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Key Issues of these two decadesKey Words:
WWII,1st Generation of computer, Mass Instruction, Instructional Television, Teaching Machines, Sputnik
20’s - 30’s Formative Period
40’s - 50’sConsolidation Period
Post-war Period
Association for Educational Communications and Technology
Media in 1940s
Division of Visual Aid
Audio-Visual Instruction
World War II
Audio-Visual Instruction
Visual Aid Devices
Military
School
Industry
Overhead Projector Slide Projector Audio Equipment
■ Individuals
Visualizing Curriculum (Charles et al) Edgar (1946) “Cone of Experience”
■ Individuals
Visualizing Curriculum (Charles et al) Edgar (1946) “Cone of Experience”
■ Events■ Events
Electronic Computer Systems
• vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.• Punch cards to input and store data.
• Machine language
First Generation:1943-1956
ENIAC
• 17,468 vacuum tube• 8 feet (2.4 m) by 3 feet (0.9 m) by 100 feet (30 m)
Design in 40s 50s
Robert B. Miller Robert B. Miller
Robert Gagne
Robert Gagne
[ Developing Tests ]
[ Research and Theory on Instruction ]
LeslieBriiggs
LeslieBriiggs
JohnFlanagan
JohnFlanagan
Psychologists & Educators
Successful Educational Technology
Failure Rate
Successful Rate
Design in 50s
Influential Learning Theory---Behavioral View of Learning
Key people: Robert Miller, B.F. Skinner Training as a system (Miller) Programmed Instruction Movement
(Skinner) Robert Gagne, Leslie Briiggs, John
Flanagan
Robert Miller & B.F. Skinner
1953 Miller developed a detailed task analysis methodology for military.
1954 “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching”
B.F. Skinner had presented his first teaching machine, based on operant conditioning principles, in 1954 and major school demonstration projects were underway between 1957 and 1962.
Sputnik in1957 and NDEA in 1958 Cold War The National Defense Education Act
(NDEA) of 1958, which provided funding for equipment, materials, research, and college scholarships intended to improve the nation’s competence in math, science, and modern foreign languages. Many of the sections of the act specifically referred to radio, television, film, and audiovisual media.
Federal government put more funding in educational technology
Some Key Act & Organizations National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Department of Audio Visual Instruction :As schools and
colleges purchased more Audio Visual equipment and materials they needed specialized professional staff to oversee and promote their use. Thousands of new jobs were created, and many of the job holders joined DAVI.
In late1950s, National Special Media Institutes, which not only provided training in the use of the new technologies but also attracted many of the participants into the field as audiovisual specialists.
University of Chicago: The first true educational television program was Sunrise Semester, based in Chicago. From 1959 into the early Sixties, Sunrise Semester featured a single broadcaster, a teacher, standing before a class with a camera shooting over the heads of the students.
And more…
As 40s was the origin of educational technology, the 50s marked the beginning of federal support in Education Technology targeted at mass education.
Application of early instructional design instruments laid foundation for more innovation technology in education.
Researches from NEDA make instruction more effective
1952
1951
1950 WOI-TV – first educational TV station
1958
1955
1959
Media in 50s
Midwest Program of Airborne TV Instruction
National Defense Education Act 1958
St. Louis Public Schools
San Diego Public Schools & Alabama
Ford Foundation – FAE & TFAE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJeZw65sscY
Group Reflection
We learned …1.the importance of evaluating the program
for instructional use. 2. politics, world events, culture does
influence the educational technology field. 3. that it is important to have a global view in
this field.4. cross-cultural and interpersonal
communication skills are very important in group work.