of 63
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
1/63
!
!
!!!
!
!
"##$
"#$%&''!()*++,!+'!-+.$/#,&012!34%!#/%!".,5.$#,!(5.%&40!
6.54!6.&,%&/72!8&/%!9%:#$%!;
@DEFEGAAH
!!"#$%&'()*#$+%*,(%-I!J&K!L+:4,,!#/%!M+N&/!L#11#/!
.(-(+%)/#0(+12!O$+'400+$!-.05&/!J4:&02!P$!8#$&/!Q#*,R
-+$74/04/2!P$!S#11T!6+T)4!#/%!P$!L+:#$%!6#$$4,,!
P$!",#&$4!Q#$%,4!#/%!P$!=/%$4:!Q&,,
.7)U5*4NN)!!
V/%4$05#/%&/7!&50!&1W#)5!.W+/!
)+/5$&N.5+$02!/+/R)+/5$&N.5+$0!#/%!66"!
C4:0!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
2/63
!
?+$4:+$%!
&0&+/!'+$!66"!
-+.$/#,&01!&/!5*4!%&7&5#,!:+$,%Z!(+!5*&0!&/%4W4/%4/5!$404#$)*!NT!"#$%&''!V/&>4$0&5T!&0!#!5&14,T!)+/5$&N.5&+/!5+!+.$!
5*&/Y&/7Z!#,.#N,4!
&/0&7*50!#/%!&%4#0!#/%!)*#,,4/740!.0!5+!5*&/Y!*#$%4$!#N+.5!*+:!:4!&/54$#)5!:&5*!5*4!#.%&4/)4!#/%!*+:!:4!:4#>4!
5*4&$!05+$&402!5*4&$!&/0&7*50!#/%!5*4&$!)+114/50!&/5+!+.$!-+.$/#,&01Z!&0&+/!#/%!5*4!=$50!#/%!L.1#/&5&40!M404#$)*!"+./)&,!#/%!:4!>4$T!1.)*!*+W4!5*#5!&50!W.N,&)#5&+/!:&,,!0W$4#%!5*4!
,4#$/&/70!#/%!#,,+:!+5*4$0!5+!N4/4'&5!'$+1!&50!'&/%&/70Z!
!P#/&4,!P+%%2!L4#%!+'!42!66"!C#5&+/0!#/%!M47&+/0!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
S*&0!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!$404#$)*!W$+[4)5!:#0!'./%4%!5*$+.7*!5*4!=LM"E66"!8/+:,4%74!9\)*#/74!O$+7$#114^0!W&,+5!
'./%&/7!)#,,Z!S*4!#&1!+'!5*4!=$50!#/%!L.1#/&5&40!M404#$)*!"+./)&,E66"!89O!&0!5+!%4>4,+W!#!,+/7R54$1!05$#547&)!
W#$5/4$0*&W!N$&/7&/7!5+745*4$!5*4!#$50!#/%!*.1#/&5&40!$404#$)*!)+11./&5T!:&5*!66"!05#''!5+!4/#N,4!)+R'./%4%!
Y/+:,4%74!4\)*#/74!#/%!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!$404#$)*!#/%!%4>4,+W14/5Z!!S*4!N4/4'&50!'$+1!5*4!+.5)+140!#/%!+.5W.50!+'!
5*404!W$+[4)50!0*+.,%!N4!+'!4_.#,!0&7/&'&)#/)4!5+!N+5*!W#$5/4$0Z!S+!'&/%!+.5!1+$4!#N+.5!5*4!=LM"E66"!89O!W,4#04!
>&0&5!5*4!=LM"^0!!:4N0&54!#5I!*55WIEE:::Z#*$)Z#)Z.YE?./%&/7`WW+$5./&5&40EO#740E8/+:,4%749\)*#/74O$+7$#114Z#0W\!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
3/63
! ! ! ",#&$4!Q#$%,4!!
! ! ! =/%T!Q&,,!!
!! ! J&K!L+:4,,!!
!
!
!
!! !
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
4/63
!
!
!
!
!
"+/54/50!
!
!9\4).5&>4!(.11#$T!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@!
!66"!`/,&/4!(.$>4T!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!bF!?+).0!]$+.W0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!aG!
C4:0$++1!`N04$>#5&+/0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ab!
"+/54/5!=/#,T0&0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!aa!
!!!
!
!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
5/63
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
9\4).5&>4!(.11#$T!!S*&0!$4W+$5!&0!5*4!).,1&/#5&+/!+'!@G!1+/5*0!+'!
)+,,#N+$#5&>4!$404#$)*!N45:44/!#!54#1!+'!"#$%&''!
V/&>4$0&5T!$404#$)*4$0!#/%!5*4!66"Z!!4!$404#$)*!5+!N4!)+1W,454%!+/!5*4!
0.N[4)5!+'!V04$!]4/4$#54%!"+/54/5!cV]"d!&/!/4:0Z!!
!
S*&0!7$+./%N$4#Y&/7!W$+[4)5!&/>+,>4%!D!%&''4$4/5!
145*+%+,+7&40I!!
!
!
! /4:0$++1!+N04$>#5&+/0!&/!F!%&''4$4/5!/4:0$++10!#)$+00!5*4!66"!
!
! @@a!&/54$>&4:0!:&5*!66"![+.$/#,&050!#/%!@A!&/54$>&4:0!:&5*!04/&+$!
1#/#74$0!#/%!66"!4\4).5&>40!
!
! #/!#/#,T0&0!+'!@Aa!*+.$0!+'!/4:0!+.5W.5!'$+1!@B!/#5&+/#,!#/%!$47&+/#,!
S;!#/%!$#%&+!W$+7$#1140!c#/%!5*4&$!
#00+)6%!:4N0&540d!
!
! #!/#5&+/#,,T!$4W$404/5#5&>4!3`M4T!+'!Fbb!W4+W,4!
!
! #/!+/,&/4!0.$>4T!+'!DFa!66"!)+/5$&N.5+$0!
!! @G!'+).0!7$+.W0!:&5*!@AA!W4+W,4Z!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
S*4!$404#$)*!:#0!1#%4!W+00&N,4!N4)#.04!+'!
./W$4)4%4/54%!#))400!#5!#,,!,4>4,0!+'!5*4!66"2!#/%!
#)$+00!74+7$#W*&)#,!$47&+/0Z!!M404#$)*!:#0!./%4$5#Y4/!
#5!66"!C45:+$Y!/4:02!66"!Q+$,%!(4$>&)42!66"!P4>+/2!!
66"!Q#,402!66"!(*4''&4,%!#/%!66"!J44%0Z!
!!
S*4!%#5#!W$+>&%40!#!)+1W$4*4/0&>4!W&)5.$4!+'!5*4!:#T!
eV]"^!&0!.04%!:&5*&/!5*4!66"2!*+:!eV]"^!&0!W4$)4&>4%!NT!
[+.$/#,&050!#/%!04/&+$!1#/#74$02!+'!5*4!1+5&>#5&+/0!+'!)+/5$&N.5+$02!5*4!%&0&/)4/5&>40!'+$!5*+04!:*+!%+/^5!
)+/5$&N.542!#/%!5*4!#55&5.%40!+'!5*4!74/4$#,!#.%&4/)4!5+!
5*4!&/)$4#04%!.04!+'!V]"!&/!/4:0!:&5*&/!5*4!
+$7#/&0#5&+/Z!!
!
S*4!W$+[4)5!:#0!)+R'./%4%!NT!5*4!=$50!#/%!L.1#/&5&40!
M404#$)*!"+./)&,!#/%!5*4!66"2!#0!W#$5!+'!#!8/+:,4%74!
9\)*#/74!O$+7$#114Z!S*4!$404#$)*!05#$54%!+/!@!=.7.05!
GAAf!#/%!:#0!)+1W,454%!+/!B@05!-.,T!GAAHZ!S*4!
$404#$)*!54#1!:#0!,4%!NT!P$!",#&$4!Q#$%,4!#/%!5*4!
M404#$)*!=00+)6!:#0!P$!=/%$4:!Q&,,Z!S*4!54#1!#,0+!)+1W$&04%!P$!L+:#$%!6#$$4,,2!P$!S#11T!6+T)42!
O$+'400+$!-.05&/!J4:&02!#/%!P$!8#$&/!Q#*,R-+$74/04/Z!
S*4$4!:4$4!5*$44!#%R*+)!M404#$)*!=00&05#/50I!Q&,,!
S#T,+$!#/%!`%T!"+/05#/5&/+.!#/%!J&4K4,!J+/7N+#/Z!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!"#$%&'((#) *)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
6/63
!
#
#
#
#
3,*%&45)*6&,#!
34%!+$7#/&0#5&+/02!0+!5*4!)+/>4/5&+/#,!05+$T!7+402!
*#>4!/+5!'#)&,&5#54%!#!5:+R:#T!)+/>4$0#5&+/!N45:44/!/4:0!W$+%.)4$0!#/%!#.%&4/)40Z!3+$4!$4)4/5,T!&5!*#0!
N4)+14!)+11+/W,#)4!5+!W+&/5!+.5!5*#5!/4:!
54)*/+,+7&40!4/#N,&/7!1+$4!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!'+$10!+'!
[+.$/#,&01!*#>4!'+$)4%!.0!5+!$4)+/0&%4$!5*4!5$#%&5&+/#,!
1+%4,!+'!1#00!)+11./&)#5&+/Z!S*&0!e)&5&K4/^!+$!
e/45:+$Y4%^![+.$/#,&01!&/)$4#0&/7,T!5#Y40!W,#)4!+.50&%4!
+'!5$#%&5&+/#,!14%!#/%!#,,+:0!W4+W,4!5+!7#5*4$2!
W$+)4002!#/%!W.N,&0*!)+/54/5!&/%4W4/%4/5,T!+'!1#[+$!
/4:0!+$7#/&0#5&+/Z!&0&54%!:4N0&5402!#/%!W$+>&%&/7!#!W,#5'+$1!
'+$!$4#%4$0!5+!)+114/5!+/!W.N,&0*4%!05+$&40Z!!(&/)4!
GAA@!5*4!66"^0!%&7&5#,!05+$T54,,&/7!W$+[4)50!*#>4!N44/!
5$#&/&/7!*./%$4%0!+'!W4+W,4!#)$+00!5*4!)+./5$T!5+!0*++5!
#/%!4%&5!5*4&$!+:/!1.,5&14%!W#)Y#740!'+$!N$+#%)#05!
+>4$!#!$#/74!+'!66"!+.5W.5Z!!M.//&/7!0&/)4!GAAB!5*4!!
',#70*&W!
GAAB!5*4!66"!,#./)*4%!&"#/!c:*&)*!:+.,%!,#54$!N4)+14!
5*4!66"!=)5&+/!C45:+$Yd!#0!#!)&>&)!0W#)4!+/,&/4!:*4$4!&5!
*+W4%!W4+W,4!:+.,%!0*#$4!)+/)4$/02!N.&,%!)+11./&5&40!
+'!&/54$4052!4\)*#/74!&/'+$1#5&+/!#/%!#%>&)42!#/%!W,#/!
#/%!+$7#/&04!)#1W#&7/0!c5*4!/45:+$Y!:#0!:+./%!%+:/!
&/!4#$,T!GAAH2!N4)#.04!5*4!66"^0!&/>40514/5!:#0!/+5!
044/!5+!N4!#WW$+W$6!5+!5*4!01#,,!/.1N4$0!+'!W4+W,4!
.0&/7!&5dZ!
!
=!0.05#&/4%!&/54$405!&/!#.%&4/)4!W#$5&)&W#5&+/!&/!5*4!
W$+%.)5&+/!+'!/4:0!#5!5*4!66"!*#0!N44/!1+$4!$4)4/52!
#/%!*#0!N44/!%$&>4/!'+$:#$%!NT!#!/.1N4$!+'!*&7*R
W$+'&,4!/4:0!4>4/50Z!S*4!C4:!g+$Y!54$$+$!#55#)Y0!&/!
(4W541N4$!GAA@!:4$4!),4#$,T!#!>4$T!&1W+$5#/5!:#Y4R.W!
)#,,!5+!14%!+$7#/&0#5&+/0!#N+.5!5*4!W+54/5,!+'!5*4!
74/4$#,!W.N,&)!5+!0.WW,T!#.%&+>&0.#,!#/%!4T4:&5/400!
#))+./50Z!S*4T!:4$4!#,0+!&1W+$5#/5!&/!#,4$5&/7!
[+.$/#,&050!5+!5*4!W+:4$!+'!#,54$/#5&>4!14%!'+$10!,&Y4!
N,+70!#/%!N.,,45&/!N+#$%0!&/!0.WW,T&/7!%&''4$4/5!0+.$)40!
+'!/4:0!+/!N&7!4>4/50!,&Y4!5*&0!GZ!6.5!FE@@!:#0!/+5!#!
*.74!eV]"^!4>4/5!'+$!5*4!66"!0W4)&'&)#,,TZ!?+$!4\#1W,42!
+/,T!5:+!4T4:&5/400!4R1#&,0!04/5!&/!NT!5*4!W.N,&)!5+!5*4!
66"!'$+1!C4:!g+$Y!74/4$#54%!,&>4!&/54$>&4:0!+/!5*4!
/4:0!cQ#,5+/!GAAfdBZ!=!5.$/&/7!W+&/5!#5!5*4!66"!)#14!
:&5*!5*4!=0/!50./#1&!&/!P4)41N4$!GAAb2!#/%!5*4!
J+/%+/!6+1N&/70!&/!-.,T!GAAaZ!S*404!4>4/50!$4#,,T!1#$Y!
5*4!N47&//&/7!+'!#!W4$&+%!%.$&/7!:*&)*!)&5&K4/!+$!.04$!
74/4$#54%!)+/54/52!&/!5*4!:+$%0!+'!(5.#$5!=,,4/!e:4/5!
1#&/05$4#1X!#5!5*4!66"!c044!'++5/+54!GdZ!?+$!4\#1W,42!
M&)*#$%!(#1N$++Y!5*4!P&$4)5+$!+'!5*4!66"^0!],+N#,!
C4:0!%&>&0&+/2!*#0!05#54%!5*#5!&5!:#0!#/!41#&,!#N+.5!5*4!
N+1N&/70!04/5!&/!NT!#!>&4:4$!:*&)*!'&$05!)*#,,4/74%!5*4!
&/&5,!+''&),!$4W+$50Z!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
%!S*4!Q*4$4!4!0&540!*#>4!N44/!$4R5&5,4%!66"!J+)#,!#/%!:&,,!
N4!$4'4$$4%!5+!#0!0.)*!5*$+.7*+.5!5*&0!$4W+$5Z!"!=,,4/2!(5.#$5!cGAAfd!eS*4!".,5.$#,!O+,&5&)0!+'!"&5&K4/!
-+.$/#,&01^2!"#$%&''!V/&>4$0&5T!"$&5&)#,!
S*4+$T!(41&/#$2!Gb5*!`)5+N4$Z!B
!Q#,5+/2!"*$&0!cGAAfd!eL#>4!S*4T!]+5!C4:0!?+$!V0h^2!66"!"+,,474!+'!-+.$/#,&01!V]"!5$#&/&/7!0400&+/2!66"!Q#,402!@@5*!
P4)41N4$!
+) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
7/63
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
8/63
-) !"#$%&'((#)!P$#&/&/7!#0!5*4T!#$4!+/!0*$&/Y&/7!/4:0!N.%74502!&5!&0!
N4&/7!0.774054%!NT!0+14!5*#5!*4'5T!1+%4$#5&+/!)+050!
)#/!N4!#>+&%4%!NT!$4%.)&/7!5*4!/.1N4$!+'!5*404!5TW40!
+'!%&0).00&+/!0W#)402!#/%!,&/Y&/7!5+!#,54$/#5&>4!0W#)40!
'+$!%4N#54!4,04:*4$4!+/!5*4!/452!:*&,4!)+/)4/5$#5&/7!
+/!5*4!W$+>&0&+/!+'!*&7*!_.#,&5T!/4:0!)+/54/5Z!(+14!
0.77405!5*#5!5*4!4''+$5!%4>+54%!5+!1#&/5#&/&/7!5*4!
)+/>4$0#5&+/!N45:44/!5*4!/4:0!+$7#/&0#5&+/!#/%!&50!
#.%&4/)4!:+.,%!N4!N4554$!0W4/5!4/)+.$#7&/7!5*+04!:*+!
*#>4!:&5/4004%!#!/4:0!4>4/52!+$!:*+!*#>4!0+14!
4\W4$&4/)4!+$!4\W4$5!Y/+:,4%74!+'!&52!5+!)+/5#)5!5*4!66"Z!!
!
(.)*!#!1+>4!:+.,%!N4!#WW,#.%4%!NT!1#/T![+.$/#,&050!
:&5*&/!5*4!66"2!#0!:4,,!#0!NT!)4$5#&/!04)5&+/0!+'!5*4!
66"^0!#.%&4/)4Z!S*4!.04!+'!4T4:&5/400!#.%&4/)4!
)+/54/52!#/%!&/'+$14%!+W&/&+/!'$+1!#1#54.$02!&0!:&%4,T!
