid NativeAmerican following of basketball, particularly astyle of play particular to Native American teamsof some areas.

• School orHigh school basketball, the sport of bas-ketball being one of the most frequently exercisedand popular sports in all school systems.

• Show basketball as performed by entertainmentbasketball show teams, the prime example being theHarlem Globetrotters. There are even specializedentertainment teams, including

• Celebrity basketball teams made of celebri-ties (actors, singers, and so on.) playing intheir own leagues or in public, often for en-tertainment and charity events;

• Midget basketball teams made up of athletesof short stature offering shows using basket-ball;

• Slamball offered as entertainment events.

7 Fantasy basketball

Main article: Fantasy basketball

Fantasy basketball was popularized during the 1990safter the advent of the Internet. Those who play this gameare sometimes referred to as General Managers, whodraft actual NBA players and compute their basketballstatistics. The game was popularized by ESPN FantasySports, NBA.com, and Yahoo! Fantasy Sports. Othersports websites provided the same format keeping thegame interesting with participants actually owning spe-cific players.

8 See also

Main article: Outline of basketball

• Basketball at the Summer Olympics

• Basketball moves

• Basketball National League

16 9 REFERENCES

• Continental Basketball Association

• Hot hand fallacy

• National Basketball Association

• Timeline of women’s basketball

• ULEB Union des Ligues Européennes de Basket, inEnglish Union of European Leagues of Basketball

9 References[1] Griffiths, Sian (September 20, 2010). “The Canadian who

invented basketball”. BBC News. Retrieved September14, 2011.

[2] “The Greatest Canadian Invention”. CBC News.

[3] “Hoop Hall History Page”. Archived from the original onApril 19, 2001.

[4] FAQs.org, James A. Naismith. Retrieved 2010.02.24.

[5] “James Naismith Biography”. February 14, 2007.Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Re-trieved February 14, 2007.

[6] Thinkquest, Basketball. Retrieved 2009.01.20.

[7] “Newly found documents shed light on basketball’s birth”.ESPN. Associated Press. November 13, 2006. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2007.

[8] Fuoco, Linda (April 15, 2010). “Grandson of basket-ball’s inventor brings game’s exhibit to Geneva College”.Postgazette.com. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

[9] “Hamline University Athletics: Hutton Arena”. Ham-line.edu. January 4, 1937. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[10] dcollier (September 11, 2004). “Hamline University Ath-letics: Admission Athletics Intro Page”. Hamline.edu.Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. RetrievedJuly 25, 2010.

[11] Queen’s Journal, vol. 31, no. 7, February 16, 1904; 105years of Canadian university basketball, by Earl Zuker-man, http://www.cisport.ca/e/m_basketball/story_detail.cfm?id=13618

[12] 2008–09 High School Athletics Participation SurveyNFHS.

[13] “National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament – hoo-pedeia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009”. Hoo-pedia.nba.com. Archived from the original on August 10,2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[14] “National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tourna-ment, 1924–1941 – hoopedia.nba.com – RetrievedSeptember 13, 2009”. Hoopedia.nba.com. December 7,1941. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010.Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[15] “National Catholic Invitations Basketball Tournament –hoopedia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009”.Hoopedia.nba.com. Archived from the original on August10, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[16] "– National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament forBlack High Schools, 1929–1942 – Retrieved September13, 2009”. Hoopedia.nba.com. Archived from the origi-nal on August 10, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[17] “National Invitational Interscholastic Basketball Tourna-ment – hoopedia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13,2009”. Hoopedia.nba.com. Archived from the originalon August 10, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[18] Golden, Daniel (23 July 2012). “Three Seconds at 1972Olympics Haunt U.S. Basketball”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Retrieved 18 November 2014.

[19] “Pioneers in Physical Education”. pp. 661–662.Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. RetrievedJune 3, 2009.

[20] “Senda Berenson Papers”. Retrieved June 3, 2009.

[21] Jenkins, Sally. “History of Women’s Basketball”.WNBA.com. Retrieved 21 January 2014.

[22] Peacock-Broyles, Trinity. “You Come in as a Squirrel andLeave as an Owl”. Smith.edu. Archived from the originalon June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

[23] “Historical Timeline”. Archived from the original on June21, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2009.

