Batch Report

Comparative Study of Natural Sand And Artificial Sand 2015

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThe global consumption of natural sand is very high, due to the extensive use of concrete or mortar. In general, the demand of natural sand is quite high in developing countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructure growth, in this situation developing country like India facing shortage in good quality natural sand. Particularly in India, natural sand deposits are being depleted and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society. Increasing extraction of natural sand from river beds causing many problems, loosing water retaining sand strata, deepening of the river courses and causing bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, exposing the intake well of water supply schemes, disturbs the aquatic life as well as affecting agriculture due to lowering the underground water table etc are few examples. Properties of aggregate affect the durability and performance of concrete, so fine aggregate is an essential component of concrete and cement mortar. The most commonly used fine aggregate is natural river or pit sand. Fine and coarse aggregate constitute about 75% of total volume. It is therefore, important to obtain right type and good quality aggregate at site, because the aggregate forms the main matrix of concrete or mortar.Now a days sand is becoming a very scarce material, in this situation research began for inexpensive and easily available alternative material to natural sand. Some alternatives materials have already been used as a part of natural sand e.g. fly-ash, slag limestone and siliceous stone powder are used in concrete mixtures as a partial replacement of natural sand. However, scarcity in required quality is the major limitation in some of the above materials. Nowadays sustainable infrastructural growth demands the alternative material that should satisfy technical requisites of fine aggregate as well as it should be available abundantly.

CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWMahendra R[1] had studied about the Strength Appraisal Of Artificial Sand As Fine Aggregate In SFRC. This paper presents the study of steel fiber reinforced concrete with artificial sand as fine aggregate. Three matrices with compressive strength 20, 30 and 40 MPa were designed and reinforced with crimpled steel fibers at dosage rate of volume fraction 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 percent. The specimens were prepared, cured and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. The strength of steel fiber reinforced natural sand concrete (SFRNSC) and steel fiber reinforced artificial sand concrete (SFRASC) have been compared with the test data from the present study. The promotional use of artificial sand will conserve the natural resources for the sustainable development of the concrete in construction industry. Mohammed Nadeem[2] had discussed about Replacement Of Natural Fine Aggregate With Granular Slag A Waste Industrial By-Product In Cement Mortar Applications As an Alternative Construction Materials. This paper highlights upon the feasibility study for the utilization of granular slag as replacement of natural fine aggregate in construction applications (Masonry & plastering). In this investigation, cement mortar mixes 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 & 1:6 by volume were selected for 0, 25, 50, 75 & 100% replacements of natural sand with granular slag for w/c ratios of 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 & 0.72 respectively. The study gave comparative results for mortar flow behaviors, compressive & split tensile strengths, brick mortar crushing & pulls strengths and their co-relations. The study comprises of The experimental results obtained show that partial substitution of ordinary sand by slag gives better results in both the applications i.e. masonry & plastering. The sand replacement from 50 to 75% improved mortar flow properties by 7%, the compressive strength improved by 11 to 15 % for the replacement level from 25 to 75%. At the same time brick mortar crushing & pull strengths improved by 10 to 13% at 50 to 75% replacement levels. The co relation between mortar compressive/split tensile strengths & brick crushing/pull strengths shows linear dependencies on each others. The study concluded that granular could be utilized as alternative construction material for natural sand in masonry & plastering applications either partially or fully.Akaninyene A. Umoh[3] had proposed a work on Recycling Demolition Waste Sandcrete Blocks As Aggregate In Concrete. This study seeks to utilize sandcrete blocks from demolition waste as an alternative material to fine aggregate in concrete. A concrete with compressive strength of 30N/mm2 at 28 days hydration period was designed for normal mixture as the control. The fine aggregate was replaced with crushed waste sandcrete block (CWSB) in various percentages in the steps of 10 starting from 10% to a maximum of 100%, while 0% represents the control. The properties of the concrete were evaluated at 7, 14 and 28 days curing periods. Results showed that replacing 50% of CWSB aggregate after 28 days curing attained the designed compressive strength as the conventional concrete (i.e., the control). Thus it is concluded that CWSB can be used as a supplementary aggregate material in concrete. Lohani T.K [4] had studied about Optimum utilization of Quarry dust as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Sand collected from its deposit is expensive due to unwanted cost of transportation from natural sources. Large scale exploitation of natural sand creates environmental impact on society. River sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in concrete but due to acute shortage in many areas, availability, cost & environmental impact are the major concern (Ahmed et.al., 1989). To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of sand with quarry dust can be an economic alternative. In developing countries like India, quarry dust has been rampantly used in different construction purposes but replacement technology has emerged as an innovative development to civil engineering material. Design mix of M20 grade concrete with replacement of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of quarry dust organized as M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 respectively have been considered for laboratory analysis viz. slump test, compaction factor test, compressive strength (cube, cylindrical sample), split tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption of hardened concrete. The durability of concrete was studied by immersing the concrete cube in 5% solution of MgSo4, 5% solution of NaCl and 2N solution of HCl for 28 days and 91 days and results were compared with the standards to achieve the desired parameters.Dr.S.Elavenil,B Vijaya[5] had discussed about Manufactured Sand, A Solution And An Alternative To River Sand And In Concrete manufacturing. The application of concrete meeting the specification is of paramount importance, to ensure construction of durable R.C.C. structure. Hence durable concrete covers and bears the responsibility of sustaining the entire R.C.C. structure throughout it service life. A well processed manufactured sand as partial or full replacement to river sand is the need of the hour as a long term solution in Indian concrete industry until other suitable alternative fine aggregate are developed. Key words: manufactured sand, fine aggregate, concrete, compressive strength, workability.B.V.Bahoria [6] had studied about Comprehensive literature review on use of waste product in concrete. This paper present literature review on replacement of natural sand by by-products and recyclable waste materials which includes current and future trends of research on the use of manufactured fine aggregate (MFA) in Portland cement concrete. With natural sand deposits the world over drying up, there is an acute need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in concrete. In the last 15 years, it has become clear that the availability of good quality natural sand is decreasing. With a few local exceptions, it seems to be a global trend. Existing natural sand deposits are being emptied at the same rate as urbanization and new deposits are located either underground, too close to already built-up areas or too far away from the areas where it is needed, that is, the towns and cities where the manufacturers of concrete are located. Environmental concerns are also being raised against uncontrolled extraction of natural sand. The arguments are mostly in regards to protecting riverbeds against erosion and the importance of having natural sand as a filter for ground water. The above concerns, combined with issues of preserving areas of beauty, recreational value and biodiversity, are an integral part of the process of most local government agencies granting permission to aggregate producers across the world. This is the situation for the construction industry today and most will agree that it will not change dramatically in the foreseeable future. Crushed aggregate, bottom ash, foundry sand and various by-products are replacing natural sand and gravel in most countries. This paper emphasizes on the use of material to be replaced by natural sand which