#WW$4)6%!#1+/705!66"![+.$/#,&050!#/%!#.%&4/)4!
141N4$0!#,&Y4!c:&5*!0+14!&1W+$5#/5!$&%4$0!#/%!
)#>4#502!+'!)+.$04dZ!L+:4>4$2!1#/T!N4,&4>4!1.)*!+'!5*4!
#.%&4/)4!+W&/&+/!#N+.5!5*4!/4:0!5*#5!7450!W.N,&0*4%2!
:*#5!:4!)#,,!=.%&4/)4!"+114/52!&0!+'54/!%+1&/#54%!NT!5*4!./&/'+$14%!#/%!5*+04!:*+!*+,%!4\5$414!c#/%!
0+145&140!%&05#054'.,d!>&4:02!#/%!5*4$4'+$4!41W*#0&0!
0*+.,%!N4!W,#)4%!+/!+5*4$!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,Z!
!
S*4$4!&0!/+!0&1W,4!#/0:4$2!*+:4>4$Z!3#/T!0.WW+$54$0!
+'!5*4!66"^0!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!'+$.12!'+$!4\#1W,42!0.77405!
5*#5!&'!&5!:4$4!/+5!'+$!5*404!&1W+$5#/5!0W#)40!'+$!%4N#54!
1#/T!/4:0!05+$&40!#/%!5*4!)#04!05.%&40!#/%!4T4:&5/400!
#))+./50!:*&)*!#))+1W#/&4%!5*41!:+.,%!/4>4$!*#>4!
N44/!'+./%Z!-+.$/#,&050!#5!5*4!eV]"^!*.N!0W4/%!1.)*!+'!
5*4&$!5&14!5$#:,&/7!5*$+.7*!)+114/50!#/%!W$4R1+%4$#5&/7!%4N#5402!#/%!&'!5*4T!%&%/^5!%+!5*&0!1#/T!
>#,.#N,4!/.77450!+'!.04'.,!&/'+$1#5&+/!1&7*5!0,&W!
5*$+.7*!5*4!/452!/4>4$!5+!N4!%&0)+>4$4%!#/%!
&/>405&7#54%!'.$5*4$!NT!66"!/4:0![+.$/#,&050Z!
!
(+14!N4,&4>4!eV]"^!&0!/+5*&/7!/4:2!+5*4$0!N4,&4>4!5*4!
54)*/+,+7&)#,!%4>4,+W14/502!&'!)+$$4)5,T!5#WW4%2!!
W$+>&%4!$4#,!+WW+$5./&5&40!'+$!$4R)+//4)5&/7!:&5*!5*4!
#.%&4/)4!'+$!/4:0!#/%!).$$4/5!#''#&$0Z!Q*#54>4$!5*4!!
+W&/&+/2!5*&0!$404#$)*!%41+/05$#54%!5*#5!4>4$T+/4!*#%!
#/!+W&/&+/!#N+.5!V04$!]4/4$#54%!"+/54/5!#5!5*4!66"2!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
:*45*4$!&5!:#0!#!04/&+$!4\4).5&>42!/4:,T!_.#,&'&4%!
[+.$/#,&05!+$!#!,&)4/)4!'44!W#T4$Z!
!
=0!(54>4!L4$$1#//!c66"!Q4N0&54!4%&5+$d!#$7.4%2!
!
&+.0,T!*#>4!5+!)+/5&/.4!5+!4/7#74!
:&5*!kV]"lZ!4$T!&1W+$5#/5!#$4#Z!Q4!
)#//+5! &7/+$4! &5Z! &)4!
+$7#/&0#5&+/2! *#>4! 5+! N4! 4>4/! N4554$! #5! &5! 5*#/!
+5*4$:&04Z!
&/!+.$!/4:0!7#5*4$&/7!#$04/#,2!&/!54$10!+'!N4&/7!#!
0.))400'.,!/4:0!+$7#/&0#5&+/Z!=/%!
+'!$4',4)5&/7!N#)Y!5+!6$&5#&/!#/%!5*4!:+$,%2!>+&)40!
#/%! +W&/&+/0! #/%! W+&/50! +'! >&4:Z! 4,+W! $4#,,T!
0+W*&05&)#54%2!01#$52!4/7#7&/7!:#T0!+'!)+/5&/.&/7!
5+! %+! &5Z! 6.5! & 5 0! 7+&/7! 5+! N4! +/4! +'! 5*4! N&7!
)*#,,4/740!:4! '#)4Z! &%4!&/0&7*50!N+5*!&/5+!5*4!
:#T0!&/!:*&)*!eV]"^!&0!N4&/7!.04%!#5!5*4!66"!#0!:4,,!#0!
5*4!>&4:0!+'!5*4!#.%&4/)40!cN+5*!5*+04!:*+!)+/5$&N.54!
#/%!5*+04!:*+!%+!/+5dZ!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
9/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
345*+%+,+7T!!
S*&0!W$+[4)5!)+/0&054%!+'!a!%&''4$4/5!145*+%+,+7&40I!
C4:0$++1! N04$>#5&+/0j!"+/54/5!=/#,T0&0j!3`M4Tj!`/,&/4!(.$>4T!+'!66"!)+/5$&N.5+$0j!#/%!?+).0!
]$+.W07##
!
C4:0$++1!+N04$>#5&+/0!!
!=!54#1!+'!a!$404#$)*4$0!0W4/5!#!5+5#,!+'!Bf!%#T0!&/!F!
/4:0$++10Z!S*+04!Bf!%#T0!N$4#Y!%+:/!#0!'+,,+:0Z!
!
M9]#5&+/!
54)*/&_.402!#5541W5&/7!5+!N4!#0!./+N5$.0&>4!#0!W+00&N,4!
&/!+$%4$!5+!+N04$>4!#/%!)#W5.$4!5*4!:#T0!&/!:*&)*!
eV]"^!&0!N4&/7!.04%!NT![+.$/#,&0502!:&5*+.5!*#>&/7!5+!$4,T!
0+,4,T!+/!#0Y&/7![+.$/#,&050!5+!4\W,#&/!4>4$T%#T!#)5&+/0!
c1#/T!+'!:*&)*!#$4!0+!/#5.$#,&04%!&5!&0!&1W+00&N,4!5+!
)+/0)&+.0,T!)+/0&%4$!#,,!5*4!5*+.7*50!#/%!#)5&+/0!
&/>+,>4%dZ!P.$&/7!5*4!5&14!&/!5*4!/4:0$++102!5*4!
$404#$)*4$0!./%4$5++Y!#!/.1N4$!+'!041&R05$.)5.$4%!
&/54$>&4:0!:&5*![+.$/#,&050!#/%!4%&5+$0!&/!+$%4$!5+!7#.74!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
#55&5.%40!#N+.5!eV]"^!:&5*&/!%&''4$4/5!/4:0$++102!5+!
'&/%!+.5!#N+.5!4\#1W,40!+'!7++%!W$#)5&)42!#/%!5+!,4#$/!
#N+.5!+N05#),40!#/%!)*#,,4/740!'#)4%!NT![+.$/#,&050!
.0&/7!#/%!0*#$&/7!eV]"^Z!S*404!&/54$>&4:4%!5+5#,,4%!@@a!
%.$&/7!5*4!Bf!%#T0!+'!+N04$>#5&+/0Z!
!
"+/54/5!=/#,T0&0!
!"+/54/5!=/#,T0&0!&0!#!145*+%+,+7T!:*&)*!)#W5.$40!,#$74!
#1+./50!+'!14%!+.5W.5!#0!#!:#T!5+!7#.74!./%4$,T&/7!!
W#554$/0Z!3.5.#,,T!4\),.0&>4!)#547+$&40!#$4!.04%!5+!
e)+%4^!%&''4$4/5!#0W4)50!+'!5*4!14%!+.5W.52!&/!5*&0!
)#04!!
! 5*4!/.1N4$!+'!$4_.4050!'+$!eV]"^!! 5*4!5TW40!+'!$4_.4050!! 5*4!5TW40!+'!eV]"^!$4_.4054%!! 5*4!,4/75*!+'!5&14!+'!4#)*!$4_.405!0,+5!! 5*4!/.1N4$!+'!04714/50!&/!:*&)*!eV]"^!:#0!
.04%!
! 5*4!/.1N4$!+'!&/%&>&%.#,!)+/5$&N.5&+/0!N$+#%)#05!
! 5*4!5TW40!+'!)+/5$&N.5&+/0!.04%!! 5*4!,4/75*!+'!eV]"^!04714/50!!
P40&7/&/7!5*4!0#1W,4!'+$!5*4!)+/54/5!#/#,T0&0!:#0!
W#$5&).,#$,T!%&''&).,5!N4)#.04!+'!5*4!0*44$!#1+./5!+'!
66"!+.5W.5Z!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
10/63
!
=7#&/2!5+!1#Y4!5*4!0#1W,&/7!1#/#74#N,42!:4!)*+04!+/4!
:44Y!&/!?4N$.#$T!c3+/%#T!@@R?$&%#T!@a!GAAHdZ@G!=,,!
1#54$,!:#0!$4)+$%4%!#/%!5*4!%#5#!:#0!#/#,T04%!#5!#!
,#54$!%#54!NT!#!M404#$)*!=00&05#/5Z@B!&,T!+/!W#$5&).,#$!/4:0!05+$&40!cW#$5&).,#$,T!!
N$4#Y&/7!/4:0d2!:4!%40&7/4%!#!Gb!*+.$!0#1W,4!+'!/4:0!
+>4$!#!@D!%#T!W4$&+%2!$4)+$%&/7!@Za!*+.$0!+'!W$+7$#11&/7!4#)*!%#TZ!(+!+/!P#T!@!cG@
05!-#/.#$T!GAAHd!
5*4!W4$&+%!N45:44/!1&%/&7*5!#/%!@ZBA#1!:#0!
$4)+$%4%Z!`/!P#T!G!cGG/%!-#/.#$T!GAAHd!5*4!W4$&+%!+'!
5&14!@ZBA#1RB#1!:#0!$4)+$%4%Z!Q44Y4/%0!:4$4!/+5!
&/),.%4%!&/!5*4!0#1W,4!c(44!'++5/+54!a!'+$!4\W,#/#5&+/dZ!
!
S*4!:4N0&540!'+$!4#)*!+'!5*404!W$+7$#11402!#0!:4,,!#0!
5*4!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!'+$.1!:4$4!#,0+!#/#,T04%!.0&/7!#!
_.#,&5#5&>4!54)*/&_.4!c#0!_.#/5&5#5&>4!54)*/&_.40!:+.,%!
/+5!*#>4!T&4,%4%!W#$5&).,#$,T!&/54$405&/7!%#5#dZ!=!'.,,!
%40)$&W5&+/!+'!5*4!:4N0&540!#/%!5*4!%&''4$4/5!:#T0!5*4T!.04!V]"!&0!%45#&,4%!&/!5*4!#WW4/%&\Z#
#
#
"#$%&''!$404#$)*!54#1!N45:44/!GF5*!C+>41N4$!i!f
5*!
P4)41N4$!GAAfZ!!
Fbb!#%.,50!+>4$!@D!:4$4!&/54$>&4:4%Z!S*4!%#5#!:#0!
:4&7*54%!5+!5*4!Y/+:/!6$&5&0*!W+W.,#5&+/!W$+'&,42!:&5*!@Hb!0#1W,4!W+&/50!#)$+00!6$&5#&/Z!S*4!&/54$>&4:0!:4$4!
)+/%.)54%!.0&/7!"+1W.54$!=00&054%!O4$0+/#,!
&4:&/7!&/!$40W+/%4/50^!*+140!.0&/7!5*4!4!N44/!&/54$405&/72!
#))400!5+!$4)+$%&/7!4_.&W14/5!:#0!/+5!W+00&N,4!#5!5*4!
:44Y4/%0Z!(&1&,#$,T!@@!*+.$0!+'!W+54/5,!N$+#%)#05!1#54$,!
%&%!/+5!$4)+$%!0.))400'.,,T!0+!)+.,%!/+5!N4!&/),.%4%!&/!5*4!
0#1W,4Z!@B!64)#.04!#,,!)+%&/7!$4,#54%!5+!5*4!eW$404/)4E#N04/)4^!+'!
V]"!&/54$R)+%4$!$4,N&,&5T!:#0!/+5!/4)400#$TZ!
!
!
!
!
!
3`M
:4N0&54Z!Q*&,4!+/,&/4!0.$>4T0!0.''4$!'$+1!5*4!&00.4!+'!04,'R04,4)5&+/!5*4!W+00&N,4!%&0#%>#/5#740!+'!.0&/7!#/!
+/,&/4!0.$>4T!:4$4!+.5:4&7*4%!NT!5*4!#))400!&5!
W$+>&%4%!5+!5*+04!:*+!%+!)+/5$&N.54!1#54$,!5+!5*4!
66"!c#!*#$%!7$+.W!5+!$4#)*!NT!#/T!+5*4$!14#/0Zd!!
!
4TZ!
S*4!0.$>4T!:#0!,&/Y4%!5+!'$+1!5*4!66"!:4N0&542!#/%!#0!
W#$5!+'!#/!#.5+1#5&)!$4W,T!+/!5*4!T+.$W&)0UNN)Z)+Z.Y!
41#&,!#%%$400!'+$!#,1+05!B!1+/5*0!c@05!3#$)*!./5&,!GA
5*!
3#T!GAAHdZ!S*4$4!:#0!#!W$+1+5&+/#,!N+\!+/!5*4!
NN)Z)+Z.YE4/7,#/%!:4N0&542!#/%!+/!#!04,4)5&+/!+'!66"!J+)#,!*+14W#740!#)$+00!9/7,#/%2!#0!:4,,!#0!5*4!
*+14W#74!+'!5*4!66"!4$#,,!N$4#Y%+:/!&0!#0!'+,,+:0I!
!
!
! 8)&*9+,4#3-9+,4#!9&::6,:#;
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
11/63
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
?+).0!]$+.W0!
#!
S:4,>4!'+).0!7$+.W0!:4$4!)#$$&4%!+.5!N45:44/!3#$)*!
#/%!3#T!GAAHZ!S*4T!:4$4!+$7#/&04%!%41+7$#W*&)#,,T!&/!
#/!#5541W5!5+!0.WW,414/52!#/%!4\W,+$4!'.$5*4$!5*4!
1#&/!'&/%&/70!'$+1!5*4!_.#/5&5#5&>4!0.$>4TZ!
!
V%&5G#=# g4#$!@!(5.%4/50! =6"@2!@DRGb2!1&\4%!74/%4$!
V%&5G#H# g4#$!@!(5.%4/50! =6"@2!@DRGb2!1&\4%!74/%4$!
V%&5G#?# -+N044Y4$0! "GP92!1&\4%!#742!1&\4%!74/%4$!
V%&5G#L# P#T!"4/5$4! P92!Dan!
V%&5G#I# "#$%&''!M40&%4/50! "GP92!1&\4%!#740!
V%&5G#W# Q+14/^0!4!g+.$!
(#T!1400#74!N+#$%02!04,4)54%!66"!N,+70!#/%!
%&0).00&/7!$#%&+!W*+/4R&/0Z!
! O#$5&)&W#/50!:#5)*&/7!#/!#)5.#,!/4:0!&541!'$+1!66"!6$4#Y'#05!#/%!N4&/7!#0Y4%!5+!)+14!.W!:&5*!54\50!+$!
41#&,0!5*#5!5*4T!1&7*5!04/%!&/Z!=0!#!7$+.W!5*4T!*#%!
5+!%&0).00!:*&)*!5*$44!5*4T!:+.,%!N$+#%)#05!&'!5*4T!
:4$4!5*4!4%&5+$!#/%!5+!4\W,#&/!5*4&$!)*+&)40Z!!S*4T!
5*4/!:#5)*4%!5*4!+$&7&/#,!N$+#%)#05!#/%!:#5)*4%!
:*&)*!54\50!#/%!41#&,0!:4$4!#)5.#,,T!$4#%!+.5Z!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!%&
!S*4!
/4)400#$T!5+!+$7#/&04!'+).0!7$+.W0!&/!%&''4$4/5!W#$50!+'!5*4!)+./5$TZ!
!"#$%&'((#) 0)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
12/63
!
!
@G!3#&/!M404#$)*!L4#%,&/40!!
@!
G!
B!
b!
a!
D!
f!
H!
F!@A!
@@!
@G!
!
!
!
! !1) !"#$%&'((#)
S*4!54$1!V04$!]4/4$#54%!"+/54/5!&0!&/#WW$+W$6!
#/%!&/#%4_.#54!#/%!0*+.,%!N4!$4W,#)4%!:&5*!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!cWZFdZ!
S*4$4!#$4!a!1#&/!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,2!#/%!
5*4!)+1W,4\&5&40!#$4!0+145&140!,+05!N4)#.04!+'!#!
$4,/)4!+/!5*4!)#5)*R#,,!54$1!eV]"^!cWZ@AdZ!
-+.$/#,&050!#/%!#.%&4/)40!%&0W,#T!1#$Y4%,T!%&''4$4/5!
#55&5.%40!5+:#$%0!5*4!'&>4!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!