[24] “The Great Teams”. Retrieved June 2, 2009.

[25] Street & Smith’s SportsBusiness Journal, MLS attendance,TV viewership numbers slip

[26] Street & Smith’s SportsBusiness Journal, NHL’s atten-dance, TV ratings both showing increases

[27] Television New Zealand, BASKETBALL | NBA gettingthrough tough times

[28] FIBAOfficial Basketball Rules (2010) Rule 4, Section 8.1Retrieved July 26, 2010

[29] NBA Official Rules (2009–2010) Rule 5, Section II, a.Retrieved July 26, 2010.

[30] 2009–2011 Men’s & Women’s Basketball Rules Rule 5,Section 6, Article 1. Retrieved July 26, 2010.

[31] Struckhoff, Mary, ed. (2009). 2009–2010 NFHS Basket-ball Rules. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Federation ofHigh Schools. p. 41. Rule 5, Section 5, Article 1

[32] NBA Official Rules (2009–2010) Rule 5, Section II, c.Retrieved July 26, 2010.

[33] FIBAOfficial Basketball Rules (2010) Rule 4, Section 8.4Retrieved July 26, 2010

[34] NBA Official Rules (2009–2010) Rule 5, Section II, b.Retrieved July 26, 2010.

[35] FIBAOfficial Basketball Rules (2010) Rule 4, Section 8.7Retrieved July 26, 2010

17

[36] FIBA Official Basketball Rules (2010) Rule 3, Section4.2.2 Retrieved July 26, 2010

[37] NBAOfficial Rules (2009–2010) Rule 3, Section I, a. Re-trieved July 26, 2010.

[38] 2009–2011 Men’s & Women’s Basketball Rules Rule 10,Section 2, Article 6. Retrieved July 26, 2010.

[39] Struckhoff, Mary, ed. (2009). 2009–2010 NFHS Basket-ball Rules. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Federation ofHigh Schools. p. 59. Rule 10, Section 1, Article 6

[40] “Connor Sports Flooring”. Archived from the original onJune 7, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2009.

[41] Marshall, John (1 November 2014). “Positionless bas-ketball taking hold in college”. Retrieved 18 November2014.

[42] “Muggsy Bogues Bio”. NBA.com. Archived from theoriginal on July 17, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[43] “2011 3x3 Youth World Championship | FIBA.COM”.Rimini2011.fiba.com. 2011-09-11. Retrieved 2012-11-22.

[44] “3-on-3 basketball might become big time?". ESPN. Re-trieved 2011-01-11.

[45] Eric Shanburn (2008). Basketball and Baseball Games:For the Driveway, Field Or the Alleyway. AuthorHouse.ISBN 978-1-4343-8912-1. Retrieved June 29, 2010.

[46] “Learn Basketball on FindSportsNow”. Findsport-snow.com. November 5, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[47] IWBF. “IWBF website”. Iwbf.org. Retrieved July 25,2010.

[48] “World Beach Basketball site”. Beachbasketball.com.May 5, 1995. Archived from the original on August 9,2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.

[49] Beachbasketball.com web site

[50] Comcast SportsNet Feature about Berkeley Unicycle Bas-ketball

[51] “Bankshot basketball website”. Bankshot.com. RetrievedJuly 25, 2010.

General references

• National Basketball Association (2014). “OfficialRules of the National Basketball Association”. Re-trieved March 6, 2015.

• International Basketball Federation (June 2004).Official Basketball Rules.

• Reimer, Anthony (June 2005). “FIBA vs NorthAmerican Rules Comparison”. FIBA Assist (14):40–44.

• Bonsor, Kevin. “How Basketball Works: Who’sWho”. HowStuffWorks. Archived from the originalon January 1, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2006.

10 Further reading

• Adolph H, Grundman (2004). The golden age ofamateur basketball: the AAU Tournament, 1921–1968. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7117-4.

• Batchelor, Bob (2005). Basketball in America: fromthe playgrounds to Jordan’s game and beyond. Rout-ledge. ISBN 978-0-7890-1613-3.