will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied on large scale would revolutionize the construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and enable us to conserve natural resources.Chandana Sukesh[7] had investigated about Partial Replacement of Sand with Quarry Dust in Concrete . Quarry dust, a by-product from the crushing process during quarrying activities is one of such materials. Granite fines or rock dust is a by-product obtained during crushing of granite rocks and is also called quarry dust. In recent days there were also been many attempts to use Fly Ash, an industrial by product as partial replacement for cement to have higher workability, long term strength and to make the concrete more economically available. This present work is an attempt to use Quarry Dust as partial replacement for Sand in concrete. Attempts have been made to study the properties of concrete and to investigate some properties of Quarry Dust the suitability of those properties to enable them to be used as partial replacement materials for sand in concrete.Priyanka A. Jadhav[8] had studied about Effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the properties of cement mortar The effect of partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the compressive strength of cement mortar of proportion 1:2, 1:3 and 1:6 with water cement ration as 0.5 and 0.55 are studied. Results are compared with reference mix of 0% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. The compressive strength of cement mortar with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand reveals higher strength as compared to reference mix. Manufactured sand has a potential to provide alternative to natural sand and helps in maintaining the environment as well as economical balance. Non-availability of natural sand at reasonable cost, forces to search for alternative material. Manufactured sand qualifies itself as suitable substitute for river sand at reasonable cost. The manufactured sand found to have good gradation and nice finish which is lacking in natural sand and this has been resulted in good cohesive cement mortar. G.Balamurugan[9] had discussed about the Use of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in Concrete An Experimental Study. This experimental study presents the variation in the strength of concrete when replacing sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100% in steps of 10%. M20 and M25 grades of concrete were taken for study keeping a constant slump of 60mm. The compressive strength of concrete cubes at the age of 7 and 28 days were obtained at room temperature. Also the temperature effect on concrete cubes at 100oC on 28th day of casting was carried out to check the loss of strength. From test results it was found that the maximum compressive strength is obtained only at 50% replacement at room temperature and net strength after loss due to hike in temperature was above the recommended strength value due to 50% replacement itself. This result gives a clear picture that quarry dust can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good substitute for natural river sand giving higher strength at 50% replacement.Kanawade Bhimaji Dashrath[10] had proposed a work on the Effect of Aggregate Types on Flexural Strength of Concrete. The paper represents the study of the flexural strength of concrete with different aggregate which are compare with conventional concrete. Flexural strength of plain cement concrete for the various combinations studied for the four proportions. From the study it observed that, in case of flexural strength of plain cement concrete for Cement, Artificial sand, Stone crushed aggregate (CAS), Cement, Natural sand, Recycled aggregate (CNR), Cement, Artificial sand-Recycled aggregate (CAR) reduced by 4.65%, 13.56% & 14.15% respectively in comparison with Cement, Natural sand, Stone crushed aggregate (CNS). Its observed that there is consistent decrease in the flexural strength of plain cement concrete of CAS, CNR & CAR compare with CNS.M.S. Rao[11] had studied about Application of Blast Furnace Slag Sand in Cement ConcreteA Case Study. This paper highlights a case study of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS/GBS) sand application as a partial substitute of Crushed Stone Sand (CSS) in cement concrete. Laboratory Studies were conducted for different grades of concrete viz. M30 to M70 using blend of crushed stone sand and granulated slag sand in the ratio of 50:50 of total fine aggregate in concrete. From this study it is observed that GBS sand and CSS blend could be used as alternative construction material for natural sand in cement concrete applications. A. Jayaraman[12] had discussed about Optimization of fully replacement of natural sand by m-sand In high performance concrete. This paper presents the optimization of fully replacement of manufactured sand by natural sand with nano silica in high performance concrete. The ordinary Portland cement is partially replaced with nano-silica by 0.75% and natural sand is fully replaced with manufactured sand. The studies reveal that the increase in percentage of partial replacement of nano silica increased the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete.Prem Ranjan Kumar[13] had investigated about the Use of Blast Furnace Slag as an Alternative of Natural Sand in Mortar and Concrete. In present study alternatives of natural sand, blast furnace slag were evaluated for their suitability of replacing natural sand for making mortar and concrete. Blast furnace slag as byproduct, which is a nonbiodegradable waste material from that only a small percentage of it is used by cement industries to manufacture cement. Mortar with proportions (1:4) for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement and concrete of M-20 and M-30 grades for 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement cube were also prepared respectively. From this study it is observed that Blast furnace slag can be used as an alternative to natural sand up to 60% and 75% in mortar and concrete respectively.Smit M. Kacha[14] had discussed about Use of foundry sand in concrete: A state of art review IJRET. This state of art review represents the development in the field of utilization of used foundry sand in cementitious concrete. The paper reviews the utilization of foundry sand as the concrete constituent and the noticeable and important findings from the experimental works of various researchers. The historical development is also discussed as a part of introduction in the review. After a careful study of large number of research papers on the topic it was felt by the authors to integrate all the important results for streamlining the potential of this area of research. The paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like strength and durability. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and improvement in strength and durability properties of the conventional cementitious concrete due to the addition or replacement of fine sand with used foundry sand in different proportions. However in couple of cases such addition has reported reduction in the values of properties. From the review of past research works it could be concluded that utilizing the used foundry sand holds a great potential towards the development of environment friendly and sustainable cementitious concretes.

CHAPTER 3NATURAL SAND AND ARTIFICIAL SAND3.1 NATURAL SANDSand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e. a soil containing more than 85% sand-sized particles The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for example aragonite, which, has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. It is, for example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean. Sand has by now become the most widely consumed natural resource on the planet after fresh water. The annual world consumption of sand is estimated to be 15 billion tons, with a respective trade volume of 70 billion dollars.Most of our houses, skyscrapers and bridges are made with Ferro-concrete which is two-thirds sand (plus cement, water and gravel). 200 tons of sand are needed to build a medium-sized house, 1km of highway requires 30.000 tons of sand. Especially in Asia and the Arab states the hunger of the construction industry is ever-growing -cement demand by China has increased exponentially by 437.5% in 20 years, while use in the rest of the world increased by 59.8%.High quality sand or more precisely, silicon is needed to produce computer chips and microprocessors and we also use sand in detergents, cosmetics and many other products yet, once sand has been transformed into concrete, the components are bound forever and are no longer available as resources.

3.1.1 COMPOSITION In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625mm (or 116mm) to 2mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain. Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2mm up to 64mm) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625mm down to 0.004mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters as small as 0.02mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers (silt, by comparison, feels like flour).The most common constituent of sand, in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings, is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz, which, because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common mineral resistant to weathering. The composition of mineral sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions. The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material, suggesting sand formation depends on living organisms, too. The gypsum sand dunes of the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico are famous for their bright, white color. Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content, derived from weathering and erosion of a (usually nearby) granitic rock outcrop. Some sands contain magnetite, chlorite, glauconite or gypsum. Sands rich in magnetite are dark to black in color, as are sands derived from volcanic basalts and obsidian. Chlorite-glauconite bearing sands are typically green in color, as are sands derived from basaltic (lava) with a high olivine content. Many sands, especially those found extensively in Southern Europe, have iron impurities within the quartz crystals of the sand, giving a deep yellow color. Sand deposits in some areas contain garnets and other resistant minerals, including some small gemstones.