3#54$,!cWZ@BdZ!
S4)*/+,+7T!&0!)*#/7&/7!5*4!>+,.142!4#04!#/%!0W44%!
+'!7#5*4$&/7!/4:0!1#54$,!#/%!0+.$)402!N.5!&5!*#0!
/+5!)*#/74%!5*4!$4,/)4!+/!5$#%&5&+/#,![+.$/#,&01!
W$#)5&)40!cWZGGdZ!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!'.,'&,0!D!$+,40!:&5*&/!5*4!66"!
cWZGbdZ!
C#5&+/0!#/%!M47&+/0!*#>4!1#/T!4\)4,,4/5!4\#1W,40!
+'!7++%!W$#)5&)4!N.5!/+5!4>4$T+/4!&0!#:#$4!+'!5*404!#5!C45:+$Y!,4>4,!cWZGDdZ!
`>4$#,,!5*4$4!&0!0.WW+$5!'$+1!5*4!#.%&4/)4!'+$!5*4!
:#T0!&/!:*&)*!5*4!66"!*#0!N44/!.0&/7!=.%&4/)4!
3#54$,cWZBAdZ!
(W4)&'&)!)#,,0!5+!#)5&+/!#$4!1+05!.04'.,!'+$!/4:0!
7#5*4$&/72!#/%!:*4/!4,&)&5&/7!*&7*R_.#,&5T!$4,4>#/5!
)+114/5!cWZB@dZ!`/,T!#!01#,,2!04,4)5!7$+.W!+'!W4+W,4!0.N1&5!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!cWZBGdZ!=5!5&140!eV]"^!&0!5$4#54%!#0!$4W$404/5#5&>4!+'!5*4!#.%&4/)4!#0!#!:*+,42!#,5*+.7*!04/&+$!1#/#7414/5!
&0!#:#$4!5*#5!5*&0!W$+N,41#5&)!#/%!:#$/0!#7#&/05!5*4!
W$#)5&)4!cWZBBdZ!S*4$4!#$4!0&7/&'&)#/5!N#$$&4$0!5+!W#$5&)&W#5&+/I!%&7&5#,!
%&>&%4j!0+)&+R4)+/+1&)!N#)Y7$+./%j!54)*/+,+7&)#,!
Y/+:R*+:j!,#)Y!+'!&1W45.0j!#/%!/47#5&>4!
W4$)4W5&+/0!*4,%!NT!5*4!74/4$#,!#.%&4/)4!#N+.5!5*+04!:*+!%+!)+/5$&N.54!cWZBDdZ!
?+).0!]$+.W!W#$5&)&W#/50!0.774054%!5*#5!5*4$4!:#0!
/+!1+5&>#5&+/!5+!)+/5$&N.54!N4)#.04!+'!5*4!,#)Y!+'!#!
$4#,R:+$,%!4/%!W$+%.)5!+$!$40.,5!cWZBFdZ!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
13/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"+/54\5.#,&0&/7!5*4!L4#%,&/40!!
!
S*4!54$1!V04$!]4/4$#54%!"+/54/5!&0!
&/#WW$+W$6!#/%!&/#%4_.#54!!
S*4!54$1!eV]"^!&0!#!W$+N,41#5&)!+/4Z!=0!+/4!04/&+$!
4%&5+$!/+54%!e&5^0!#/!.7,T!W*$#04^Z!C+5!#,,!66"![+.$/#,&050!
:4$4!#:#$4!+'!5*4!54$12!#/%!4>4/!&'!5*4T!:4$4!#:#$42!
1#/T!5$&4%!/+5!5+!.04!&5!#0!5*4T!'4,5!&5!&/#%4_.#54,T!
%40)$&N40!5*4!5TW40!+'!1#54$,!5*4!66"!$4)4&>40!+$!
.040Z!!
!
"+/)4$/0!#N+.5!5*4!54$1!eV]"^!05$45)*!'$+1!04/&+$!
4%&5+$0!5+!/4:,T!_.#,&'&4%![+.$/#,&0502!#/%!:*4/!5*4!
_.405&+/!:#0!W+04%!#N+.5!*+:!eV]"^!)+.,%!N4!%4'&/4%2!
4>4$T+/4!7#>4!#!%&''4$4/5!#/0:4$2!./%4$,&/&/7!5*4!
#N04/)4!+'!+/4!),4#$!66"R:&%4!%4'&/&5&+/!
!
W#/R66"!W+,&)T!#0!5+!*+:!:4!%+!V04$!]4/4$#54%!
"+/54/5!&/!5*404!%&''4$4/5!5*&/70Z!O4+W,4!54/%!5+!
745! &/>+,>4%! :&5*! W#$5&).,#$! &/&5&>40! #/%!!!
W#$5&).,#$!&/%&>&%.#,0Z!!
!
(+14!:4$4!/+5!0.$4!*+:!5+!#/0:4$I!
!
4!#!'&\4%!%4'&/&5&+/!+'!eV]"^Z!!
!
Q4,,2!5+!N4!*+/405!:&5*!T+.2!4!
/4>4$!'4,5!)+1W,454,T!)+1'+$5#N,4!:&5*!5*4!,#N4,!
e.04$R74/4$#54%! )+/54/5 ! W#$5,T! N4)#.04! 5*4!
W$+[4)5!&504,'!W$4R4\&054%!5*4!
0+145*&/7! :*&)*! )#/! N4! )+/0&%4$4%! /#$$#5&>4Z!
6.5!5*4T^$4!/+5!5*4!0#14!5*&/72!T+.!Y/+:Z!
!
"+/0&%4$&/7!5*4!54$1!&0!/+5!./&>4$0#,,T!#))4W54%2!&5!
04410!04/0&N,4!5+!#5541W5!#!)*#/74!&/!+>4$#,,!
54$1&/+,+7T!'$+1!eV]"^!5+!e=.%&4/)4!3#54$,^Z!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
14/63
!
S*4$4!#$4!a!1#&/!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!
3#54$,2!#/%!5*4!)+1W,4\&5&40!#$4!
0+145&140!,+05!N4)#.04!+'!5*4!$4,/)4!+/!
5*4!)#5)*R#,,!54$1!eV]"^!!!
3#/T!+'!5*4!04/&+$!4%&5+$0!&/54$>&4:4%!'+$!5*4!$404#$)*!
%&0).004%!5*4!'#)5!5*4$4!#$4!%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!
3#54$,2!N.5!5*4&$!5TW+,+7&40!%&''4$4%Z!
O454$!L+$$+)Y0!4\W,#&/4%I!
!
4! #)5.#,,T! %&>&%4%! &5! &/5+! &/'+$1#5&+/2! :*&)*!
&/),.%40! 54\52! >&%4+! #/%! #.%&+2!:*&)*! &0! W#$5! +'!
+.$! [+.$/#,&012! #/%! )+114/5Z! `N>&+.0,T2! 5*4!
)+114/5!)#/!N4)+14!0+145*&/7!:*&)*!)#/!N4!#!
%&$4)5! )+/5$&N.5&+/! 5+! +.$! [+.$/#,&01! N.5! &50!
W.$W+04!&0!$#5*4$!%&''4$4/5Z!!
!
O454$!M&WW+/!c9%&5+$2!M#%&+!b!O32!&O32!6$+#%)#05&/7!
L+.042!S*4!Q+$,%!=5!`/4d!
!
S*4$4! #$4! 4004/5,,T! 5*$44! 5TW40! +'! V04$!
]4/4$#54%! "+/54/5I! 5*4$4^0! 5*4! .04$! 74/4$#54%!
)+/54/5! 5*#5! #,,+:0! .04$0! 5+! 4\W$400! 5*4&$! +:/!
+W&/&+/! #/%! >4/5&,#54! %4N#54Z! S*4$4^0! 5*4! .04$!
74/4$#54%! )+/54/5! 5*#5! &0! >4$T! 1.)*! #N+.5!
%4,&>4$&/7!#/%!0.WW+$5&/7!5*4![+.$/#,&01!5*#5!:4!
%+Z! (+2! 4T4R:&5/400! $4W+$502! e4! 7+5! 5*4! 05+$T2!
#$4!T+.!&/54$4054%h !=/%!5*4/!5*4$4^0!5*4!Y&/%!+'!
W.N,&)! &/0&7*5! [+.$/#,&01! 5*#5! 5*4T^$4! %+&/7! &/!
=14$&)#!1+$4!5*#/!*4$4Z!!!!!
!
M&)*#$%!(#1N$++Y!cL4#%!66"!],+N#,!C4:0dI!!!
4! '+.$! %&''4$4/5! )#547+$&40I! +/4! &0! 4T4R
:&5/400! 1#54$,! :*&)*! 1#T! N4! 05&,,0! +$! >&%4+2!
:*&)*!&0!5*4!0*+:&/7!#/!4\W4$&4/)4Z!=/%!5*4$4^0!
5*4! Y&/%! +'! +W&/&+/! :*&)*! :4^>4! %+/4! '+$!
%4)#%402!0.)*!#0!$#%&+! W*+/4R&/0Z!Q4^>4! #,:#T0!
.04%!1#54$,!'$+1!5*4!W.N,&)!+$!7&>4/!#!W,#5'+$1!
'+$!+W&/&+/0!NT!5*4!W.N,&)2!N.5!:4^$4!7455&/7!#!'#$!
7$4#54$!_.#/5&5T!+'!&5!5*#/!4>4$!N4'+$4!N4)#.04!+'!
5*4!54)*/+,+7TZ!S*4!5*&$%!)#547+$T!&0!#N+.5!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
%&0)+>4$TI!W4+W,4!N$4#Y!/4:0!+/!5*4!:4N!#/%!+/!
5*4! /452! #/%! N,+774$0! ./)+>4$! 05+$&40! :*&)*!
[+.$/#,&050! *#>4/^5Z! S*4! '&/#,! )#547+$T! &0!:*#5! &0!
Y/+:/! 74/4$#,,T! 5*404! %#T0! #0! /45:+$Y4%!
[+.$/#,&01! :*4$4! T+.! .04! 5*4! 4\W4$5&04! +'! 5*4!
W.N,&)! 5+! ,4#%! +$! &/'+$1! T+.$! [+.$/#,&01Z! #$&45T!+'!:4#Y/40040Z!S*4!%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!)#/!N4!)+/0&%4$4%!.0&/7!5*4!
'+,,+:&/7!5TW+,+7TI!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
*3) !"#$%&'((#)
!
! ! !!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
=VP
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
15/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Q&5*&/!=.%&4/)4!"+/54/52!5*4$4!#$4!5*$44!1#&/!0.NR
)#547+$&40I!=.%&4/)4!?++5#74!cN$4#Y&/7!/4:0!
W*+5+7$#W*0!#/%!>&%4+0d2!=.%&4/)4!9\W4$&4/)40!c)#04!
05.%&40!)+/5$&N.54%!&/!$40W+/04!5+!#!66"!/4:0!05+$Td2!
#/%!=.%&4/)4!(5+$&40!c05+$T!5&WR+''0!'$+1!5*4!#.%&4/)4!
:*&)*!#$4!/+5!+/!5*4!66"!/4:0!#74/%#dZ!
!
=.%&4/)4!"+114/50!#$4!+W&/&+/0!0*#$4%!&/!$40W+/04!5+!
#!)#,,!5+!#)5&+/2!#!$#%&+!W*+/4R&/2!#!W$404/54$!$4_.405!+/!
#!54,4>&0&+/!/4:0!W$+7$#1142!+$!#!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!
%4N#54Z!
!
"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!$4'4$0!5+!1#54$,!:*&)*!&0!
W$+%.)4%!NT!5*4!#.%&4/)42!N.5!:&5*!5$#&/&/7!#/%!
0.WW+$5!'$+1!66"![+.$/#,&050!#/%!W$+%.)4$0Z!S*&0!)+.,%!
N4!#!%&7&5#,!05+$T2!#!;&%4+!C#5&+/!0*+$5!'&,12!+$!#!$#%&+!
W&4)4!W$+%.)4%!NT!#!"+11./&5T!$4W+$54$Z!
!
C45:+$Y4%![+.$/#,&01!&0!#!54$1!)+&/4%!NT!/4:!14%!
)+114/5#5+$!-4''!-#$>&0!#/%!e5#Y40!&/5+!#))+./5!5*4!
)+,,#N+$#5&>4!/#5.$4!+'![+.$/#,&01I!W$+'400&+/#,0!#/%!
#1#54.$0!:+$Y&/7!5+745*4$!5+!745!5*4!$4#,!05+$T2!,&/Y&/7!
5+!4#)*!+5*4$!#)$+00!N$#/%0!#/%!+,%!N+./%#$&40!5+!
0*#$4!'#)502!_.405&+/02!#/0:4$02!&%4#02!W4$0W4)5&>40Z!
$4>&4:02!$4)+114/%#5&+/0!'+$!:#,Y0!+$!,+)#,!4>4/50!+'!
5*4!0+$5!)+11+/,T!'+./%!+/!5*4!66"!J+)#,!:4N0&540Z!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
%'!:::ZN.KK1#)*&/4Z)+1EGAADEAfEAaE/45:+$Y4%R
[+.$/#,&01Ed!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
S*4!'+,,+:&/7!W#74!%41+/05$#540!5*4!54/0&+/0!:*&)*!
4\&05!N45:44/!5*404!%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!
3#54$,Z!
!"#$%&'((#) **)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
16/63
!=\&0!@!
S4)*/+,+7&)#,!L&4$#$)*T!+'!eV]"^!!
#
C3VC#
!
O$+%.)&/7!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!+.5W.5!5+!
N4!N$+#%)#05!+$!W.N,&0*4%!
!
!
Q$&5&/7!#!N,+7!W+05!
!
!
(4/%&/7!&/!#!>&%4+!NT!1+N&,4!W*+/4!
!
!
(4/%&/7!&/!#!>&%4+!'$+1!#!>&%4+!
)#14$#!
!
!
S4\5&/7!&/!#!W*+5+!NT!1+N&,4!
!
!
91#&,&/7!#!W*+5+!5#Y4/!NT!#!)#14$#!
!
!
(4/%&/7!#/!41#&,!
!
!
(4/%&/7!#!54\5!!
!
"#,,&/7!5*4!66"!
!
!
(4/%&/7!#!,4554$!
!
#
RXY#
#
=\&0!G!
C+$1#5&>4!L&4$#$)*T!+'!eV]"^!!
#
C3VC#
!
"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!c)+11./&5T!
$4W+$54$0E%&7&5#,!05+$T54,,&/7d!
!
!
#5&>4!+/,&/4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/!
cW$+7$#114!N,+70!,&Y4!&O32!
C4:0/&7*5d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!!(5+$&40!c/4:0!5&WR
+''0d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!?++5#74!cN$4#Y&/7!
/4:0!'++5#74d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!9\W4$&4/)4!c:*&)*!
0.WW+$50!4\&05&/7!#74/%#2!4Z7Z!
%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!+'!/4:0!05+$&40I!
W*+5+02!4\W4$&4/)40!+$!_.405&+/0!
'+$!7.4050d!
!
!=.%&4/)4!"+114/5!c0.WW+$5&/7!
4\&05&/7!/4:0!#74/%#2!4Z7Z!+W&/&+/0!
#/%!)+114/50d!
!
C+/R/4:0!#.%&4/)4!)+/54/5!c/+/R
/4:0!05+$&40!+$!W*+5+0d!
!
!
RXY#
#
=\&0!B!
;#,.4!5+!66"!C4:0!c14#0.$4%!NT!
&1W#)5!>0Z!)+05d!
#
C3VC#
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!?++5#74!
cN$4#Y&/7!/4:0!'++5#74d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!(5+$&40!c/4:0!5&WR
+''0d!
!
!
#5&>4!+/,&/4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/!
cW$+7$#114!N,+70!,&Y4!&O32!
C4:0/&7*5d!
!
!
C4:0!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!)+/54/5!
c)+11./&5T!$4W+$54$02!;&%4+!
C#5&+/!&/W.5!+/!O#/+$#1#d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!9\W4$&4/)4!c:*&)*!
0.WW+$50!4\&05&/7!/4:0!#74/%#d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!"+114/5!c:*&)*!
0.WW+$50!4\&05&/7!/4:0!#74/%#d!
!
C+/R/4:0!=.%&4/)4!"+/54/5!
!
!
C+/R/4:0!"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!
c%&7&5#,!05+$T54,,&/7d!
!
!
RXY#
#
=\&0!b!
L+:!=.%&4/)4!;#,.40!eV]"^h!!
#
C3VC#
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!?++5#74!
cN$4#Y&/7!/4:0!'++5#74d!
!
!
#5&>4!+/,&/4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/!
cW$+7$#114!N,+70!,&Y4!&O32!
C4:0/&7*5d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!(5+$&40!c/4:0!5&WR
+''0d!
!
!
=.%&4/)4!9\W4$&4/)4!c:*&)*!
0.WW+$50!4\&05&/7!#74/%#2!4Z7Z!
%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!+'!/4:0!05+$&40I!
W*+5+02!4\W4$&4/)40!+$!_.405&+/0!
'+$!7.4050d!
!
!
"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!c)+11./&5T!