• Brown, Donald H (2007). A Basketball Handbook.AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4259-6190-9.

• Forrest C, Allen (1991). All you wanted to knowabout Basketball. Sterling publishing. ISBN 81-207-2576-X.

• Grundy, Pamela; Susan Shackelford (2005).Shattering the glass: the remarkable history ofwomen’s basketball. New Press. ISBN 1-56584-822-5.

• Herzog, Brad (2003). Hoopmania: The Book ofBasketball History and Trivia. Rosen Pub. Group.ISBN 0-8239-3697-X.

• Simmons, Bill (2009). The book of basketball: theNBA according to the sports guy. Ballantine/ESPNBooks. ISBN 978-0-345-51176-8.

• Naismith, James (1941). Basketball: its origin anddevelopment. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN0-8032-8370-9.

11 External links

Historical

• Naismith Museum & Basketball Hall of Fame – Al-monte, ON

• Basketball Hall of Fame – Springfield, MA

• Hometown Sports Heroes

Organizations

• Basketball at the Olympic Games

• International Basketball Federation

• National Basketball Association

• Women’s National Basketball Association

• Continental Basketball Association (oldest profes-sional basketball league in the world)

• National Wheelchair Basketball Association

18 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

Other

• Basketball at DMOZ

• Eurobasket website

• Basketball-Reference.com: Basketball Statistics,Analysis and History

• Ontario historical plaque – Dr. James Naismith

19

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text• Basketball Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball?oldid=650147168 Contributors: Magnus Manske, WojPob, Lee Daniel

Crocker, Mav, Robert Merkel, The Anome, Tarquin, Jeronimo, RAE, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Fubar Obfusco, SimonP, Davi-dLevinson, Ben-Zin, AntonioMartin, Edward, Infrogmation, Booyabazooka, Liftarn, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Shoaler, Delirium, Arpingstone,Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Baylink, G-Man, Bluelion, Kingturtle, DropDeadGorgias, Mark Foskey, Александър,Nikai, Andres, Dod1, Evercat, Igor, Samw, BRG, Denny, Markb, Smith03, Eszett, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, RickK, Dmsar, Pladask,Dysprosia, Tedius Zanarukando, Fuzheado, Doradus, Wik, Timc, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, Saltine,Gar, Nv8200p, Macam56, Topbanana, Joy, Wetman, Pakaran, Secretlondon, Owen, Denelson83, Phil Boswell, Chuunen Baka, Robbot,Dale Arnett, Acohen843, Moriori, Kizor, Zandperl, Rdikeman, Jredmond, Academic Challenger, Nach0king, Rholton, Meelar, Diderot,Farside268, Hadal, UtherSRG, Scooter, Mandel, SoLando, HaeB, Dina, Rolofft, Filemon, SimonMayer, Centrx, Joshua Woods, DocWat-son42, KelvSYC, Nat Krause, Wolfkeeper, Cobaltbluetony, Tom harrison, Spencer195, Marcika, Siafu (usurped), Braaropolis, Peruvian-llama, Everyking, Bkonrad, No Guru, Curps, NeoJustin, Henry Flower, SpiceMan, Niteowlneils, Rpyle731, Guanaco, Silly, Daveb, Ja-son Quinn, Charlie55, Siroxo, Macrakis, Coralys, Gzornenplatz, Boothinator, Bobblewik, Golbez, Toby Woodwark, Neilc, Chowbok,Gadfium, Utcursch, Mikexstudios, Slowking Man, Yardcock, Quadell, DCrazy, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, OverlordQ, J-Dub, Fuscob,MisfitToys, Jossi, Jperlin, Rdsmith4, The Land, Ilgiz, Girolamo Savonarola, Maximaximax, Icairns, B.d.mills, Neutrality, Coburnpharr04,Joyous!, Oknazevad, Jcw69, Davidshq, Syvanen, McCart42, Adashiel, JamesTeterenko, Canterbury Tail, Yaz0r, PRiis, Ta bu shi da yu, Rfl,Freakofnurture, Venu62, Poccil, DanielCD, Jiy, Newkai, MysteryDog, Lan56, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Pak21, Pmsyyz,John FitzGerald, Vsmith, Rupertslander, Westendgirl, H0tte, Xezbeth, Paul August, SpookyMulder, Bender235, ESkog, Kbh3rd, Qued,Stebbiv, Brian0918, Dpotter, Appleboy, Karmafist, Sfahey, El C, Clownx, Edwinstearns, DS1953, Lankiveil, Mwanner, Barfooz, Shanes,Tom,Mr. Strong Bad, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Pablo X, Adambro, Bobo192, Smalljim, Func, Reinyday, BrokenSegue, GTubio, Brim, Adrian,Courtarro, Jojit fb, Nk, Shaka, Trevj, WikiLeon, BillCook, Kx1186, Pearle, Sean Kelly, Benbread, C-squared, Stephen Bain, HasharBot,Zellin, Jumbuck, Bob rulz, Alansohn, Gary, Appzter, Shawn K. 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Measure, YurikBot, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, Sceptre, Cabiria,Mahahahaneapneap, Jlittlet, RussBot, Crazytales, Jtkiefer, Musicpvm, Muchness, Anonymous editor, Splash, AnubisShock, Sugarakes,CanadianCaesar, Aree, YEvb0, Chensiyuan, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Pseudomonas, Wimt, Anomalocaris,Srini81, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Illo, Hawkeye7, Wiki alf, Duke toaster, Bachrach44, Thunderforge, Calsicol, Aeusoes1, Grafen, Thermos14,Deskana, Welsh, Dr31, Justin Eiler, Chunky Rice, Kubura, ChicosBailBonds, DavidMarsh, Cleared as filed, Retired username, Anetode,Trer, Midnite Critic, Cholmes75, Xdenizen, Matticus78, InvaderJim42, EverettColdwell, Panscient, Adhall, Mgcsinc, Zagalejo, Tony1,Ospalh, Bucketsofg, Syrthiss, DGJM, Aaron Schulz, EEMIV, Samir, BOT-Superzerocool, Wangi, PS2pcGAMER, Bota47, Haemo, Brisve-gas, Nlu, Seth slackware, Max Schwarz, Wknight94, Onion Terror, Ms2ger, Rwxrwxrwx, FF2010, Donbert, Bdell555, Zzuuzz, Marketdia-mond, Lt-wiki-bot, Covington, Chaseme 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20 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