3.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SANDSand is classified as: Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm), Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm) and Coarse Sand (2.0 to4.75 mm). However this classification of sand is further has types of sand in particular and on that basis only they are being incorporated in the construction.3.1.3 TYPES OF SAND 1) Pit Sand (Coarse sand)Pit sand is classified under coarse sand which is also called badarpur in common language. This type of coarse sand is procured from deep pits of abundant supply and it is generally in red-orange colour. The coarse grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from salts etc which is mostly employed in concreting.

Fig 3.1 Pit Sand

2) River Sand River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine in quality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains generally in white-grey colour. River sand has many uses in the construction purpose such as plastering.

Fig 3.2 River sand3) Sea SandAs the name suggest, sea sand is taken from seas shores and it is generally in distinct brown colour with fine circular grains. Sea sand is avoided for the purpose construction of concrete structure and in engineering techniques because it contains salt which tends to absorb moisture from atmosphere and brings dampness. Eventually cement also loses its action when mixed with sea sand that is why it is only used for the local purpose instead of structural construction.

Fig 3.3 Sea Sand3.1.4 STANDARDSThere are different standards for the construction purpose which must be checked and considered for the better construction. The requirement according to which sand is chosen should be like: For plastering purpose the overall fine sand used must not be less than 1.5 while silt is preferred to not less than 4 percent. For brick work fine sand used must not be less than 1.2 to 1.5 and silt is preferred is 4 percent generally. Concreting work require coarse sand in modulus of 2.5 to 3.5 with not less than 4 percent silt content. 3.1.5 USES Agriculture: Sandy soils are ideal for crops such as watermelons, peaches and peanuts, and their excellent drainage characteristics make them suitable for intensive dairy farming. Aquaria: Sand makes a low cost aquarium base material which some believe is better than gravel for home use. It is also a necessity for saltwater reef tanks, which emulate environments composed largely of aragonite sand broken down from coral and shellfish. Artificial reefs: Geotextile bagged sand can serve as the foundation for new reefs. Artificial islands in the Persian Gulf for instance. Beach nourishment: Governments move sand to beaches where tides, storms or deliberate changes to the shoreline erode the original sand. Brick: Manufacturing plants add sand to a mixture of clay and other materials for manufacturing bricks. Cob: Coarse sand makes up as much as 75% of cob. Mortar: Sand is mixed with masonry cement or Portland cement and lime to be used in masonry construction. Concrete: Sand is often a principal component of this critical construction material. Hydraulic Fracturing: A drilling technique for natural gas, which uses rounded silica sand as a "proppant", a material to hold open cracks that are caused by the hydraulic fracturing process. Glass: Sand is the principal component in common glass. Landscaping: Sand makes small hills and slopes (for example, in golf courses). Paint: Mixing sand with paint produces a textured finish for walls and ceilings or non-slip floor surfaces. Railroads: Engine drivers and rail transit operators use sand to improve the traction of wheels on the rails. Recreation. Playing with sand is a favorite beach time activity. One of the most beloved uses of sand is to make sometimes intricate, sometimes simple structures known as sand castles. Such structures are well known for their impermanence. Sand is also used in children's play. Special play areas enclosing a significant area of sand, known as sandboxes, are common on many public playgrounds, and even at some single family homes. Roads: Sand improves traction (and thus traffic safety) in icy or snowy conditions. Sand animation: Performance artists draw images in sand. Makers of animated films use the same term to describe their use of sand on frontlit or backlit glass. Sand casting: Casters moisten or oil molding sand, also known as foundry sand and then shape it into molds into which they pour molten material. This type of sand must be able to withstand high temperatures and pressure, allow gases to escape, have a uniform, small grain size and be non-reactive with metals. Sand castles: Shaping sand into castles or other miniature buildings is a popular beach activity. Sandbags: These protect against floods and gunfire. The inexpensive bags are easy to transport when empty, and unskilled volunteers can quickly fill them with local sand in emergencies. Sandblasting: Graded sand serves as an abrasive in cleaning, preparing, and polishing. Thermal Weapon: While not in widespread use anymore, sand used to be heated and poured on invading troops in the classical and medieval time periods. Water filtration: Media filters use sand for filtering water.3.1.6 REQUISITIES OF SAND All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength. The surface texture of the particles should be smooth. The edges of the particles should be grounded. The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not be less than 30%. There should not be any organic impurities Silt in sand should not be more than two percent. 3.1.7 NATURAL SAND COLLECTED Nethravathi river (Adyar) Phalguni river (Kulur) Shambhavi river (Mulki) Nandini river (Kateel) Kumaradhara river (subramanya) Sea sand (panambur)3.2 ARTIFICIAL SANDCement, sand and aggregate are essential needs for any construction industry. Sand is a major material used for preparation of mortar and concrete and plays a most important role in mix design. In general consumption of natural sand is high, due to the large use of concrete and mortar. Hence the demand of natural sand is very high in developing countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructure growth. The developing country like India facing shortage of good quality natural sand and particularly in India, natural sand deposits are being used up and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society. Rapid extraction of sand from river bed causing so many problems like losing water retaining soil strata, deepening of the river beds and causing bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, disturbs the aquatic life as well as disturbs agriculture due to lowering the water table in the well etc are some of the examples. The heavy exploitation of river sand for construction purposes in Sri Lanka has led to various harmful problems. Options for various river sand alternatives, such as offshore sand, quarry dust and filtered sand have also been made. Physical as well as chemical properties of fine aggregate affect the durability, workability and also strength of concrete, so fine aggregate is a most important constituent of concrete and cement mortar. Generally river sand or pit sand is used as fine aggregate in mortar and concrete. Together fine and coarse aggregate make about 75-80 % of total volume of concrete and hence it is very important to fine suitable type and good quality aggregate nearby site (Hudson 1997). Recently natural sand is becoming a very costly material because of its demand in the construction industry due to this condition research began for cheap and easily available alternative material to natural sand. Some alternatives materials have already been used as a replacement of natural sand such as fly-ash, quarry dust or limestone and siliceous stone powder, filtered sand, copper slag are used in concrete and mortar mixtures as a partial or full replacement of natural sand. Even though offshore sand is actually used in many countries such as the UK, Sri Lanka, Continental Europe, India and Singapore, most of the records regarding use of this alternative found mainly as a lesser extent of practice in the construction field.For this reason to fulfill the requirement of fine aggregate (Sand) some alternative material must be found. In foreign countries alternative to river sand is already in use. Fine cubical particles of stone below 4.75 mm are used, to replace the rivers sand. But as these particles have sharp edges and rough surface texture, its use in concrete requires some admixtures to increase the plasticity of the wet concrete and mortar. Such machine made sand contains flaky particles, which decreases the workability and requires more water cement ratio. The effect of more water in the concrete reduces its ultimate strength to a substantial amount. Increase in 1% water reduces the strength of the concrete by 5%. To overcome these difficulties we have developed artificial machine made sand similar to river sand. The sand manufactured by our machine is having good surface texture and edges of the granules of the sand are rounded. The particle shape of fine aggregates is very important for making concrete. Recent tests however have shown that a good quality concrete made from the sand having cubicle particles and sharp edges, gives higher tensile strength. Same way rounded sand particles gives more compression strength to the concrete. So to achieve both the effect it is recommended that the sand particles should be cubicle with grounded edges. Where concrete of high strength and good durability is required, fine aggregates confirming to zone one to zone four may be used. The concrete mix design is very important. The fine aggregates grading becomes progressively finer from zone one to zone four, the ratio of fine aggregates to course aggregates should be progressively reduced. Actual ratio of fine to course aggregates for any particular mix will depends upon the actual grading, particle shape and surface texture of both fine and course aggregates. Use of zone four sand is not recommended for reinforced concrete purpose. Experiments have shown that considerable variation in strength of mortar may occur owing to the form and variety of the sand particles. The strength of mortar may differ by about 50% of average. Sand particles should however be hard for more strength. It is not possible in river sand that all particles should be of higher strength. This can be achieved only by making sand with the help of machines. In machine made sand we can use the raw material of higher strength.ARTIFICIAL SAND COLLECTED Blast furnace slag Manufactured sand Quarry dust Demolition waste Foundry sand