$4W+$54$0E%&7&5#,!05+$T54,,&/7d!
!
!=.%&4/)4!"+114/5!c:*&)*!
0.WW+$50!4\&05&/7!/4:0!#74/%#d!
!
!
C+/R/4:0!#.%&4/)4!)+/54/5!c/+/R
/4:0!05+$&40!+$!W*+5+0d!
!
!
RXY!!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
17/63
!
!
!
!
!-+.$/#,&050!#/%!#.%&4/)40!%&0W,#T!1#$Y4%,T!
%&''4$4/5!#55&5.%40!5+:#$%0!5*4!'&>4!5TW40!+'!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!!!
P546(,)(#Z(N-#[&&*+:(#
!S*4!#.%&4/)4!&0!>4$T!W+0&5&>4!#N+.5!5*4!.04!+'!'++5#74!
0.N1&554%!NT!5*4!W.N,&)!'+$!N$4#Y&/7!/4:0!05+$&40Z!
M40W+/%4/50!'4,5!5*#5!=.%&4/)4!?++5#74!0*+5!N4'+$4!
[+.$/#,&050!)+.,%!#$$&>4!+/!5*4!0)4/4!)+.,%!+/,T!&1W$+>4!
5*4!_.#,&5T!+'!5*4!/4:0!+.5W.5Z!!
!
S*4!&1W#)5!+'!5*4!eV]"^!L.N!&/!54$10!+'!5*4!66"^0!
#N&,&5T!5+!N$+#%)#05!#/%!W.N,&0*!_.#,&5T!N$4#Y&/7!/4:0!
'++5#74!&0!:&5*+.5!_.405&+/Z!=!eV]"^!L.N![+.$/#,&05!5+,%!
.0!*+:!5*4T!:4$4!#N,4!5+!745!'++5#742!#/%!4T4!
:&5/40040!+/5+!%&''4$4/5!66"!+.5,450!>4$T!_.&)Y,TI!
e:*4/!#!N&7!05+$T!N$4#Y02!,&Y4!],#07+:!#&$W+$5j!5*#5!&0!#!
'#/5#05&)!+WW+$5./&5T!5+!044!5*4!1#)*&/4!:+$Y&/7!#/%!
:+$Y&/7!:4,,^Z!!
!
Q*&,4!'+).0!7$+.W!$40W+/%4/50!:4$4!+>4$:*4,1&/7,T!
W+0&5&>4!#N+.5!N$4#Y&/7!/4:0!'++5#742!5*4$4!:4$4!0+14!
)+/)4$/0!#N+.5!_.#,&5T2!N.5!$40W+/%4/50!74/4$#,,T!'4,5!
5*#5!#/T!:4#Y/400!&/!5*4!1#54$,!:#0!N#,#/)4%!NT!5*4!
e&114%)T^!#/%!e#))400^!+'!5*4!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,Z!!
!
M+04I!
5*$+.7*! 5*4! 4T40! +'! #! /+$1#,! W4$0+/Z! 4!N44/!/&)4$!&'!#!$4W+$54$!:#0!5*4$4!#0!T+.! :+.,%! *#>4! 044/! 1+$42! N.5!
:*#5! :4^$4! W$4W#$4%! 5+! 7&>4! .W! '+$! 5*4!
&114%)T!#/%!N4&/7!#N,4!5+!044!&5!#0!:4!:+.,%!
N#0&)#,,T!044! &52! $#5*4$! 5*#/! '&,54$4%! 5*$+.7*! 5*4!
4T40!+'!#!W$+'400&+/#,Z!c?+).0!]$+.W!Dd!
!
!S*4$4!:4$4!)+/)4$/0!0*#$4%!NT!0+14!#.%&4/)4!
141N4$0!5*#5!5*4!4\)&5414/5!#N+.5!#.%&4/)4!'++5#74!
14#/5!5*#5!/+/RN$4#Y&/7!/4:0!1&7*5!N4!)+>4$4%![.05!
N4)#.04!+'!./044/!1#54$,Z!S*&0!)+/)4$/!:#0!4)*+4%!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!NT!0+14![+.$/#,&0502!:*+!0.774054%!5*#5!5*#5!#>#&,#N&,&5T!
+'!#.%&4/)4!1#54$,!1&7*5!0Y4:![.%7414/50!+'!/4:0!
>#,.4Z!
!
0*+W!+/!#!)#14$#!W*+/42!#/%!:4!5*+.7*5!7$4#5Z!
Q4! .04%! &5Z! =/%! 5*4/! T+.! ,++Y! N#)Y! #/%! 5*&/Y2!
#)5.#,,T2!1#TN4!5*#5!:#0/^5!7++%!4/+.7*!_.#,&5TZ!
4! &5! +/! )#14$#! W*+/42! &0! &5! $4#,,T! 5*#5!
/4:0:+$5*Th!
!
P546(,)(#Z(N-#8*&%6(-#
!()+.$&/7!#.%&4/)4!1#54$,!'+$!05+$T!5&WR+''0!&0!#!1#[+$!
W#$5!+'!5*4!:+$Y!%+/4!NT![+.$/#,&050!#5!5*4!L.N2!!#/%!
:#0!044/!NT!1#/T!#0!#/!&1W+$5#/5!W#TR+''!'+$!#,,!+'!5*4!5&14!5*4T!0W4/5!1+%4$#5&/7!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!%4N#540Z!!
!
eV]"^! L.N! 6$+#%)#05! -+.$/#,&05I! ekS*4! L.Nl! &0!
#N0+,.54,T! N$&,,/5!'+$! 74/4$#5&/7! 05+$&40Z!
0#T! 5*#5X0! +/4! +'!5*4! 5*&/70! &5! &0!N405! '+$Z! S4,,&/7!
T+.!#N+.5!#!05+$T!T+.!%&%/X5!Y/+:!#N+.5!+$!54,,&/7!
T+.! 0+145*&/7! /4:! #N+.5! #! 05+$TZ! Q4! *#>4! #!
(.77405!#!(5+$T!&/N+\2!#/%!5*#5!&0!'.,,!+'!W4+W,4!4R
1#&,&/7! .0! #/%! 0#T&/72! e%&%! T+.! Y/+:! 5*&0! :#0!
*#WW4/&/72!N4)#.04!&5X0!#/!+.5$#74^Z!=/%!5*4!0#14!
$.,40!#WW,TZ!Q4!*#>4!5+!$&/7!5*41!N#)Y!+$!4R1#&,!5*41!#/%!)*4)Y!&5!+.52!N.5!:4!745!#!,+5!+'!05+$&40!
5*#5! :#TZZZS*4! eV]"^! 05.''! 5*#5! )+140! &/5+! 5*#5!
&/N+\!&0!#N0+,.54!%T/#1&54Z!!
!
P40W&54!5*404!4\#1W,402!+>4$#,,2!&5!:#0!_.&54!05$&Y&/7!
*+:!'4:!e/4:^!05+$&40!:4$4!N4&/7!%4>4,+W4%!+/!5*4!
N#0&0!+'!#.%&4/)4!)+/5$&N.5&+/0Z!S*&0!&0!W4$*#W0!
./0.$W$&0&/7!)+/0&%4$&/7!5*4$4!#$4!,&1&54%!e%&$4)5!
$4_.4050^!'+$!#.%&4/)40!5+!04/%!&/!5*4&$!05+$&40Z!Q*&,4!
+.$!"+/54/5!=/#,T0&0!:#0!/+5!$4W$404/5#5&>4!#/%!)#//+5!
N4!74/4$#,&04%2!&5!&0!:+$5*!/+5&/7!5*#5!5*4$4!:4$4!/+!
%&$4)5!$4_.4050!'+$!/4:0!05+$&40!+/!C45:+$Y!!
!"#$%&'((#) *,)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
18/63
!
!/4:0!#/%!$47&+/#,!/4:0!c66"!Q#,40!:#0!.04%!#0!#/!
4\#1W,4!+'!M47&+/#,!M#%&+d2!B!$4_.4050!+/!C45:+$Y!
$#%&+!#/%!F!$4_.4050!+/!66"!Q#,40!c:*+!*#>4!#!$47.,#$!
eg+.$!(5+$&40^!04714/5!+/!5*4&$!4#$,T!4>4/&/7!/4:0dZ!
S*4$4!:4$4!eT+.$!05+$T^!0.77405&+/0!+/!5*4!L#>4!T+.$!
(#T!0&542!#/%!+/!0+14!W$+7$#114!:4N0&5402!N.5!+>4$#,,2!
5*404!$4_.4050!'+$!05+$T!0.77405&+/0!#/%!5&WR+''0!:4$4!
1.)*!,400!'$4_.4/5!5*#/!$4_.4050!'+$!=.%&4/)4!
"+114/50Z!
!
=.%&4/)40!:#/5!5+!N4!1+$4!&/>+,>4%!&/!5*4!/4:0!W$+)400Z!=0!5*4!3`M4T!%41+/05$#54%2!D@o!+'!5*4!
6$&5&0*!W.N,&)!#7$44!+$!05$+/7,T!#7$44!5*#5!&5!&0!7++%!'+$!
5*4!W.N,&)!5+!N4!&/>+,>4%!:&5*!W$+%.)&/7!5*4!/4:0!
$#5*4$!5*#/!,4#>&/7!&5!5+!5*4![+.$/#,&050Z!S*4!N4/4'&50!5+!
5*4!#.%&4/)4!:4$4!$#&04%!&/!0+14!+'!5*4!'+).0!7$+.W02!
W#$5&).,#$,T!&/!54$10!+'!W$+%.)&/7!05+$&40!+$!'++5#74!
:*&)*!+5*4$:&04!:+.,%/^5!*#>4!N44/!./)+>4$4%Z!
!
P#/4I!
&0! W$+N#N,T! ./05+WW#N,4Z! 40!5*#5![+.$/#,&050!
:+.,%!/4>4$!745Z!c?+).0!]$+.W!Fd!
!
?,+I!402!:*#54>4$Z!
)#/!./%4$05#/%!:*4/!W4+W,4!'44,!,&Y4!5*4T!
1&7*5!:#/5!5+!N4!)+/5$&N.5&/72!#/%!7455&/7!
&/>+,>4%2!#/%!N4!W#$5!+'!&5Z!c?+).0!]$+.W!Gd!
!
S*4$4!#$4!1#/T!4\#1W,40!+'!7++%!W$#)5&)4!'$+1!66"!
Q#,40!&/!54$10!+'!N.&,%&/7!$4,#5&+/0*&W0!:&5*!*#$%R5+R!
$4#)*!)+11./&5&40Z!S*4!$40.,50!+'!5*404!)+,,#N+$#5&+/0!
#$4!_.&54!05$&Y&/7Z!S*404!$4,#5&+/0*&W0!W$+%.)4!05+$&40!
:*&)*!:+.,%!+5*4$:&04!05#T!./%4$!5*4!$#%#$!+'!5*4!66"!
#/%!:+.,%!W$+N#N,T!$41#&/!./5+.)*4%!NT!5*4!1#&/05$4#1!14%Z!=,0+2!N4)#.04!05+$&40!)+14!%&$4)5,T!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
'$+1!)+11./&5&402!5*4T!#$4!+'54/!1+$4!$4,4>#/5!5+!#!
:&%4$!$#/74!+'!#.%&4/)4!7$+.W0Z!!!
!
"&99+J&%+*6D(#"&,*(,*#
!3#/T!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!%&%!/+5!Y/+:!#N+.5!5*4!
%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!)+,,#N+$#5&>4![+.$/#,&01!:*&)*!5#Y40!
W,#)4!#/%!:4$4!5*4$4'+$4!./#N,4!5+!)+114/5!+/!5*&0!
5TW4!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,Z!S*4!$4#0+/!&5!&0!,&054%!
$4,#5&>4,T!*&7*,T!+/!5*4!;#,.4!5+!5*4!=.%&4/)4!=\&0!&0!5*#5!5*+04!:*+!%&%!Y/+:!:*#5!&5!:#02!#/%!*#%!*#%!
%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!+'!&5!:4$4!4\5$414,T!4/5*.0&)!
#N+.5!5*4!W$+)4002!#0!:4,,!#0!5*4!4/%!W$+%.)5Z!!
!
`/4!+'!+.$!'+).0!7$+.W0!:#0!:&5*!W4+W,4!:*+!*#%!N44/!
&/>+,>4%!&/!5*4!66"!Q#,40!"#W5.$4!Q#,40!P&7&5#,!
(5+$T54,,&/7!W$+[4)5Z!!S*4!5405&1+/T!+'!5*4!W#$5&)&W#/50!
&/!5*4!'+).0!7$+.W!W$+>&%4%!#!7,&1W04!+'!*+:!0.)*!
&/54$>4/5&+/RN#04%!W#$5&)&W#5+$T![+.$/#,&01!)#/!
0.))44%!&/!$4#)*&/7!7$+.W0!c,+:4$!0+)&+R4)+/+1&)!
7$+.W02!5*4!4,%4$,T2!1&/+$&5T!45*/&)!7$+.W0!45)d!:*&)*!#$4!./%4$R$4W$404/54%!:*4/!&5!)+140!5+!1+$4!
e)+/>4/5&+/#,^!'+$10!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,Z!
!
=!/.1N4$!+'!7$+.W!141N4$0!*#%!&/0W&$#5&+/#,!05+$&40!5+!
54,,!#N+.5!*+:!5*4&$!W#$5&)&W#5&+/!&/!5*4!66"^0!
W$+7$#114!*#%!)*#/74%!5*4&$!,&>402!#/%!7&>4/!5*41!5*4!
)+/'&%4/)4!5+!0.))44%!&/!#$4#0!5*4T!*#%!W$4>&+.0,T!
5*+.7*5!&1W+00&N,4Z!`/4!W#$5&)&W#/5!0.''4$0!'$+1!#!
%474/4$#5&>4!&,,/400!#/%!.040!#!:*44,)*#&$Z!L4!1#%4!#!!
05+$T!:*&)*!*#0!/+:!N44/!>&4:4%!@A2AAA!5&140!#/%!*#0!
N44/!.04'.,!5+!+5*4$!0.''4$4$0!+'!5*4!&,,/400Z!=/+5*4$!:#0!#!W4/0&+/4$!#/%!*+.04:&'4!:*+!*#%!,4'5!0)*++,!#5!
@a!#/%!*#%!W$4>&+.0,T!/4>4$!,4#$/4%!#/T!)+1W.54$!
0Y&,,0Z!g45!#/+5*4$!*#%!N44/!+.5!+'!:+$Y!0&/)4!N$4#Y&/7!
*&0!/4)Y!&/!#!)#$!#))&%4/52!N.5!:#0!0W.$$4%!+/!NT!*&0!
%&7&5#,!05+$T54,,&/7!4\W4$&4/)4!5+!'&/%!0.))400'.,!W#&%!
:+$Y!&/!5*4!>+,./5#$T!04)5+$!1#Y&/7!%&7&5#,!05+$&40!#/%!
0*+$5!>&%4+!W&4)40!:&5*!./%4$W$&>&,474%!)*&,%$4/Z!
!
S*4!4\W4$&4/)40!#,0+!1#%4!W#$5&)&W#/50!$47#$%!5*4!66"!
>4$T!:#$1,TZ!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
19/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
)+/541W52!N.5!-./4!#/%!?$#/Y2!5:+!:+$Y&/7!),#00!
W4/0&+/4$0!'$+1!C4:W+$5!*#%!%&''4$4/5!&%4#0I!
!
-./4I!g+.!Y/+:2!&5!1#Y40!14!'44,!5*#5!5*4!,&)4/)4!
&0!:+$5*!&5!N4)#.04!:4!#$4!&/>+,>4%Z!Q4X>4!
%+/4!#!,&55,4!N&5!'+$!5*4!66"2!0+!
T+.! Y/+:! 5*4T! #$4! %+&/7! 0+145*&/7! '+$!
+$%&/#$T!W4+W,4Z!
)#/! 54#)*! #/T+/4Z! 64)#.04!
?$#/YI!05+$T54,,&/7l!54#1Z!S*4T!%&%/X5!0+$5!+'!N.,,T!
T+.Z!S*4T!0+$5!+'!)+#\4%!&5!+.5!+'!14!#/%!
%&%/X5! '44,! &/5&1&%#54%! +$! #/T5*&/7Z! S*4T!
[.05!:4$4!0+!),4>4$Z!!
?$#/YI!
#)$+00! &0! 5*#5! -./4! &0! #! *+.04:&'42! #$4/^5!T+.! -./4h!Q4,,2!T+.! #$4! #! *+.04:&'42! 4!)+/54/5!*#0!
W$+%.)4%!e/+/R/4:0!)+/54/5^2!+$!)+/54/5!:*&)*!*#0!
+/,T!#WW4#$4%!#5!5*4!1#$7&/0!+'!/4:0!#/%!).$$4/5!
#''#&$0!+.5W.52!'+$!4\#1W,4!5*4!:+$Y!%+/4!NT!P&7&5#,!
(5+$T54,,&/7!+$!;&%4+!C#5&+/!54#10Z!S*4!)*#,,4/74!#WW4#$0!5+!N4!:*45*4$!0W#)4!)#/!N4!1#%4!'+$!5*&0!5TW4!