fulz, Chairman Kaga, Scohoust, Jrolland, Makeemlighter, KyraVixen, RedRollerskate, RZiggy03, Nunquam Dormio, CWY2190, Jort227,B-f, Inspector Brown, GHe, Kylu, Btitan13, I'm a Lover, Not a Fighter, Shizane, Cracker017, Moreschi, Sahrin, Reach4theCapillaries,BigBang19, Jomo983, Ken Gallager, Engelmann15, MrFish, Myasuda, JStarStar, Meighan, Quinnculver, Mikebrand, Conversion script,Perfect Proposal, Steel, Mattfish98, Achangeisasgoodasa, Illpoint, Michaelas10, Gogo Dodo, Loyo, Daniel 123, A Softer Answer, Bassist-physicist, Wikipediarules2221, Bobo12345, Luckyherb, Julian Mendez, Arabhorse, B, Tawkerbot4, Demomoke, Christian75, DumbBOT,Marky-Son, ConorMcCann, Nothra, Optimist on the run, Matthew The Omnipotent, AndTheCrowdGoesWild, Tfinnarn, Omicronper-sei8, JodyB, Basketballguyr15, Landroo, Mghiden09, Phynix, Dark Samus, Mockiewicz, Centuriono, DavidSteinle, Thijs!bot, RobbieG,Epbr123, Coelacan, Dubc0724, 2Pac, 161.2.56.148X, Ultimus, Kajisol, Felix Portier, Coujo53, TonyTheTiger, Daniel, Kablammo, Ucan-lookitup, N5iln, Eco84, Mojo Hand, Bonzo3434, Supes2334, Simeon H, Paulypauly, Sobreira, Marek69, West Brom 4ever, John254, Eter-nal now, James086, Ahmed2323, Cool Blue, Keviny47, Joanneizzle, Catsmoke, Chcklatboy, E. Ripley, Snowonster, Dfrg.msc, Paulshannon,Stla, Zachary, DaveJ7, CharlotteWebb, Iulius, DennyCrane, VikasGorur, Adballer30, Northumbrian, Escarbot, I already forgot, Danthe-man531, Mentifisto, Masterfly 14, Joelevi, KrakatoaKatie, Vincemavs41, AntiVandalBot, Daredevil dave, Majorly, Luna Santin, Kinged, Wickedinuniform, Hensu75, AWN2, Prolog, Leftynm, Tangerines, AaronY, Punctured Bicycle, Jj137, WHS, Smartse, Vanjagenije,Erukto, Chill doubt, Gdo01, KleRoi, Pmittchy, Tecmobowl, Warren12, Gay Cdn, Storkk, Myanw, DreadedWalrus, Res2216firestar, JAnD-bot, Leuko, Husond, Braydwilde, Login23, MER-C, V Simon, The Transhumanist, Hello32020, OhanaUnited, Hut 8.5, Eawolfpack04,JeromeParr, East718, PhilKnight, Funknl, Y2kcrazyjoker4, LittleOldMe, Guy0307, Acroterion, RedBugz007, Magioladitis, Canjth, Black-magicfish, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, 1995hoo, AuburnPilot, Hasek is the best, JNW, Kinston eagle, George Esayas, Master2841, Jakeliss,Tedickey, Rickalan35, Nacanacoo, MCMcClay, Dinosaur puppy, WikiWesty, Wintertrails, Avicennasis, Midgrid, PenguinJockey, Ani-mum, Cgingold, Zetterberg40, MetsBot, JJ Harrison, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Pulse parkour, Hamiltonstone, Nords, Funk21, BiggestLoser,Superzach, DerHexer, Esanchez7587, Khalid Mahmood, Kwilde, Branigan22, Memphisdan, MrResearch, Patstuart, Charitwo, 06panther,Aandrew99, Avsrule1921, Paliku, Sir Intellegence, Gjd001, Greenguy1090, Hdt83, MartinBot, Bayan1991, ERI, EyeSerene, Gasheadsteve,BetBot, High powerman, Roastytoast, Estil, Doodledoo, Figurejn, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Ckuriyma, Mike33385, Robver-sion1, NeutoAisi, PrestonH, Smokizzy, Ash91oglina, Tgeairn, Grasshopper438, J.delanoy, Trusilver, PaulK123, Rgoodermote, Hippasus,Fowler&fowler, EscapingLife, Caleb Torres, Prowersinthenight, Ali, Tylerhammond, Tylerhammond1, Peter Chastain, Wlf211, Sentinel363, Masona3, Uncle Dick, MrBell, Jetman3, Eliz81, Eriksofp, Jgoodrum89, CraigMonroe, Daveymanj, Jump01, Ian.thomson, Nateo-media, Star Gem, LOC85, Bot-Schafter, TuBlazin, DarkFalls, SpigotMap, Mendez32, GetAMacToday, Samtheboy, Trumpet marietta45750, Rdpruter, Kevin is great, Gurchzilla, JayJasper, Pyrospirit, Drahgo, Infinityfsho, CrackerStacker, Tbdorn11, Liveste, SJP, Greg-fitzy, LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs, Hoopskid, FJPB, Tanaats, Bahram.zahir, Shoessss, Jrcla2, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Kidlittle, Comet-styles, Evb-wiki, JMB593, Moondoll, Wilson256, Jhmatt, ACBest, Nathanian, Jordigt, Natl1, The infinite, FrankEldonDixon, Pdcook,Ja 62, Garrett 1234, SNICKers234567890, SoCalSuperEagle, Edpudol, Conor Wright, Superrad427, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Spellcast,AUBeastmaster, SimDarthMaul, Brainstorm284, Hellno2, Mak7912, Deor, VolkovBot, Charleshsu1, TreasuryTag, Lordmontu, Thisis-borin9, Ahmedabdelnasser, Carter, Leebo, Christophenstein, Rikster2, Mr. Bouncy, Jeff G., Niceley, Alexandria, HeckXX, Mekchri-ous, PlaysInPeoria, Howie wu, TheOtherJesse, Station1, Quentonamos, Yoho2001, Philip Trueman, AllPurposeGamer, Stangoblinso,McTavidge, TXiKiBoT, Zidonuke, Eddie6705, Flipsterz4life, Jacksonian3623, Vipinhari, GDonato, Dchall1, Rei-bot, Fcb981, Studioushelper, Ann Stouter, Steve1235, ElinorD, Armeboi, Gerrish, Donatus, Afghanlaydee, Arnon Chaffin, Ryancapps, Hotdog123, Balla069,Dude518, Lizzzs, Pcole147, Steven J. 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12.2 Images 21