3.2.1 BLAST FURNACE SLAGThe Iron industries produce a huge quantity of blast furnace slag as byproduct, which is a nonbiodegradable waste material from that only a small percentage of it is used by cement industries to manufacture cement. In the present investigation Blast Furnace Slag from local industries has been utilized to find its suitability as a coarse aggregate in concrete making. Replacing all or some portion of natural aggregates with slag would lead to considerable environmental benefits. The results indicate that the unit weight of Blast Furnace Slag aggregate concrete is lower than that of the conventional concrete with stone chips.Concrete is prepared by mixing various constituents like cement, aggregates, water, etc. which are economically available. Concrete is a composite material composed of granular materials like coarse aggregates embedded in a matrix and bound together with cement or binder which fills the space between the particles and glues them together. Almost three quarters of the volume of concrete is composed of aggregates. To meet the global demand of concrete in the future, it is becoming a more challenging task to find suitable alternatives to natural aggregates for preparing concrete. Therefore the use of alternative sources for natural aggregates is becoming increasingly important. Slag is a co-product of the iron making process. Iron cannot be prepared in the blast furnace without the production of its co-product i.e. blast furnace slag. The use of blast furnace slag aggregates in concrete by replacing natural aggregates is a most promising concept because its impact strength is more than the natural aggregate. Steel slag aggregates are already being used as aggregates in asphalt paving road mixes due to their mechanical strength, stiffness, porosity, wear resistance and water absorption capacity. Blast furnace slag is glassy black in colour. Its characteristics depend on the nature of iron ore used in the extraction of iron, which significantly differs from place to place. The material was crushed and sieved and blast furnace slag passing through 20 mm sieve and retaining on 4.75mm. Blast furnace slag is a byproduct and using it as aggregates in concrete will might prove an economical and environmentally friendly solution in local region. The demand for aggregates is increasing rapidly and so as the demand of concrete. Thus, it is becoming more important to find suitable alternatives for aggregates in the future.

Fig 3.4 Blast Furnace Slag3.2.2 MANUFACTURED SANDConventionally concrete is mixture of cement, sand and aggregate. Properties of aggregate affect the durability and performance of concrete, so fine aggregate is an essential component of concrete. The most commonly used fine aggregate is natural river or pit sand. Fine and coarse aggregate constitute about 75% of total volume. It is therefore, important to obtain right type and good quality aggregate at site, because the aggregate form the main matrix of concrete or mortar. The global consumption of natural sand is very high, due to the extensive use of concrete. In general, the demand of natural sand is quite high in developing countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructural growth, in this situation developing country like India facing shortage in good quality natural sand. Particularly in India, natural sand deposits are being depleted and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society. Increasing extraction of natural sand from river beds causing many problems, loosing water retaining sand strata, deepening of the river courses and causing bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, exposing the intake well of water supply schemes, disturbs the aquatic life as well as affecting agriculture due to lowering the underground water table etc are few examples. Now a days sustainable infrastructural growth demands the alternative material that should satisfy technical requisites of fine aggregate as well as it should be available abundantly. On this basis, manufactured sand offers viable alternative. It is purpose made fine aggregate produced by crushing and screening or further processing i.e. washing, grading, classifying of quarried rock, cobbles, boulders or gravels from which natural fine aggregate had been removed.

Fig 3.5 Manufactured Sand

3.2.2.1 ADVANTAGESGreater durabilityM-Sand has balanced physical and chemical properties that can withstand any aggressive environmental and climatic conditions as it has enhanced durability, greater strength and overall economy. Usage of M-Sand can overcome the defects occurring in concrete such as honey combing, segregation, voids, capillary etc.High strengthThe superior shape, proper gradation of fines, smooth surface texture and consistency in production parameter of chemically stable sands provides greater durability and higher strength to concrete by overcoming deficiencies like segregation, bleeding, honey combing, voids and capillary.Greater workabilityThe crusher dust is flaky and angular in shape which is troublesome in working. There is no plasticity in the mortar which makes it even difficult for the mason to work, whereas the cubical shape with grounded edge and superior gradation gives good plasticity to mortar providing excellent workability.Offsets construction defectsM-Sand has optimum initial and final setting time as well as excellent fineness which will help to overcome the deficiencies of concrete such as segregation, bleeding, honeycombing, voids and capillary.EconomyUsage of M-Sand can drastically reduce the cost since like river sand, it does not contain impurities and wastage is NIL. In International Construction Scenario, no river sand is used at all, only sand is manufactured and used, which gives superior strength and its cubical shape ensures significant reduction in the cement used in the concrete Eco-FriendlyM-Sand is the only alternative to river sand. Dredging of river beds to get river sand will lead to environmental disaster like ground water depletion, water scarcity, threat to the safety of bridges, dams etc. Beside with the Government contemplating ban on dredging of River beds to quarry river sand, as part of the growing concern for environment protection, M-Sand will be the only available option.3.2.3 QUARRY DUST:Coarse aggregate of 20mm maximum size is used in Reinforced cement concrete work of all types of structures. This is obtained by crushing the stone boulders of size 100 to 150mm in the stone crushers. Then it is sieved and the particles passing through 20 mm and retained on 10mm sieve known as course aggregate. The particles passing through 4.75mm sieve are called as quarry dust. The quarry dust is used to sprinkle over the newly laid bituminous road as filler between the bitumen and coarse aggregate and manufacturing of hollow blocks.