+'!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!)+/54/5!&/!1#&/05$4#1!/4:0!#/%!
).$$4/5!#''#&$0!+.5,450Z!
!
S*4$4!#$4!0+14!4\#1W,40!+'![+.$/#,&05E#.%&4/)4!
)+,,#N+$#5&+/0!#$+./%!/4:0!#/%!).$$4/5!#''#&$0!5+W&)0Z!
`/4!4\#1W,4!&0!#!W&,+5!W$+[4)5!N45:44/!;&%4+!C#5&+/!
#/%!O#/+$#1#!&/!:*&)*!5*4!;&%4+!C#5&+/!54#1!:+$Y4%!
:&5*!T+./7!W4+W,4!5+!5$T!#/%!74/4$#54!)+/54/5!#N+.5!
5*4!)$4%&5!)$./)*!#/%!W4+W,4^0!W4$0+/#,!'44,&/70!#N+.5!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
5*4&$!*+140!#/%!*+:!5*4T!#$4!N4&/7!#''4)54%!1+$4!
74/4$#,,TZ!
!
=,5*+.7*!5*+04!:*+!*#>4!W#$5&)&W#54%!&/!5*4!%&7&5#,!
05+$T54,,&/7!:+$Y0*+W0!#$4!>4$T!4/5*.0&)!#N+.5!5*4!
W$+)4002!&5!05&,,!*#0!#!$4,#5&>4,T!,+:!W$+'&,42!W#$5&).,#$,T!!
+.50&%4!Q#,402!#/%!&/!&50!).$$4/5!'+$1!&0!/+5!%40&7/4%!
'+$!/4:0!#/%!).$$4/5!#''#&$0!+.5,450Z!!
!
;&%4+!C#5&+/2!05#$54%!&/!@FFB!&0!W4$*#W0!5*4!1+05!:4,,RY/+:/!4\#1W,4!+'!)+,,#N+$#5&>4!)+/54/5!#5!5*4!66"Z!S*4!
'&,10!#$4!0*+5!NT!W4+W,4!#/%!4%&54%!NT!5*4!66"2!N.5!
+>4$#,,!)+/5$+,!$4050!:&5*!5*4!)+/5$&N.5+$Z!(&7/&'&)#/5,T!
&/!$4)4/5!T4#$02!&/!#%%&5&+/!5+!&50!5$#%&5&+/#,!0,+5!+/!
66"G2!;&%4+!C#5&+/!*#0!N44/!)+11&00&+/4%!5+!W$+%.)4!
'&,10!:*&)*!:+.,%!'&5!&/5+!,#$74$!66"!W$+[4)50!#/%!
04#0+/0Z!!
!
`/4!+'!5*404!&/&5&>40!:#0!#!04$&40!+'!'&,10!:&5*!:*&54!
:+$Y&/7!),#00!W4+W,4!#0!W#$5!+'!66"G^0!Q*&54!(4#0+/Z!
=/+5*4$!:#0!#!04$&40!+'!aA!'&,10!W$+%.)4%!:&5*!%&''4$4/5!"*&/404!)+11./&5&40!:*&)*!*#>4!N44/!0*+:/!+/!N&7!
0)$44/0!#)$+00!5*4!)+./5$T!5+!1#$Y!5*4!`,T1W&)0!
]#140Z!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
20/63
!
!
05+$T!&/!#/!#WW4#,&/7!:#T2!#/%!*+:!5+!%+!&5!:&5*!#!
$4#,!%4#%,&/4Z^!!
! !
S*4!1#[+$!%$#:N#)Y!+'!5*404!5TW40!+'!)+,,#N+$#5&+/0!&0!
5*4!)+05!#/%!'+$!5*&0!$4#0+/!0.)*!&/&5&>40!#$4!05&,,!
$4,#5&>4,T!$#$4Z!`/4!05#''!141N4$![+.$/#,&05!/+54%!5*#5!
5*4!%&7&5#,!05+$T!1+%4,!04414%!5+!$4_.&$4!4\54/0&>4!
&/W.5!'$+1!66"!05#''2!#/%!0.774054%!5*#5!5*4!>#,.4!+'!
0.)*!0)*4140!0*+.,%!N4!7#.74%!NT!N#,#/)&/7!5*4!
W$+%.)5&+/!5&14!#/%!)+05!#7#&/05!5*4!N4/4'&50!+'!5*4!
0Y&,,0!5$#/0'4$$4%2!5*4!4\W4$&4/)4!+'!5*4!)+/5$&N.5+$2!#/%!
5*4!.0#74!+'!5*4!'&7.$40!'+$!5*4!1#54$,!W$+%.)4%Z!4,!#,54$/#5&>4!0+.$)4!+'!$#:!1#54$,!#1+/7!
1#/TZ!!=0!+/4![+.$/#,&05!05$4004%2!/4:0$++10!)+.,%!N4!
%+&/7!1+$4!5+!4/)+.$#74!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!5+!*#>4!
1+$4!&1W#)5!+/!5*4!'&/#,!W$+%.)5Z!
!
Q*4/! #! /4:0$++1! 7450! #! 5&WR+''! 5*4T!1&7*5!N4!
&/54$4054%!&/!+''4$&/7!5*#5!W4$0+/!5*4!5&14!5+!7+!
+.5!#/%!$4)+$%!0+14!1#54$,!5*4104,>402!+$!5+!
7+!+.5!#/%!$4)+$%!0+14!/4:!#.%&+!#/%!N$+#%)#05!
5*#5!+/!5*4!$#%&+2!+$!5+!7&>4!5*41!#!)#14$#!#/%!
#0Y! 5*41!5+!7+!+.5! #/%! 0*++5!5*4&$! +:/!05+$TZZZ!
S*#5! *#WW4/0! ,400! +'54/! &/! 74/4$#,! /4:0$++10!
N4)#.04! &5X0! 0+! ,#N+.$! &/54/0&>42! N.5! 5*#5! &0! 5*4!
.,5&1#54!66"!>4$0&+/!+'!eV]"^!N4)#.04!&5!7&>40!0+!
1.)*! )+/5$+,! 5+! 5*4! #.%&4/)4! 141N4$Z!
5*&/Y! 5*4$4! #$4! +5*4$! /4:0! +$7#/&0#5&+/0!:*&)*!
+''4$! 5*#5! Y&/%! +'! 7.&%#/)4! &/! 54$10! +'!
W$+%.)5&+/2!5*#5!Y&/%!+'!4%.)#5&+/#,!>#,.4Z!!
!
`/4!W+00&N,4!0+,.5&+/2!#/%!5*&0!:+.,%!/44%!5+!N4!#!,+/7!54$1!05$#547T2!&0!'+$!5*4!5$#&/&/7!+'!W+54/5,!)&5&K4/!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
[+.$/#,&0502!W4$*#W0!,&/Y4%!5+!4\&05&/7!7$+.W0!+$!
+$7#/&0#5&+/0!c)+11./&5T!14%!7$+.W02!?9!#/%!L9!
&/05&5.5&+/02!45)d!:*+!)+.,%!)+/5&/.4!5*4!5$#&/&/72!0+!
66"![+.$/#,&050!:+.,%/^5!*#>4!5+!N4!)+/5&/.+.0,T!
%&$4)5,T!&/>+,>4%!&/!*4,W&/7!5+!)$4#54!+.5W.5Z!9\#1W,40!
+'!5*404!5TW40!+'!&/&5&>40!)#/!N4!'+./%!&/!5*4!:+$Y!+'!
66"!Q#,40^!"+11./&5&40!9%&5+$2!]:4/%#!M&)*#$%02!:*+!
&0!,4#%&/7!#!54#1!$40W+/0&N,4!'+$!#!/.1N4$!+'!%&''4$4/5!
&/&5&>40!:*&)*!'#)&,&5#54!+.5$4#)*!:&5*!5*4!:&%4$!
#.%&4/)42!!0.)*!#0!"+11./&5T!M4W+$54$02!5*4!$#%&+!W$+7$#114!eS*4!;&4:!'$+1!L4$4^!#/%!5*4!1.,5&14%!
W$+[4)5!e#5&>4!
$4,#5&+/0*&W0!:&5*!5*4!#.%&4/)42!W#$5&).,#$,T!*#$%!5+!
$4#)*!)+11./&5&40Z!S*4&$!:+$Y!%41+/05$#540!5*#5!5*4$4!
#$4!+5*4$!:#T0!5+!&/54$#)5!:&5*!5*4!#.%&4/)4!#/%!5+!
4/)+.$#74!5*4!#.%&4/)4!5+!W$+>&%4!.04'.,!#/%!$4,4>#/5!
)+/54/5!#/%!'44%N#)YZ!!!
!
=0!,+/7!#0!5*4!$40.,5!+'!5*4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/!&0!+'!*&7*!_.#,&5T2!5*4!74/4$#,!#.%&4/)4!&0!4/5*.0&)!#N+.5!
*#>&/7!#!7$4#54$!$+,4!&/!5*4!W$+%.)5&+/!+'!5*4!/4:0Z!=/%!
'+$!5*+04!:*+!5#Y4!W#$5!&/!5*4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/0!5*4!$40.,50!
#$4!./%4/N,4Z!?+$!0+14!5*4!4''4)50!#$4!,&54$#,,T!,&'4!
)*#/7&/7Z!#,.#N,4!:#T!5+!W$+W4$,T!4/7#74!
:&5*!)+11./&5&40!:*&)*!+5*4$:&04!$41#&/!#,1+05!
4/5&$4,T!./$4W$404/54%!NT!5*4!1#&/05$4#1!14%!#/%!
:*&)*2!#0!+.$!3`M4T!0*+:02!#$4!>4$T!./,&Y4,T!5+!
0.N1&5!/4:0!$4,#54%!#.%&4/)4!)+/54/5!&/!&50!1+05!
)+11+/!'+$10Z!
! !
*/) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
21/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
P546(,)(#Q\G(%6(,)(#
!=.%&4/)40!#$4!74/4$#,,T!W+0&5&>4!#N+.5!5*4!.04!+'!%&$4)5!
4\W4$&4/)40!'$+1!5*4!W.N,&)!5+!#%%!5+!#/!4\&05&/7!/4:0!
W#)Y#74!+$!).$$4/5!#''#&$0!%&0).00&+/Z!S*4T!:4$4!1+$4!
W+0&5&>4!#N+.5!)+114/5!N#04%!)+/54/5!$4,#5&/7!5+!
4\W4$&4/)40!+'!#!/4:0!4>4/52!)+1W#$4%!5+!W.$4,T!
+W&/&+/!N#04%!)+114/50Z!S*4!+/,&/4!0.$>4T!c:*&)*!&0!
,&1&54%!NT!5*4!04,'R04,4)54%!0#1W,4!#/%!'+).04%!+/!
+/,&/4!&/54$#)5&+/0d!0*+:4%!5*#5!&/!5*4&$!,#05!&/54$#)5&+/!!:&5*!5*4!66"!@Bo!*#%!)+/5#)54%!5*4!+$7#/&0#5&+/!:&5*!
#/!#))+./5!+'!#/!4\W4$&4/)4!+$!05+$T!0.77405&+/!c@@o!
:&5*!#/!4T4:&5/400!W*+5+7$#W*!#/%!Go!:&5*!#/!&%4#!'+$!
#!/4:0!05+$Td!:*&,4!a@o!*#%!0.N1&554%!#/!+W&/&+/!+$!
)+114/5Z!
!
S*4!
)+/5$&N.54%!#/T5*&/7!5+!#!/4:0!+$7#/&0#5&+/dZ!4!!
N44/!$4#)5&/7!5+!#!05+$T!:&5*!#/!+W&/&+/!+$!#!%&$4)5!
4\W4$&4/)4dZ!!!
!
-+.$/#,&050!:4$4!#:#$4!+'!5*4!%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!5*4T!1&7*5!$4)4&>42!#/%!5*4$4!&0!
),4#$,T!#!*&4$#$)*T!&/!54$10!+'!5*4!N4/4'&50!+'!5*4!
%&''4$4/5!5TW40Z!!?&/%&/7!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!:&5*!%&$4)5!
4\W4$&4/)4!+'!#!05+$T!:#0!#!1#[+$!#&1!+'!5*4!L.N![+.$/#,&050Z!
!
`/4!!4\W,#&/4%!5*4!N405!:#T!5+!745!)#04!05.%&40!+'!
%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!&0!5+!)$4#54!#!W+05!'+$1!#'54$!#/!
+/,&/4!05+$TZ!e6#$4,T!#!%#T!7+40!NT!:*4/!#!W+05!%+40!/+5!
7&>4!.0!#!>4$T!7++%!,4#%^Z!
!
S*4$4! #$4! 5:+! %&''4$4/5!:#T0! +'! ,++Y&/7! #5! 5*4!
%4N#540Z! ?+$! 5*4! eL#>4! g+.$! (#T ! 0&%4! +'! 5*4!
+W4$#5&+/2! +'!)+.$042!4>4$T5*&/7!&0!7++%! _.#,&5T2!
N4)#.04!5*4!:*+,4!W.$W+04!+'!5*#5!&0!5+!7&>4!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
W4+W,4!#!)*#/)4!5+!*#>4!5*4&$!0#T!#0!5*4T!:+.,%!
+/!#/T!+5*4$!)*#5!'+$.1!5*#5!&0!+/!5*4!4$T!%&''4$4/5! Y&/%!+'! &/>+,>414/52!
N4)#.04!:4!#$4!,++Y&/7!'+$!%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)40!+'!
05+$&40! :*&)*! :4! )#/! .04! &/! %&''4$4/5! /4:0!
+.5,450Z!
!
=![+.$/#,&05!'$+1!5*4!eV]"^!L.N!W$+>&%4%!#!%45#&,4%!
4\W,#/#5&+/!+'!*+:!#/!41#&,!'$+1!#!6$&5&0*!1#/!,&>&/7!&/!]$44)4!%.$&/7!5*4!'&$40!,#05!0.114$!W$+>&%4%!#!:4#,5*!
+'!%&''4$4/5!1#54$,Z!!L4!+''4$4%!4T4R:&5/400!W*+5+0!
#/%!:#0!:&,,&/7!5+!5#,Y!#N+.5!5*4!W*+5+0!'+$!C4:0!Gb!#0!
:4,,!#0!,+)#,!$#%&+!c5*4$4NT!+''4$&/7!#!,+)#,!W4$0W4)5&>4!
+/!#/!&/54$/#5&+/#,!05+$TdZ!L4!#,0+!#7$44%!5+!:$&54!#/!
+/,&/4!%$T!#N+.5!*&0!4\W4$&4/)40!#0!5*4!'&$40!
W$+7$4004%2!#/%!5*4![+.$/#,&05!:#0!#,0+!#N,4!5+!7+!N#)Y!
5+!*&1!D!:44Y0!,#54$!5+!%+!#!'+,,+:!.W!05+$TZ!
!
-+.$/#,&050!W4$)4&>4!!#!*&4$#$)*T!N45:44/!4\W4$&4/)4!
#/%!+W&/&+/2!#/%!54/%!5+!W$&>&,474!%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!+>4$!+W&/&+/!:*4$4!W+00&N,4Z!!S*&0!&0!4)*+4%!&/!5*4!
>&4:0!+'!1#/T!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0Z!
!
],4/%#I!
5*4TX%!N44/!5#,Y&/7!#N+.5!%+1405&)!W+,&5&)02!4>4/!
5*+.7*!&5X0!04$&+.0!&5!:+.,%!05&,,!N4!&/54$405&/7!5+!
*4#$! W4+W,4^0! 4\W4$&4/)40! #/%! 05+$&40! +'!!
*+0W&5#,0! #/%! 05.''2! $#5*4$! 5*#/! [.05! 5*4&$!
+W&/&+/0Z! 64)#.04! 5*4/! 5*#5X0! [.05! ,&Y4! 5*4! L#>4!
g+.$!(#T!5*&/7!#7#&/Z!c?+).0!]$+.W!@d!
!64)#.04!+'!5*4!*&7*!/4:0!>#,.4!#55#)*4%!NT![+.$/#,&050!
5+!#.%&4/)4!1#54$,!#00+)6%!:&5*!%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)4!
+'!#!05+$T2!#/%!5*4!W+W.,#$&5T!+'!0.)*!1#54$,!:&5*!
#.%&4/)402!&5!04410!$4#0+/#N,4!5+!&/>405!1+$4!5&14!#/%!
$40+.$)40!&/5+!4/)+.$#7&/7!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!5+!
0.N1&5!4\W4$&4/)40!$#5*4$!5*#/!)+114/50Z!"+114/50!
%+!*#>4!:+$5*!#/%!5*4T!:&,,!#,:#T0!4\&05!+/!$#%&+!)#,,R
&/02!N,+70!#/%!1400#74!N+#$%0Z!6.5!).$$4/5,T2!7&>4/!5*4!
&1W+$5#/)4!N+5*![+.$/#,&050!#/%!#.%&4/)40!#55#)*!5+!
#.%&4/)4!)+/54/5!N#04%!+/!&/'+$14%!+W&/&+/!#/%!