ster94, SchnitzelMannGreek, Texastigersbasketball, Nicholawhiteage14, And251, Samwb123, Whatnwas, Haldraper, Celuici, Legobot III,Romero13, FrescoBot, Ninjabeast, Tobby72, Pepper, Youndbuckerz, JMS Old Al, D'ohBot, Wifione, Eagle4000, Tetraedycal, Citation bot1, Intelligentsium, DrilBot, Cubs197, LauraHale, Tamariki, Zcrrg, Pelmeen10, Hellknowz, Tanlipkee, Calmer Waters, Fat&Happy, Phs72,Impala2009, UFGator360, SpaceFlight89, Hessamnia, Justice and Arbitration, December21st2012Freak, White Shadows, YaakovAdatto,Marshallisfunny77, Tgv8925, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Scythre, Jgergely, Jlucas105, ,کاشفعقیل Messinwithem, Analbumcoversex,Bostonian Mike, Tonomor, Jordgette, Pflush, Abc1234pussy, Sloties888, ARKEANGEL, Einstein the Legend, Dinamik-bot, Arthurchen13, Hadger, Antipastor, Zink Dawg, Hfdgman123, Weanders8990, Aiken drum, Wwedx98, AKate96, Jaredshirsch, Mikecee31, Sasa1996,Joe12345678pp, NBAman 95, Tbhotch, Duschinono, Leeyeah1682003, Jannabanana45, Krawdad12, Hornlitz, MegaSloth, DARTH SID-IOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Wintonian, Salvio giuliano, DASHBot, LibertyDodzo, EmausBot, Cinerama14, John of Reading, Wiki-tanvirBot, AmericanLeMans, 1namsuk, Claracutie, Ibbn, Scools553, Darren 893, CaitlynReed47448, Maryam609, Kmharms, Gdawg5,Basketgurl, Hwangjy, Joschills, Holdway SCFC, Skill123, Dylancantrell12, Chasneen, Wikipelli, Lithistman, P. S. F. Freitas, Djembayz,Erpert, Shodew, Kkm010, Ronk01, ZéroBot, Cupidvogel, Dolovis, Traxs7, Socioj, Alpha Quadrant, 2sc945, H3llBot, Cymru.lass, Final-Rapture, Nernorking, Shekickedmydog, Wayne Slam, Allworldbball, Letssee23, Plaidbob, Ashton Chin, Patribble, Duece23, Diabeticwal-rus1, Livinglife787, Hockeypuckman, Mskr101, Nbake3279, Outstandingrocky, 12amh12, Ilovepopculture, Valery1991, Bullettheblue,Wonderwizard, Amit3333, Jj98, Subrata Roy, ChuispastonBot, DASHBotAV, Pbl1998, NapoleonX, Sunjack8745, Jasono4407, Satellizer,Ganstaman, North Atlanticist Usonian, Allion96, Helpful Pixie Bot, Technical 13, Shubha, Northamerica1000, PhnomPencil, MongolWiki,Crocodilesareforwimps, Hunter.dickerson, Mesconsing, Cesar Jared, DaHuzyBru, Arigoldberg, RudolfRed, BattyBot, Hipposcrashed,Mdann52, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Bergeronp, Dexbot, Mogism, HelicopterLlama, Roccoharde, Corey.hill2012, Connor.johnson, Eliza-beth.heider, Camyoung54, Information-01152001, Ginormusaurus2, Elaqueate, Anarchistdy, JaconaFrere, Prabhupuducherry, CecyWiki,DByns, Monkbot, JackHoang, Imthewinner, William Tölöberg, StephenCurry30Fan, Degenerate prodigy and Anonymous: 2181