Fig 3.6 Quarry Dust3.2.4 DEMOLITION WASTEConstruction and demolition waste generated by the construction industry and which posed an environmental challenge can only be minimized by the reuse and recycling of the waste it generates. Aggregates can be processed from wastes that abound in the construction and other industries for use in mortar and concrete. The activities of renovation and demolition in the maintenance and modernization of buildings generate large amounts of solid waste and rubbles. Currently efforts are being intensified in the utilization of this waste in all areas of construction, mostly in civil and building construction, with the aim of achieving environmentally sustainable developments. Construction and Demolition (C and D) wastes can be grouped into concrete, blocks, bricks, mortar, rods, wood and metals. The reuse of this waste will help to conserve limited resources, conserve energy, save cost and protect the environment. LLFig 3.7 Demolition Waste3.2.5 FOUNDRY SANDA foundry is a manufacturing facility that produces metal castings by pouring molten metal into a preformed mold to yield the resulting hardened cast. The primary metals cast include iron and steel from the ferrous family and aluminum, copper, brass and bronze from the nonferrous family. Foundry sand is high quality silica sand that is a by-product from the production of both ferrous and nonferrous metal castings. The physical and chemical characteristics of foundry sand will depend in great part on the type of casting process and the industry sector from which it originates. Metal foundries use large amounts of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry. When sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed foundry sand. Foundry sand production is nearly 6 to 10 million tons annually. Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. Foundries purchase high quality size-specific silica sands for use in their molding and casting operations. The raw sand is normally of a higher quality than the typical bank run or natural sands used in fill construction sites. The sands form the outer shape of the mold cavity. These sands normally rely upon a small amount of betonies clay to act as the binder material. There are two basic types of foundry sand available, green sand (often referred to as molding sand) that uses clay as the binder material, and chemically bonded sand that uses polymers to bind the sand grains together. Green sand consists of 85-95% silica, 0-12% clay, 2-10% carbonaceous additives, such as sea coal, and 2-5% water. Green sand is the most commonly used molding media by foundries. Fig 3.8 Foundry sand

CHAPTER 4METHODOLOGYTESTS CONDUCTED Specific gravity Moisture content Water absorption Sieve analysis Permeability Compressive strength4.1 Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance.

Fig 4.1 Specific gravity apparatusSANDSpecific gravity

NATURAL SANDS

Nethravathi river (Adyar)2.66

Phalguni river (Kulur)2.60

Shambhavi river (Mulki)2.65

Nandini river (Kateel)2.52

Kumaradhara river (Subramanya)2.65

Sea sand (Panambur)2.60

ARTIFICIAL SANDS

Blast furnace slag2.44

Manufactured sand2.76

Quarry dust2.57

Demolition waste2.52

Foundry sand2.43

Table 4.1 specific gravity of different types of sand

Fig 4.2 Specific Gravity of different Types of Sand4.2 Moisture contentWater content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture),sand, rock, ceramics, fruit, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials' porosity at saturation.SANDMoisture content %

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust2.9

Demolition waste4.4

Foundry sand3.4

Table 4.2 moisture content of different types of sand

Fig 4.3 Moisture Content of different Types of Sand

4.3 Water absorption:Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an aggregate due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, when it is deemed that the aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the absorption potentialSANDWater absorption %

NATURAL SANDS

Nethravathi river(Adyar)28.30

Phalguni river(Kulur)27.27

Shambhavi river(Mulki)26.22

Nandini river(Kateel)28.80

Kumaradhara river(Subramanya)29.41


ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust18.91


Foundry sand52.38

Table 4.3 water absorption of different types of sand

Fig 4.4 Water absorption of different types of Sand

4.4 Sieve analysisA sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution of a granular material.SANDFINENESS MODULUS

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust4.828


Foundry sand3.781

Table 4.4 Sieve Analysis of different types of sand

Fig 4.5 Fineness Modulus of different Types of Sand

4.5 Co-efficient of Permeability4.5.1 Constant head methodSANDCO-EFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY cm/sec

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust0.00232


Foundry sand0.00242

Table 4.5 Sieve Analysis of different types of sand by constant head method

Fig 4.6 Co-Efficient of Permeability of different Types of Sand by constant head method

4.5.2 Variable head methodSANDCO-EFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY cm/sec

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust0.00991


Foundry sand0.00761

Table 4.6 Sieve Analysis of different types of sand by variable head method

Fig 4.7 Co-Efficient of Permeability of different Types of Sand by Variable head method