#))+./50!$++54%!&/!%&$4)5!4\W4$&4/)42!5*&0!Y&/%!+'!
)+/54/5!&0!/+5!4/)+.$#74%!+$!4,&)&54%!4/+.7*!!
!"#$%&'((#) *0)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
22/63
!
!
Z(*N&%K(4#]&5%,+96-1##
#C45:+$Y4%![+.$/#,&01!&0!5*4!1+05!./%4$%4>4,+W4%!5TW4!
+'!eV]"^!#5!5*4!66"2!#/%!&0!*#WW4/&/7!>4$T!&/'$4_.4/5,T2!
N.5!#0!M&)*#$%!(#1N$++Y!4\W,#&/02!&5!+''4$0!#!7$4#5!%4#,!
+'!W+54/5,!&'!*#$/4004%!)+$$4)5,TZ!M#%&+!b^0!&O3!N,+7!&0!
#/!4\#1W,4!+'!5*4!:#T0!&/!:*&)*!/45:+$Y4%![+.$/#,&01!
)#/!N4!.04%!4''4)5&>4,TZ!
!
S*4!V(!W$+>&%40!#!/.1N4$!+'!&/54$405&/7!W+54/5,!1+%4,02!:*&)*!*#>4!N44/!1#%4!0.))400'.,!NT!C#5&+/#,!
O.N,&)!M#%&+!cCOMd!#/%!4/)+.$#74%!NT!5*4!O.N,&)!
-+.$/#,&01!1+>414/5!:*&)*!*#0!N44/!#)5&>4!&/!5*4!V(!
0&/)4!5*4!4#$,T!@FFA02!#/%!#5541W50!5+!41N4%!
7$#00$++50![+.$/#,&01!:&5*&/!1#&/05$4#1!14%!+.5,450Z!
!
S*4!4%&5+$!+'!&O32!O454$!M&WW+/2!%$#:0!+/!5*404!V(!
4\#1W,40!:*4/!*4!%&0).0040!5*4!0.))400!+'!5*4!&O3!
N,+7Z!
!
S*4$4^0!#/!COM! 0W4),! 5*#5^0! %+&/7!>4$T!:4,,! &/!5*4! V(! :*4$4! T+.! #)5&>4,T! )#,,! )+11./&5&40! +'!
)&5&K4/0! #/%! *+,%! W.N,&)! 1445&/70Z!
0*+.,%!N4!,4#%&/7!5*4!:#T!&/!54$10!+'!7$#00$++50!
%41+)$#5&)! [+.$/#,&01!#/%!
4,Z!
&O3^0!05$4/75*!&0!5*#5!&5!*#0!%4>4,+W4%!#!,+T#,5T!'$+1!&50!
#.%&4/)4!#/%!&/54$4054%!7$+.W02!:*&)*2!:*4/!#0Y4%2!
W$+>&%4!4\W4$&4/)40!#/%!4\W4$5&04!$4,#54%!5+!#!
W#$5&).,#$!05+$TZ!O454$!M&WW+/!4\W,#&/4%!*+:!/45:+$Y4%!
[+.$/#,&01!)#/!:+$YZ!S*$+.7*!#/!41#&,!'$+1!#!,&054/4$2!5*4T!*#%!./)+>4$4%!#/!./0455,&/7!14%&)#,!W$#)5&)4!
:*4$4NT!'#1&,&40!:4$4!*#>&/7!!5+!W#T!_.&54!#!0.N05#/5,!
#1+./5!+'!1+/4T!5+!%+)5+$0!&/!+$%4$!'+$!N+%&40!5+!N4!
$4,4#04%!'$+1!*+0W&5#,!'+$!)$41#5&+/Z!6T!04#$)*&/7!
14%&)#,!N,+70!5*4T!:4$4!#N,4!5+!'&/%!&/'+$1#5&+/!#N+.5!
5*&0!W$#)5&)42!:*&)*!&0!Y/+:/!#1+/705!5*4!14%&)#,!
)+11./&5T!#0!e#0*!)#0*^Z!6T!044Y&/7!4\W4$5!+W&/&+/0!
'$+1!%+)5+$0!5*4T!:4$4!#N,4!5+!%+!#!05$+/7!W&4)4!+/!5*4!
5+W&)Z!
+)#540! N.5! &'! :4! #WW,T! +.$!
[+.$/#,&05&)!0Y&,,02!T+.!)#/![.05!1+.,%!5*404!5*&/70!&/5+!$4#,,T!7++%!W&4)40!+'![+.$/#,&01Z!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
C45:+$Y4%![+.$/#,&01!)#/!41W+:4$!5*4!#.%&4/)4!&/!
%&$4)5!:#T0Z!V0&/7!#!7$#00$++502!W.N,&)![+.$/#,&01R
&/',.4/)4%2!1+%4,!:*&)*!41W*#0&040!,+)#,!1445&/70!#/%!
)+11./&5T!$4W+$54$02!&5!)#/!$4)+//4)5!1#&/05$4#1!
14%!:&5*!5*4!,+)#,!)+11./&5&40Z!`$2!:*4/!.04%!&/!5*4!
:#T0!&O3!*#>4!%41+/05$#54%2!NT!)+//4)5&/7!:&5*!
4\W4$5!)+11./&5&40!:&5*&/!5*4!N,+7+0W*4$42!&5!)#/!
41W+:4$!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!:&5*!W#$5&).,#$!0W4),&05!
Y/+:,4%74!!+$!4\W4$&4/)40!5+!N4)+14!%&$4)5,T!&/>+,>4%!
&/!5*4!$404#$)*!#/%!W$+%.)5&+/!+'!#!/4:0!05+$T!+$!&541Z!!
S*4!05$4/75*!+'!5*4!66"!&0!&50!&/54$/#5&+/#,!
$4)+7/&5&+/!#/%!#.%&4/)4Z!?+$!4>4$T!05+$T2!5*4$4!#$4!
+W&/&+/0!#/%!4\W4$&4/)40!'$+1!#)$+00!5*4!7,+N4Z!S*&0!
7&>40!5*4!66"!#!./&_.4!+WW+$5./&5TZ!=0!(54>4!
L4$$1#//!%40)$&N40!
!
`/4! +5*4$! 5*&/7! 5*#5X0! *4,W4%! .0! *.74,T! &0! 5*4!
_.#,&5T!#/%!0W$4#%!+'!+.$!#.%&4/)4Z!!Q4X>4!7+5!#!
>4$T! &/54$/#5&+/#,! #.%&4/)4Z! =/T:*4$4!
0+145*&/7! *#WW4/02! W$455T! 1.)*2! :4! :&,,! '&/%!0+14N+%TZ!(+14N+%T!:&,,!)+/5#)5!.0Z!Q4!:&,,!W.5!
#!'+$1!+/!#!05+$T2!*+:4>4$!$41+54!#!W,#)4!#/%!
./,&Y4,T!&5!0+./%02!#/%!:4X,,!745!0+145*&/7!N#)YZ!
=/%! 5*#5X0! +'! $4#,! >#,.4! 5+! 5*4! $405! +'! 5*4!
#.%&4/)4Z!Q*#5!:4X$4!#)5.#,,T!%+&/7!&0ZZZ!#)5&/7!#0!
#! Y&/%! +'! 147#W*+/4! #/%! 7455&/7! 5*404! W4+W,4!
:*+!)+/5#)5!.0!#/%!$4',4)5&/7!!N#)Y!+.5ZZZ!5+!5*4!
$405! +'! 5*4! '&>4R#/%R#R*#,'! 1&,,&+/! .04$0! :*#5X0!
7+&/7!+/!5*4$4!#/%!:*#5!5*4TX$4!0#T&/7Z!
!
3#/T!+'!5*4!04/&+$![+.$/#,&050!&/54$>&4:4%!'+$!5*&0!$404#$)*!5#,Y4%!4/5*.0&)#,,T!#N+.5!5*4!W+00&N&,&5&40!
W$+>&%4%!NT!C45:+$Y4%!-+.$/#,&01Z!#/5#740!&/!54$10!+'!&1W$+>&/7!5*4!_.#,&5T!+'!5*4!
+.5W.5!#$4!),4#$Z!!
! !
*1) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
23/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!#
Z&,@,(N-#P546(,)(#"&,*(,*##
#S*4!+/,&/4!0.$>4T!41W*#0&04%!5*#5!#!/.1N4$!+'!66"!
#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!*#>4!04/5!&/!/+/R/4:0!W*+5+7$#W*0!
#/%!5*4T!4/[+T!%+&/7!5*#5Z!Gfo!+'!5*4!DHD!W4+W,4!:*+!!
#/0:4$4%!5*4!_.405&+/!#N+.5!5*4!,#05!5TW4!+'!
0.N1&00&+/!5*4T!*#%!1#%4!5+!5*4!66"!0#&%!5*4T!*#%!
04/5!&/!#!/+/R/4:0!W*+5+Z!S*&0!:#0!5*4!04)+/%R1+05!
)+11+/!$4#0+/!'+$!)+/5#)5&/7!5*4!66"!'+$!5*404!
$40W+/%4/50!caGo!0#&%!5*4T!*#%!1#%4!#!)+114/5!&/!$40W+/04!5+!#!66"!/4:0!05+$T!+$!%4N#54dZ!
!
3+05!+,%4$!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!&/!5*4!'+).0!7$+.W0!
4/[+T4%!/+/R/4:0!)+/54/52!:&5*!1#/T!)+114/5&/7!
5*#5!&5!W$+>&%4%!#!:4,)+14!$4,&4'!'$+1!5*4!%&45!+'!
e/47#5&>4^!/4:0Z!!
!
-+0*I!
W4+W,4X0!?4N$.#$T!1+$/&/70!+$!:*#54>4$2!&4:4$0!
#/%!:*#5!T+.$!>&4:4$0!#$4!.W!5+Z!!c]$+.W!bd!
!
S*404!>&4:0!*+:4>4$!:4$4!+'54/!/+5!0*#$4%!NT!T+./74$!
141N4$0!+'!5*4!#.%&4/)4Z!P45$#)5+$0!:4$4!>+)&'4$+.0!!
&/!5*4&$!)$&5&)&012!044&/7!/+/R/4:0!W*+5+7$#W*0!#0I!
eW+&/5,400^!#/%!eN+$&/7^j!+'54/!+'!W++$!_.#,&5Tj!
&/0.N05#/5,!e'&,,4$^!1#54$,j!4>&%4/)4!+'!%.1N&/7!
%+:/j!#/%!+'54/!W$404/54%!&/!#!W#5$+/&0&/7!:#T!:*&)*!!
%45$#)50!'$+1!5*4!04$&+.0/400!+'!5*4!/4:0!&5410!:*&)*!
W$4)4%40!#/%!'+,,+:0!5*41!+/!W$+7$#1140!0.)*!#0!66"!
6$4#Y'#05Z!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
64))#I!!
!
L4,4/I!
5*41ZZZ!
Q*4/!
0#T&/7! T+.! 0*+.,%! N4! &/54$4054%! &/! 5*&0Z!
Y/+:2!&5![.05!0+$5!+'!7$#540!+/!14Z!c?+).0!]$+.W!
Fd!
! !
!"#$%&'((#) *2)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
24/63
!
!
P546(,)(#"&11(,*##
#S*&0!:#0!5*4!1#&/!:#T!#.%&4/)40!*#%!)+/5$&N.54%!5+!
5*4!66"Z!?+$!aGo!+'!5*4!+/,&/4!0.$>4T!$40W+/%4/50!&5!
:#0!5*4!$4#0+/!5*4T!*#%!,#05!)+/5#)54%!5*4!66"Z!
=,5*+.7*!5*4!0#14!_.405&+/!:#0!/+5!#0Y4%!+/!5*4!
3`M4T2!5*4$4!:#0!#!_.405&+/!#N+.5!1+5&>#5&+/0!
'+$!)+/5#)5&/7!5*4!66"2!#/%!!bGo!0#&%!5*4T!*#%!
)+/5#)54%!#!/4:0!+$7#/&0#5&+/!&/!$40W+/04!5+!
0+145*&/7!5*4T!*#%!*4#$%!+$!044/!+/!5*4!/4:0Z!!
S*4$4!&0!#/!#/5&W#5*T!0*#$4%!NT!#!/.1N4$!+'!'+).0!
7$+.W!W#$5&)&W#/50!5+:#$%0!5*4!W.N,&)#5&+/!+$!N$+#%)#05!
+'!+W&/&+/RN#04%!eV]"^!'$+1!W4+W,4!:*+!#$4!/+5!
%&$4)5,T!#''4)54%!NT!#!05+$T!#/%E+$!*#>4!/+!$4#,!
4\W4$5&04!&/!5*4!#$4#!)+>4$4%Z!S*4!./&/'+$14%!#/%!
+'54/!&/#$5&).,#54!/#5.$4!+'!1.)*!+'!5*&0!.04$!74/4$#54%!
)+114/5!&0!044/!#0!#!%4R1+5&>#5&/7!'#)5+$Z!
!
"*#$,40I!
=/T5*&/7!5*#5!
T+.! :+.,%! 745! '$+1! #! )+/>4$0#5&+/! :&5*! T+.$!
'$&4/%0Z!
5*&/Y!5*#5!1#TN4!5*4!Y&/%!+'!W4+W,4!:*+!%4N#54!
+/! 5*404! W$+7$#1140! :+.,%! W$+W+$5&+/#,,T! N4!
1+$4! ,&Y4,T! 5+!N4! 5*4! Y&/%!+'!W4+W,4!:*+! %+/X5!
$4#,&04!5*#5!5*4T!Y/+:!'qqYR#,,!#N+.5!:*#5!5*4TX$4!
5#,Y&/7!#N+.5Z!
%&0W$+W+$5&+/#54,T! W4+W,4! :*+! #$4! +W&/&+/#54%!
:&5*+.5! *#>&/7!1.)*! 5+!N#04! 5*4&$!+W&/&+/0!+/Z!
c?+).0!]$+.W!Gd!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!Q&5*&/!5*4!'+).0!7$+.W02!5*4$4!:#0!%&0).00&+/!#N+.5!
#5541W5&/7!5+!%&00.#%4!)+114/50!'$+1!./&/'+$14%!
)+/5$&N.5+$0Z!
!
S&1I!S*4T!)+/05#/5,T!#0Y!.0!'+$!+.$!>&4:02!&5!&0!#0!
&'!5*4T!%+/^5!)#$4!:*+!T+.!:4$4!+$!:*#5!+.$!
0W4),&010! #$4! &/2! 5*4T! [.05!:#/5!>&4:0!'+$!
5*4!0#Y4!+'!*#>&/7!>&4:0Z!
P#>&%I! 4! 5*&/70! &'! 5*4T!
05+WW4%!0#T&/7!+/!66"!/4:02!e:*#54>4$!T+.$!
>&4:02!:4!:#/5!5+!*4#$!5*41^!5+!e&'!T+.!Y/+:!0+145*&/7! #N+.5! &5!+$!*#>&/7! #)5.#,,T! N44/!
%&$4)5,T! #''4)54%! NT! 5*4! 4>4/5! 5*4/! 745! &/!
)+/5#)5!:&5*!.0^Z!
S&1I!g4#*!&5!04410!,&Y4!5*4T!%+/^5!)#$42!5*4T![.05!
:#/5! #.%&4/)4! >&4:0! '+$! 5*4! 0#Y4! +'! &5Z!
c?+).0!]$+.W!@@d!
!
`/4!+'!5*4!05$+/7405!5*4140!5+!414$74!'$+1!5*4!?+).0!
]$+.W0!:#0!5*4!W4$)4W5&+/0!+'!5*+04!:*+!%&%!
)+/5$&N.54!)+114/50!#/%!+W&/&+/0Z!`/4!+'!5*4!
W4$)4W5&+/0!&0!5*#5!W4+W,4!0.N1&5!)+114/50!N4)#.04!5*4T!e,&Y4!5*4!0+./%!+'!5*4&$!+:/!>+&)4^Z!
!
=/%$4:I! 6T! $40W+/%&/7! 5+! 5*404! $4_.4050! '+$!
V]"2! T+.! #$4! $4#,,T! 0#T&/72! e4!
0+145*&/7! :+$5*T! 5+! 0#T! +/! 5*4! 5+W&) 2! :*4/!
$4#,,T2!1+05!+'!5*4!V]"!+W&/&+/0!:4!*4#$!#$4!/+5!
5*#5!7$4#5!i!
04,'RW$+1+5&+/Z!g+.!Y/+:2!,&Y4!745!T+.$04,'!+/!S;Z!
Q*&)*!&0!#,0+!1#TN4!:*T!&5!:+.,%/X5!+)).$!5+!#!
,+5! +'! W4+W,4! 5+! %+! &5Z!
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
25/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!],4/%#I!g4#*2!1T!'$&4/%!'#/)&40!*&104,'!#0!#!N&5!+'!
#/!#1#54.$!W*+5+7$#W*4$Z! L4!:+.,%!N4!
5*4!Y&/%!+'!W4$0+/!5*#5!:+.,%!%+!5*&0!!
N4)#.04! *4! 5*&/Y0! *&0! W&)5.$40! #$4!
#1#K&/7Z! L4^%! N4! ,&Y42! *4X%! 5*&/Y! 5*#5!