12.2 Images• File:03022012Borrego_plata09.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/03022012Borrego_plata09.JPGLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City <ahref='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Institution:ITESM-_Campus_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico' title='Link back to Institution infoboxtemplate'><img alt='Link back to Institution infobox template' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/23px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/30px-Blue_pencil.svg.png2x' data-file-width='600' data-file-height='600' /></a> <a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6905388' title='wikidata:Q6905388'><imgalt='wikidata:Q6905388' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'width='20' height='11' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050'data-file-height='590' /></a> Original artist: Talento Tec

• File:20130103_Offensive_Rebound_Glenn_Robinson_III_rebound.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/20130103_Offensive_Rebound_Glenn_Robinson_III_rebound.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:TonyTheTiger

• File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag

• File:Basketball-Basic_Types_of_Dribbling.webm Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Basketball-Basic_Types_of_Dribbling.webm License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mart570

• File:Basketball.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Basketball.png License: Public domain Contributors:Own work Original artist: Reisio

• File:BasketballHoop.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/BasketballHoop.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mr. Prez

• File:Basketball_Goal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Basketball_Goal.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:prettybea

• File:Basketball_World_Cup_2014.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Basketball_World_Cup_2014.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hvd69

• File:Basketball_foul.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Basketball_foul.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Basketball_game.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Basketball_game.jpg License: Public domainContributors: http://www.news.navy.mil/view_single.asp?id=11704 (direct image link) Original artist: U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’sMate 2nd Class Damon J. Moritz

• File:Basketball_positions.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Basketball_positions.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Own work

• File:Basketball_shot.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Basketball_shot.jpg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Basketball_through_hoop.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Basketball_through_hoop.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/090804-F-8732M-115.jpg Originalartist: Airman 1st Class Kerelin Molina

• File:Brittney_Griner_accepting_Wade_Trophy_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Brittney_Griner_accepting_Wade_Trophy_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sphilbrick

• File:Canasta_y_tablero_-_0.00.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Canasta_y_tablero_-_0.00.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Carlos Delgado

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

22 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Firstbasketball.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Firstbasketball.jpg License: Public domain Con-tributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Kinston eagle at en.wikipedia

• File:Girls_play_basketball_in_Dharmsala,_India.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Girls_play_basketball_in_Dharmsala%2C_India.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gilichu/4165030897/in/photostream/ Original artist: Gilli Chupak

• File:Heart_Mountain_Relocation_Center,_Heart_Mountain,_Wyoming._A_hotly_contested_interscholastic_basket_._._._-_NARA_-_539726.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Heart_Mountain_Relocation_Center%2C_Heart_Mountain%2C_Wyoming._A_hotly_contested_interscholastic_basket_._._._-_NARA_-_539726.jpg License: Public domainContributors: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Iwasaki, Hikaru, 1923-, Photographer (NARA record:8464103)

• File:Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpgLicense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steve Lipofsky www.Basketballphoto.com

• File:Kansas_U_team_1899.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Kansas_U_team_1899.jpg License:Public domain Contributors: http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/anatomy/sutton/biology_and_basketball.html Original artist: Clen-dening History of Medicine Library, University of Kansas Medical Center

• File:Liberator-ad.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Liberator-ad.jpg License: PD-US Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:MECVOLLEYBALL_GROUND.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/MECVOLLEYBALL_GROUND.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Prabhupuducherry

• File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors:http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image file was created by AJ Ashton. Uploadedfrom English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.

• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0Contributors:Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:Tkgd2007

• File:Sports_icon.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Sports_icon.png License: Public domain Contribu-tors: made by myself Original artist: Pepetps

• File:Sân_trường_THPT_Phan_Đình_Phùng,_Hà_Nội.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/S%C3%A2n_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_THPT_Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i.JPGLicense: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JackHoang

• File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.

• File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use official Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded bySimon.

• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

• File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky

• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), basedon original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

• File:World_Map_FIBA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/World_Map_FIBA.svg License: Public do-main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Turkish Flame

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