4.6 Compressive strength of cement mortar4.6.1 Compressive strength at 3 daysSANDCOMPRESSIVE STREGTH N/mm2

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust15.75


Foundry sand13.40

Table 4.7 Compressive Strength of different types of sand at 3 days

Fig 4.8 Compressive Strength of different types of sand at 3 days

4.6.2 Compressive strength at 7 daysSANDCOMPRESSIVE STREGTH N/mm2

NATURAL SANDS







ARTIFICIAL SANDS



Quarry dust31.51


Foundry sand18.77

Table 4.8 Compressive Strength of different types of sand at 7 days

Fig 4.9 Compressive Strength of different types of sand at 7 days

CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE5.1 CONCLUSIONFrom the above results it can be observed that the strength of mortar increases with Artificial sand. More over the presence of fines in artificial sand increases the workability and gives more sound mortar. The slabs, using artificial sand, are more leak proof than by river sand. Nowadays, in construction of roads, buildings, dams, canals, etc., cement concrete plays an important role. Cement paste resulting from the interaction of concrete mix with water coating on the grains of sand and crushed stone, fills the voids between them, lubricates the aggregate and imparts mobility (fluidity) to the concrete mix. It was found that the artificial sand can used as a suitable and economical alternative for the natural sand as it gives the required strength and shows better results in compressive strength. The end conclusion is made out that natural sand being costly and hard to procure the artificial sand holds a great potential as a replacement. Due to the depletion of natural sand further we have to rely on alternative sand. Hence the property and its characteristics features which it imparts to the concrete should be studied. Since we have a consistent process of manufacturing we can achieve the required property in future construction practices. 5.2 FUTURE SCOPE Same experiment can be conducted on the different type of artificial sand Same experiment can be conducted using different type of cement Same experiment can be conducted by varing w/c ratio Tensile and flexural strength of concrete made up of artificial sands can also be determinedFrom the above results it can be concluded that mortars prepared using artificial sands having high compressive strength compared to the mortars prepared using natural sand.

REFERENCES[1] Mahendra R. Chitlange and Prakash S. PajgaC.de.Strength appraisal of artificial sand as fine aggregate in SFRC. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. VOL. 5, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010 ISSN 1819-6608[2] Mohammed Nadeem, Dr. A. D. Pofale. Replacement Of Natural Fine Aggregate With Granular Slag A Waste Industrial By-Product In Cement Mortar Applications As an Alternative Construction Materials. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1258-1264[3] Akaninyene A. Umoh. Recycling demolition waste sandcrete blocks as aggregate in concrete. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. VOL.7, NO.9, September. 2012. ISSN 1819-6608[4] Lohani T.K, Padhi M, Dash K.P, Jena S. Optimum utilization of Quarry dust as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2012. ISSN 2277 9442.[5] Dr.S.Elavenil,B Vijaya. Manufactured sand, a solution and an alternate to river sand and in concrete technology. Journal of Engineering, Computers & Applied sciences (JES&AS) Volume2, No.2, February 2013, ISSN NO: 2319-5606[6]B.V.Bahoria, Dr.D.K.Parbat, Dr.P.B.Naganaik, Dr.U.P.Waghe. Comprehensive literature review on use of waste product in concrete. International Journal of application or Innovation in Engineering and management (IJAIEM). ISSN 2319 4847, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013[7]Chandana Sukesh, Katakam Bala Krishna, P.Sri Lakshmi Sai Teja, S.Kanakambara Rao. Partial Replacement of Sand with Quarry Dust in Concrete. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-2, Issue-6, May 2013[8] Priyanka A. Jadhav, Dilip K. Kulkarni. Effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand on the properties of cement mortar .International journal of civil and structural engineering. Volume 3, No 3, 2013. ISSN 0976 4399 [9] G.Balamurugan, Dr.P.Perumal. Use of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in Concrete An Experimental Study. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013 ISSN 2250-3153 [10] Kanawade Bhimaji Dashrath, Nawale Mahesh Anil, Wakchaure M.R., Kulkarni V.P.Effect of Aggregate Types on Flexural Strength of Concrete. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology (ISSN:2277-1581) Vol No.3.Issue No7,pp:906-909.July 2014. [11] M.S. Rao and U. Bhandare Application of Blast Furnace Slag Sand in Cement ConcreteA Case Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 4 (2014), pp. 453-458[12] A. Jayaraman, V. Senthil kumar. Optimization of fully replacement of natural sand by m-sand in high performance concrete. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering , Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013)ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 4 (2014), pp. 453-458[13] Prem Ranjan Kumar, Dr. Pradeep Kumar T.B. Use of Blast Furnace Slag as an Alternative of Natural Sand in Mortar and Concrete. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2015, ISO 3297: 2007. [14] Smit M. Kacha , Abhay V. Nakum , Ankur C. Bhogayata . USE OF USED FOUNDRY SAND IN CONCRETE: A STATE OF ART REVIEW IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308.

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