W4+W,4!:+.,%!:#/5!5+!044!5*412!#/%!*4!
:+.,%! 04/%! 5*41! &/Z!
*+/405Z!
(#$#*I!S*4!4T4:&5/400!05.''!&0!,&Y4!#/!+WW+$5./&5T!
5+!1+#/2! #0! :4,,Z!3#TN4! 5*4T! '44,! #! N&5!1+$4!>#,&%#54%2! ,&Y4!W4+W,4!#$4! ,&054/&/7!
5+! 5*41! #/%! 05.''Z!
0+14N+%T!:+.,%!%+!5*#5Z!4!3`M4T2!&/),.%4%!5*4!
$40W+/04!eN4)#.04!1T!&/W.5!&0!&/54$405&/7E.04'.,^!#0!#5!,4#05!+/4!+'!5*4!4\W,#/#5&+/0!'+$!0.N1&55&/7!1#54$,!c&5!
0*+.,%!N4!/+54%!5*#5!5*4$4!1#T!*#>4!N44/!#/!4,414/5!
+'!0.$>4T!N!*4$4!:&5*!W4+W,4!/+5!:#/5&/7!5+!#WW4#$!!
04,'R&1W+$5#/5dZ!BFo!+'!+/,&/4!$40W+/%4/50!0#&%!5*4!
0#14Z!
!
S*4!>#,.4!+'!5*4!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!)+114/50!&0!+.5,&/4%!NT!
O454$!L+$$+)Y0I!
!
&+.0,T!*#%!0+14!N4/4'&5!&/!&50!+:/!$&7*5j!5*4!
N4/4'&50!5*#5!5*4!.04$!$4)4&>40!'$+1!044&/7!5*4&$!)+114/5!W.N,&0*4%2!N.5!'#$!1+$4!&1W+$5#/5!5*#/!
5*#5!&0!5*4!>#,.4!&/!W$+>&%&/7!0+14!Y&/%!+'!#!:#T!
+'!#,&7/&/7!+$!#00400&/7!5*4!#.%&4/)4^0!>&4:!+'!#!
0.N[4)5! #/%! W+54/5,,T2! :*4$4! #WW$+W$6!
#,&7/&/7! +.$! [+.$/#,&01! 5+! 5*#5Z!
/4)400#$&,T!1#Y&/7! &5! &%4/5&)#,! N.5! .0&/7! 5*#5! #0!
#/!&/',.4/)4!&/!+.$![+.$/#,&01Z!
!
=0!O454$!L+$$+)Y0!41W*#0&04%2!5*4!'.5.$4!+'!5*404!
5TW40!+'!%4N#540!&0!).$$4/5,T!#5!#/!&1W+$5#/5!
)$+00$+#%0Z!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!=/!&1W+$5#/5!_.405&+/!&0!:*45*4$!:4!#$4![.05!&/!
W#00&>4!1+%4!&/!54$10!+'!$4)4&>&/7!&/'+$1#5&+/!!
'$+1! :4N! .04$0! +$! :*45*4$! :4! #$4! 1+$4!
W$+#)5&>4! &/! 54$10! +'! 0+,&)&5&/7! +$! 044Y&/7! +.5!
&/'+$1#5&+/Z!
!
!
O454$!L+$$+)Y0!W$+>&%4%!#/!4\#1W,4!+'!*+:!5*4!
#.%&4/)4!&/',.4/)4%!5*4!%4>4,+W14/5!+'!#!05+$TZ!!
!
Q4!:4$4!%+&/7!#!05+$T!+/!#!$47&+/#,!7+>4$/14/5!)$#)Y!%+:/!+/!W+$/+7$#W*&)!&1#740Z!!4$T! 05$#&7*5'+$:#$%2! W+W.,&05! 14#0.$4!
#/%! &4:! 5*4$4!#/%! 5*#5!:#0/ 5!
0+145*&/7! :4! 5++Y! &/5+! #))+./5! #/%! :4! %&%!
0.N04_.4/5,T!&/),.%4!5*#5!&/!+.$!W&4)4!'+$!5*4!S4/!
`^",+)Y!C4:0Z!(+2!5*+04!_.&54! ./.0.#,2! &/0W&$&/7!
)+/5$&N.5&+/02! 4Z!!!S*4!eV]"^!L.N![+.$/#,&050!'4,5!L#>4!g+.$!(#T!:#0!#!
W+0&5&>4!0W#)4!'+$!#.%&4/)4!141N4$0!'$+1!#)$+00!5*4!!
:+$,%!5+!0*#$4!5*4&$!>&4:0!#/%!&%4#0Z!S*4!/.1N4$0!+'!
W4+W,4!)+/5$&N.54%!5+!5*4!L.N!)#//+5!N4!&7/+$4%Z!
!
`/! #! $4#,,T! W+W.,#$! %4N#54! :4! :&,,! 745! +>4$!
@A2AAA! 1400#740! &/! 5*4! 0W#)4! +'! +/4! %#TZ! S*4!
(*&,W#!(*455T!05+$T!'$+1!"4,4N$&5T!6&7!6$+5*4$!:#0!
+/4! +'! +.$! N&77405! %4N#540! +'! 5*4! T4#$Z! 6T! 5*4!4/%! +'! 5*#5!
1400#7402!+'!:*&)*!5*4$4!:4$4!04>4$#,!5*+.0#/%!
:*&)*!:4!/4>4$!7+5!5*$+.7*Z!
!
L#>4!g+.$!(#T!),4#$,T!#)50!#0!#/!&1W+$5#/5!
/4:07#5*4$&/7!5++,I!
!
) +*)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
26/63
!
!
!
5+!@AA!+'!5*41!$4#%!+.5!#0!1400#740!+/!>#$&+.0!
%&''4$4/5! +.5,450!:*45*4$! &5X0! ?&>4! J&>4! +$!C4:0!
GbZ!J&Y4:&042!+.5!+'!@AAA!1400#740!T+.!1#T!745!
#$+./%!#!)+.W,4!+'!%+K4/!)#04!05.%&40!5*#5!)+.,%!
N4!.04%!:*&)*!:4!W#00!+/!5+!W$+7$#1140Z!(+!5*4!!
+/40!:*&)*!#)5.#,,T!745!+/!#&$!:+.,%!N4!W4$*#W0!
*#,'!+'!5*#5Z!
!
S*4!:#T!&5!#,,+:0![+.$/#,&050!5+!!#))400!W4+W,4!&/!*#$%!5+!
$4#)*!)+./5$&40!&0!#,0+!0&7/&'&)#/5Z!
!
=0! #! W$+%.)4$! :*4/! T+.X$4! 5$T&/7! 5+! 5.$/! #!
W$+7$#114!#$+./%!&/!5*$44!*+.$02!5$T&/7!5+!745!#!
/+$1#,! W4$0+/! '$+1! (&4$$#! J4+/4! )#/! N4!
W$+N,41#5&)2! 40W4),,T!:*4/!5*4!W*+/40! #$4!0+!
%&0#05$+.0,T! %&''&).,5Z! S*&0! :#T2! :&5*! #! ,&55,4! N&5!
1+$4!5&142!:4!)#/!044! 5*4! 5*&/7!)+1&/7!.W2!:4!
)#/!745!#!W+05!'+$1!.W!+/!$4,#54%!05+$T!#/%!:4!
*#>4! 5&14! 5+! 5#,Y! &5! 5*$+.7*!:&5*! 5*404! W4+W,4!
#/%! &'! 5*4$4! &0! #! 05+$T! T+.! )#/! 745! 0+14! $4#,,T!
7++%!05.''Z!!
!
&%40!#/!41+5&+/#,!&1W#)5!:*&)*!66"!
[+.$/#,&050!)+.,%/^5!*#>4!W$4>&+.0,T!&/),.%4%!
5*4104,>40Z!
!
Q&5*! 0+14!+'!5*4!N&774$! 05+$&40!/+:2! &5X0!.04'.,!
'+$! V]"! )+114/50! 5+!7+! #*4#%!+'!#! N&7R*&55&/7!
W+,&5&)#,! &/54$>&4:Z! S*4! W+,&5&)/! )#/X5! [.05! 0#T2!
:4,,!5*#5X0!T+.$!+W&/&+/!-+*/2!N.5!
sZ!6.5! &'!T+.!*#>4! 5*4! >+&)4!+'! #!1+5*4$!:*+04!
0+/! *#0! N44/! Y&,,4%! &/! 6#0$#2! +$! #/! 4\R0+,%&4$!
:*+X0!*#%!#!*+$$&'&)!4\W4$&4/)4!&/!6#0$#!#/%!T+.!#0Y!5*4!0#14!_.405&+/!+'!5*#5!W+,&5&)/!*4!*#0!5+!
%4#,! :&5*! &5! %&''4$4/5,TZ! =/%! 0+! &5! 7&>40! #/!
#%%&5&+/#,! ,47&5&1#)T! 5+! _.405&+/0! 5*4T! 1#T!
#,$4#%T! :#/5! 5+! #0YZ! (+! 5*#5X0! #,:#T0! .04'.,! #0!
:4,,Z!
S*4$4!:#0!'$.05$#5&+/!4\W$4004%!#N+.5!*+:!_.&)Y,T!
%&0).00&+/0!)+.,%!5.$/!5+!./$4,#54%!5+W&)0Z!
!
3+05!+'!+.$!%4N#540!#$4!+/!)+/54/5&+.0!0.N[4)50Z!
S*#5X0!:*T!5*4T!#$4!%4N#540Z!(+!541W4$0!)#/!$./!!!
!
!
!
!
!!
*&7*!#/%!&5X0!4#0T!'+$!W4+W,4!5+!N$4#Y!*+.04!$.,40!
#/%!:4X>4!7+5!#/!+N,&7#5&+/!5*4$4! 5+!1#Y4! 0.$4!
5*+04!5*&/70!#$4/X5!W.N,&0*4%Z!
!
V,5&1#54,T2!#0!O454$!L+$$+)Y0!4\W,#&/02!5*4$4!&0!#!7$4#5!
%4#,!+'!>#,.4!5+!N4!7#&/4%!'$+1!5*404!)+114/502!N.5!
05$#547&40!/44%!5+!N4!%4>&04%!:*&)*!#,,+:!5*#5!>#,.4!5+!
N4!*#$/4004%!1+05!4''&)&4/5,TZ!!
!
40514/52!+.$!&/54/5&+/!:&,,!N4!5+!4/*#/)4!+.$!
4''+$50!&/!7455&/7!$4#,![+.$/#,&05&)!>#,.4!+.5!+'!5*&0!
1#54$,Z!40Z!341N4$0!+'!5*4!#.%&4/)4!:*+!
$4#,,T! Y/+:!:*#5! 5*4T! #$4! 5#,Y&/7! #N+.5! W,#T! #!
>&5#,! $+,4! &/! Y44W&/7! +.$! [+.$/#,&01! .W! 5+! 5*4!
1#$YZ!!
S4)*/+,+7T!&0!)*#/7&/7!5*4!>+,.142!4#04!
#/%!0W44%!+'!7#5*4$&/7!/4:0!1#54$,!#/%!
0+.$)402!N.5!&5!*#0!/+5!)*#/74%!5*4!$4,/)4!
+/!5$#%&5&+/#,![+.$/#,&01!W$#)5&)40!!
S*&0!&0!#!0&1W,4!N.5!0&7/&'&)#/5!)+/),.0&+/Z!P40W&54!eV]"^!
N4&/7!%40)$&N4%!NT!0+14!)+114/5#5+$0!#/%!
W$#)5&5&+/4$0!#0!#!$4>+,.5&+/!&/![+.$/#,&01!W$#)5&)42!!5*&0!
$404#$)*!*#0!%41+/05$#54%!5*#5!$#5*4$!5*#/!)*#/7&/7!5*4!:#T!1+05![+.$/#,&050!:+$Y2!=.%&4/)4!"+114/502!
=.%&4/)4!"+/54/5!#/%!=.%&4/)4!(5+$&40!#$4!'&$1,T!
41N4%%4%!:&5*&/!5*4!/4:07#5*4$&/7!W$+)4002!#/%!&/!
1+05!)#040!#$4!N4&/7!.04%!#0![.05!#/+5*4$![+.$/#,&05&)!
0+.$)4Z!!eV]"^2!5+!1+05!/4:0![+.$/#,&050!&/!5*4!66"2!&0!
.0.#,,T!)*#$#)54$&04%!#0!+/4!0+.$)4!+'!&/'+$1#5&+/!5+!N4!
W$+)4004%!#1+/7!1#/TZ!&%&/7!4T4R:&5/400!'++5#742!+$!!
++) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
27/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
+''4$&/7!)+114/50!#N+.5!#!05+$T2!5*404!$4,#5&+/0*&W0!
:&5*!5*4!#.%&4/)4!*#>4!#,:#T0!4\&054%Z!!
!
3+05!66"![+.$/#,&050!'$#14!5*4&$!#))+./50!+'!:+$Y&/7!
:&5*!V]"!&/!54$10!+'!5*4!$+,40!5*#5!*#>4!#,:#T0!1#%4!!
.W!5$#%&5&+/#,![+.$/#,&01!W$#)5&)42!$#5*4$!5*#/!#0!#!
$#%&)#,,T!/4:!:#T!+'!%+&/7!5*4![+NZ!?+$!4\#1W,42!5*4T!
'$4_.4/5,T!14/5&+/4%!5*4!/44%!5+!#WW,T!5$#%&5&+/#,!
[+.$/#,&05&)!54)*/&_.40!c&Z4Z!4/0.$&/7!#.5*4/5&)&5T2!
)*4)Y&/7!)+/54/52!#/%!1#&/5#&/&/7!&1W#$5,&5T2!45)d!:*4/!.0&/7!1#54$,!'$+1!5*4!#.%&4/)4Z!
!
S*&0!41W*#0&0!+/!'+054$&/7!#/%!W$404$>&/7!!5$#%&5&+/#,!
[+.$/#,&05&)!$+,40!#/%!>#,.40!:#0!+'54/!4\W$4004%!#0!#!
:&0*!5+!#)5!#0!#!7#54Y44W4$2!4/0.$&/7!5*#5!/+/R
W$+'400&+/#,!#.%&4/)4!)+/54/5!%+40!/+5!#''4)5!5*4!
_.#,&5T!+'!/4:0Z!S*&0!:&0*!:#0!4)*+4%!&/!+.$!#.%&4/)4!
$404#$)*Z!afo!+'!5*4!74/4$#,!W.N,&)!0#&%!5*4T!:4$4!&/!
'#>+.$!+'!1#54$,!N4&/7!>4554%!NT![+.$/#,&050!e&/!+$%4$!
5+!1#&/5#&/!5*4!_.#,&5T!+'!5*4!/4:0^Z!S*4!W$+W+$5&+/!+'!
+.$!+/,&/4!0.$>4T!+'!66"!:4N0&54!)+/5$&N.5+$0!:#0!4>4/!*&7*4$2!:&5*!Dfo!+'!5*+04!W+,,4%!0#&%!5*4T!5*+.7*5!
[+.$/#,&050!0*+.,%!#)5!&/!5*&0!e_.#,&5TR)+/5$+,^!$+,4Z!
!
^V]"^!&0!+'54/!)*#$#)54$&04%!#0!#!%41+)$#5&0&/7!'+$)42!
#,,+:&/7!5*4!#.%&4/)4!5+!*#>4!#/!&/W.5!&/!/4:0!
W$+%.)5&+/!:*&)*!4$+%40!5*4!5$#%&5&+/#,!%&05&/)5&+/0!
N45:44/!W$+%.)4$0!#/%!)+/0.14$0!+'!5*4!/4:0Z!S*&0!
$404#$)*2!*+:4>4$2!0.774050!5*#5!&/!5*4!)+/54\5!+'!5*4!!
66"!5*4!W++,!+'!)+/5$&N.5+$0!&0!05&,,!01#,,2!#/%!5*4$4!#$4!
0&7/&'&)#/5!N#$$&4$0!c54)*/+,+7&)#,2!0+)&+R4)+/+1&)2!45)d!
:*&)*!1&7*5!W$4>4/5!eV]" !'$+1!4>4$!N4)+1&/7!#!5$.,T!&/),.0&>4!W*4/+14/+/Z!
!
S*4$4!#$4!)4$5#&/!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!
c"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!#/%!C45:+$Y4%!-+.$/#,&01d!
:*&)*!*#>4!5*4!W+54/5,!5+!0&7/&'&)#/5,T!$4>+,.5&+/&04!!
[+.$/#,&01Z!#,!&/!5*4!:#T!5*4T!:+$Y2!#/%!/+!7$4#5!)*#/74!&/!5*4!
05$.)5.$#,!$+,40!W,#T4%!NT!5$#%&5&+/#,!W$+%.)4$0!#/%!
)+/0.14$0!+'!5*4!/4:0Z!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!"#$%&'((#) +,)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
28/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!'.,'&,0!D!$+,40!:&5*&/!5*4!66"!!
@Z ?&/%&/7!!"#$%$&'()"$%c:&5*&/!4\&05&/7!#74/%#2!4Z7Z!,++Y&/7!'+$!)#04!05.%&40!#/%!0+.$)40d!!
GZ ]4/4$#5&/7!!"#$%$*&(+"$%!'$+1!5&W!+''0!cN$4#Y&/7!/4:0!'++5#742!/4:!05+$T!&%4#0d!!BZ O$+>&%&/7!0W#)4!'+$!,'-.+)%/+$)'$$+&!%0!/%/"-0*"!bZ (5$4/75*4/&/7!5*4!(".0*+&!$1+,%#+*1%*1"%0'/+"!)"%!aZ ?&/%&/7!1#54$,!'+$!!&!2!"#$34%!04714/50!!DZ 5'/+"!)"%"6,"(6"!*!#/%!0Y&,,!%4>4,+W14/5!
!
S*4!'+,,+:&/7!5#N,4!%41+/05$#540!5*4!$4,#5&+/0*&W!N45:44/!5*4!%&''4$4/5!5TW40!+'!=.%&4/)4!3#54$,!#/%!5*4!$+,40!
5*4T!W,#TZ!#,.4![.%714/5!#55#)*4%!5+!5*4!54$1!e/+/R/4:0^2!N.5!&0!N4&/7!.04%!5+!%&''4$4/56!N45:44/!W*+5+7$#W*0!/+5!$4,#54%!5+!#/T!/4:0!4>4/5!c'+$!4\#1W,4!'#1&,T!W4502!5*4!:4#5*4$!45)d!#/%!W*+5+7$#W*0!:&5*!#!0W4)&'&)!/4:0!'+).0!c'+$!4\#1W,4!
4T4!:&5/400!W*+5+7$#W*0!+'!N$4#Y&/7!/4:0!05+$&40dZ!
+-) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
29/63
!
!
! ! P546(,)(#^+*(%6+9#.&9(-#
-.**#"+$4($ 4($5+$
/(.&6$7#$
8&9:5";$
4($5+$52$7#5";$8#*/#5)#6$92$8&9:5";$ 4($5+$2,(.&6"4,+W14/5!
C4:0!
05+$&40!! !
(5$4/75*4/&/7!
$4,#5&+/0*&W!:&5*!
#.%&4/)4!
C4:0!
0+.$)40!! !
C+/R/4:0!)+/54/5! ! ! !
$ !>.65#"/#$@A8#*5#"/#$ L#$%!/4:0!0+.$)40! ! ! !
$ !3("B"#'2$>.65#"/#$
-("+#"+$
C+/R/4:0!)+/54/5! ! ! !
$ !>.65#"/#$-(CC#"+$ O$+>&%&/7!0W#)4!'+$!
W.N,&)!%&0).00&+/!#/%!
%4N#54!
! (5$4/75*4/&/7!$4,#5&+/0*&W!:&5*!#.%&4/)4!D7.+$/(CC#"+2$',5/,$9*#$
"(+$792#6$("$65*#/+$#A8#*5#"/#$9*#$"(+$
)#*:$8(8.&9*$'5+,$9.65#"/#2$7#/9.2#$
(=$/("/#*"2$97(.+$2#&=B2#/+5("E!
&%&/7!0W#)4!'+$!W.N,&)!%&0).00&+/!#/%!
%4N#54!
! ! !
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
30/63
!
!C#5&+/0!#/%!M47&+/0!*#>4!1#/T!4\)4,,4/5!
4\#1W,40!+'!7++%!W$#)5&)4!N.5!/+5!4>4$T+/4!
&0!#:#$4!+'!5*404!#5!C45:+$Y!,4>4,!!
!
S*4$4!#$4!4\)4,,4/5!4\#1W,40!+'!7++%!W$#)5&)4!5#Y&/7!
W,#)42!N+5*!&/!54$10!+'!"+,,#N+$#5&>4!"+/54/5!#/%!
=.%&4/)4!C4:0!(5+$&40Z!C4:0$++10!&/!5*4!C#5&+/0!#/%!
M47&+/02!+'54/!NT!/4)400&5T2!#,$4#%T!*#>4!05$+/7!
$4,#5&+/0*&W0!:&5*!5*4&$!#.%&4/)4!:*4/!&5!)+140!5+!
5$#%&5&+/#,!eV]"^!'+$1#50!0.)*!#0!$#%&+!W*+/4R&/0Z!6.5!%.$&/7!5*4!$404#$)*!04>4$#,!4\#1W,40!+'!1+$4!
&//+>#5&>4!W$#)5&)4!:4$4!4/)+./54$4%2!40W4),,T!&/!
54$10!+'!)+/54/5!W$+%.)5&+/2!:*&)*!&/>+,>4![+.$/#,&050!
)+,,#N+$#5&/7!:&5*!5*4!W.N,&)!&/!:#T0!:*&)*!4\54/%!
N4T+/%!N#0&)!/4:07#5*4$&/7Z!S*4$4!#$4!#!0&7/&'&)#/5!
/.1N4$!+'!/+54:+$5*T!#/%!&//+>#5&>4!.040!+'!
)+,,#N+$#5&>4EW#$5&)&W#5+$T!eV]"^!&/!5*4!C#5&+/0!#/%!
M47&+/0!5*#5!0*+.,%!N4!)4,4N$#54%!#/%!4/)+.$#74%Z!!
!
40!%+!/+5!+>4$,++Y!5*4!>#,.#N,4!
$40+.$)40!5*#5!4\&05!&/!5*4!C#5&+/0!#/%!M47&+/02!N+5*!&/!
54$10!+'!4\&05&/7!#/%!W$4>&+.0,T!4\&05&/7!W$+[4)50!5*#5!
1&7*5!N4!.04%!#0!1+%4,0!+'!7++%!W$#)5&)4!'+$!'.5.$4!
/#5&+/#,!&/&5&>402!#/%!5*4!4\W4$&4/)4!+'!05#''!:*+!
*#>4!:+$Y4%!+/!0.))400'.,!W#$5&)&W#5+$T![+.$/#,&01!
W$+[4)50!'+$!#!/.1N4$!+'!T4#$0!#,$4#%TZ!
!
(+14!4\#1W,40!:4!4/)+./54$4%!&/!/4:0$++10!#)$+00!
5*4!)+./5$T!&/),.%4I!=.%&4/)4!S4#1!-+.$/#,&050!
7#5*4$&/7!#/%!4,&)&5&/7!V]"!&/!*#$%R5+R$4#)*!#$4#0!+/!
)+11./&5T!N.040!#/%!5*$+.7*!5*4!.04!+'!+W4/!)4/5$40j!
54,4>&0&+/![+.$/#,&050!#5!66"!P4>+/!&00.&/7!141N4$0!+'!
5*4!W.N,&)!#''4)54%!NT!/4:0!05+$&40!:&5*!>&%4+!)#14$#0!
5+!0*++5!5*4&$!+:/!>&%4+!%$&40j!$#%&+![+.$/#,&050!&/!
g+$Y0*&$4!.0&/7!#!)+1W#$#N,4!'+$1#5!5+!)$4#54!#.%&+!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
%$&40!.0&/7!5*4!9R@A!#.%&+!$4)+$%4$j!"(;!=)5&+/!O$+%.)4$0!#5!M#%&+!(*4''&4,%!4,&)&5&/7!V]"!'$+1!W4+W,4!
#''4)54%!NT!5*4!GAAf!0.114$!',++%0!#5!5*4!0#14!5&14!
#0!5*4T!+$7#/&04%!5*4!$4,&4'!4''+$5!5+!*4,W!',++%4%!
$40&%4/50j!#/%!66"!&/54$/45![+.$/#,&050!:+$Y&/7!+/!
%4%&)#54%!eV]"^!W$+[4)50!0.)*!#0!54#)*&/7!T+./7!W4+W,4!
*+:!5+!0*++5!#/%!4%&5!5*4&$!+:/!/4:0!W#)Y#740!+/!
1+N&,4!W*+/402!#/%!'#)&,&5#5&/7!5*4&$!N$+#%)#05!+/!66"!
J+)#,!:4N!0W#)40Z!
!
4%!%.$&/7!+.$!$404#$)*!#5!66"!Q#,40Z!Q4!)#//+5!W$+>&%4!#/!
4\*#.05&>4!,&05!+'!#,,!+'!5*4!W#$5&)&W#5+$T!14%!W$+[4)50!
'$+1!66"!/4:0$++10!&/!5*4!V82!S*#5!:+.,%!N4!
&1W+00&N,4!N#04%!+/!%#5#!7#5*4$4%!'$+1!0.)*!#!01#,,!
04,4)5&+/!+'!/4:0$++10Z!L+:4>4$2!+.$!,&05!%+40!0.77405!
/.14$+.0!#/%!%&>4$04!&/05#/)40!+'!#.%&4/)4!
W#$5&)&W#5&+/!:*&)*!)#/!,4#%!5+!5*4!1&/&1&0#5&+/!+'!
:*#5!0+14!66"!/4:0!4%&5+$0!$4'4$!5+!#0!e#&$R
)+/%&5&+/4%![+.$/#,&01^2!#/%!#/!&/)$4#04!&/!5*4!
W$+%.)5&+/!+'!)+/54/5!&/!:*&)*2!5+!%&''4$4/5!%47$4402!
4%&5+$,!)+/5$+,!+>4$!)+/54/5RW$+%.)5&+/!&0!)4%4%!5+!141N4$0!+'!5*4!W.N,&)Z!
!
GG-$H9$I(69:$J$K(.*$?+(*5#2$
`/4!&/54$405&/7!&/05#/)4!'$+1!+.$!)+/54/5!#/#,T0&0!:#0!
N$+#%)#05!NT!66"!Q#,40!+/!H9$I(69:!&/!?4N$.#$T!
GAAHZ!`/!3+/%#T!@@5*!?4N$.#$T2!5*4!W$+7$#1142!#0!
W#$5!+'!5*4&$!W4$1#/4/5!eg+.$!(5+$&40^!04)5&+/!+/!5*4!
W$+7$#114!:*&)*!#WW4#$0!#5!5*4!4/%!+'!5*4!N$+#%)#052!
4\W,#&/4%!5*#5!5*4T!*#%!$4)4&>4%!#!)#,,!'$+1!#!>&4:4$!&/!
$.$#,!1&%RQ#,40!)+1W,#&/&/7!#N+.5!5*4!,#)Y!+'!
6$+#%N#/%!W$+>&0&+/!&/!*&0!>&,,#74Z!S*4!W$404/54$0!#0Y4%!>&4:4$0!5+!)+/5#)5!5*41!&'!5*4T!:4$4!0.''4$&/7!:&5*!
0&1&,#$!W$+N,410Z!`/!S.40%#T^0!W$+7$#1142!5*4!
W$404/54$0!4\W,#&/4%!*+:!1#/T!)#,,0!5*4T!*#%!$4)4&>4%!
#/%!5*4$4!:#0!#!a!1&/.54!W#)Y#74!'$+1!5:+!,+)#5&+/02!
#/%!#!0W4),!'4#5.$4!#'54$!5*4!W#)Y#74!:*4$4!1+$4!
)+114/50!:4$4!$4#%!+.5Z!`/!Q4%/40%#T2!5*4!
W$+7$#114!*#%!#/!&/54$>&4:!:&5*!`'"+1!Q#,40!#/%!#/!
=0041N,T!3&/&054$Z!`/!S*.$0%#T2!5*4!W$+7$#114!
N$+#%)#05!#!f!1&/.54!04714/5!#N+.5!*+:!+5*4$!>&4:4$0!
*#%!0+,>4%!5*4&$!6$+#%N#/%!W$+N,41!5*$+.7*!
&//+>#5&>4!.040!+'!54)*/+,+7TZ! !
+/) !"#$%&'((#)
7/31/2019 BBC - Claire Wardle - Report On UGC (2009)
31/63
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!S*4$4!#$4!1#/T!4,414/50!+'!5*&0!05+$T!5*#5!#$4!W+0&5&>4!
'$+1!#/!#.%&4/)4!W4$0W4)5&>4I!#d!5*4!'#)5!5*#5!5*&0!05+$T!
+$&7&/#54%!'$+1!#/!#.%&4/)4!0.77405&+/2!Nd!5*4!'#)5!5*#5!
&5!:#0!7&>4/!0.)*!W$+1&/4/)4!#/%!*#%!0+!1#/T!
$40+.$)40!%4%&)#54%!5+!5*4!05+$T!#/%!)d!5*4!'#)5!5*#5!5*4!
W$+[4)5&+/!+'!5*4!05+$T!&/>+,>4%!#5541W5&/7!5+!'&/%!
0+,.5&+/0!5+!5*4!W$+N,41Z!=!0&7/&'&)#/5!'#)5+$!&/!5*4!
0.))400!+'!5*&0!W#$5&).,#$!4\#1W,4!)+.,%!N4!5*4!05$+/7!
,&/Y0!5*4!66"!Q#,40!S+%#T!W$+7$#114!*#0!:&5*!&50!
#.%&4/)42!5*$+.7*!5*4!'#)5!5*#5!eg+.$!(5+$&40^!*#0!N44/!
41N4%%4%!&/!5*4!/&7*5,T!N$+#%)#05Z!!
!66"!Q#,40^!eL4$4!?+$!g+.^!O$+[4)5!
$=0W4)50!+'!5*&0!W$+[4)5!,++04,T!$4041N,4!5*4!eW.N,&)!
[+.$/#,&01^!1+%4!+'!)+11./&5TR4/7#74%!/4:0!
$4W+$5&/7!:*&)*!41W*#0&04!5*4!&1W+$5#/)4!+'!)&>&)!
&/>+,>414/5!&/!5*4![+.$/#,&05&)!W$+)400!N#04%!+/!
%&0).00&+/0!#/%!)+/0.,5#5&+/!N45:44/![+.$/#,&050!#/%!
5*4!#.%&4/)40!5*4T!04$>4Z!!
!
S*4!W.$W+04!+'!5*4!W$+[4)52!#))+$%&/7!5+!]:4/%#!M&)*#$%02!"+11./&5&40!9%&5+$!#5!66"!Q#,402!:#0!5+!e5+!
745!),+04$!5+!5*4!#.%&4/)402!5+!+W4/!%++$0!5+!5*4!66"!
#/%!5+!1#Y4!>+&)40!+'!+$%&/#$T!W4+W,4!*4#$%^Z!!
!
Q4!045!.W!#/!#%>&0+$T!N+#$%!1#%4!.W!+'!W4+W,4!
'$+1! 5*4! )+11./&5T! :*+! $4W$404/5! %&''4$4/5!!
#$4#02!#/%!&/54$40502! #/%!5*4T! $./!5*4!1445&/70Z!!
&/7!&5Z!!S*4T^,,!W+&/5!.0!&/!#!%&$4)5&+/!&/!54$10!
+'!:*#5!05+$&402!:*#5!&00.40!#$4!)+1&/7!.W2!:*#5!
5*4&$!7$.%740!#$42!#/%!:*#5!Y&/%!+'!5*&/70!5*4T^%!,&Y4!5+!044!5*4!66"!%+Z!!!
!
S*4!W$+)400!&0!/+5!0&1W,T!+/4R:#T2!:&5*!141N4$0!+'!
5*4!W.N,&)!'44%&/7!&%4#0!5+!5*4![+.$/#,&0502!*+:4>4$Z!=!
,+5!+'!:+$Y!&0!#,0+!%+/4!4%.)#5&/7!#/%!&/'+$1&/7!5*4!
W.N,&)!#N+.5!:*#5!Y&/%0!+'!05+$&40!#/%!1#54$,!:+.,%!
N4!.04'.,!5+!%&''4$4/5!04)5+$0!#/%!%4W#$514/50!:&5*&/!
66"!Q#,40Z!=!5:+R:#T!)+/0.,5#5&+/!W$+)400!&0!&/05&5.54%!
5*#5!&/>+,>40!5$.4!)+,,#N+$#5&+/!N45:44/!66"![+.$/#,&050!
#/%!5*4!#.%&4/)4Z!
!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!P&7&5#,!(5+$T54,,&/7!
!!
"#W5.$4!Q#,40!:#0!#/!&/54$>4/5&+/&05!14%!W$+[4)5!
:*&)*!#&14%!5+!W$+1+54!%&7&5#,!,&54$#)T!#/%!04,'R
4\W$400&+/2!#/%!:*&)*!:#0!)+11&554%!5+!5*4!&%4#!5*#5!
)$4#5&>4!)+/5$+,!+>4$!4#)*!1.,5&14%!%&7&5#,!05+$T!
0*+.,%!N4!$45#&/4%!NT!5*4!&/%&>&%.#,!141N4$!+'!5*4!
W.N,&)Z!4/5&+/!#/%!&/05$.)5&+/!'$+1!5$#&/4%!
[+.$/#,&050!:#0!,&1&54%!5+!0Y&,'.,!,&7*5R5+.)*!'#)&,&5#5&+/!
145*+%0!&/!&/54/0&>4!:+$Y0*+W0!.0.#,,T!,#05&/7!+/4!:44Y2!#/%!+'54/!N#04%!&/!*#$%R5+R$4#)*!#$4#0!:&5*!*&7*!
,4>4,0!+'!0+),!#/%!4)+/+1