BBC Voices Recordings: Osgodby, Lincolnshire · (nonce-word used as child and subsequently adopted...

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Title: Osgodby, Lincolnshire Shelfmark: C1190/21/03 Recording date: 21.11.2004 Speakers: East, Teresa, b. 1981 Osgodby; female; welder (father agricultural engineer; mother cleaner) Grebby, Sheena, b. 1951 Kilmarnock, Scotland; female; teacher (father farm worker; mother housewife) Rivett, Loretta Marian ("Titch"), b. 1953; female; lecturer in horticulture/conservation (father farmer; mother post lady) Smith, Hedley, b. 1946 Osgodby; male; farmer (father farmer; mother housewife) Smith, Sandra, b. 1947 Boston, Lincolnshire; female; music teacher (father painter & decorator; mother housewife) The interviewees are all friends.

PLEASE NOTE: this recording is still awaiting full linguistic description (i.e. phonological, grammatical and spontaneous lexical items). A summary of the specific lexis elicited by the interviewer is given below.

ELICITED LEXIS

○ see English Dialect Dictionary (1898-1905) * see Survey of English Dialects Basic Material (1962-1971) † see Dictionary of the Scots Language (online edition) ∆ see New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2006) ◊ see Green’s Dictionary of Slang (2010) ♦ see Urban Dictionary (online) ⌂ no previous source (with this sense) identified

pleased chuffed; chuffed to bits♦; happy; buzzing (used by young speakers); main and pleased1;

main and glad1; right [ɹɛɪʔ, rɑɪʔ] glad; dead chuffed; gay (used in past, avoided now); glad

1 OED (online edition) records ‘main and --‘ in sense of ‘nice and –’.

BBC Voices Recordings

tired weary; worn out; dead beat; knackered (thought to be related to “knacker’s yard”, censured in past by mother); bushed; webbed⌂; flagged out*; whacked; harrowed○ (common in Boston); jiggered (used frequently); tired; fucked

unwell ill; sick (means ‘unwell’ not just ‘nauseous’); poorly; peely-wally (Scottish, used frequently due to Scottish mother); wally⌂; off-colour; dicky (“I’m feeling a bit dicky”); not right; badly; rough; rough as a badger’s bum∆ (suggested by interviewer, heard used)

hot mithered○ (means ‘hot and bothered’); hot; warm [waːm, wɔːm]; flush; flushed; mawking⌂, mawked⌂ (from ‘mawk’ meaning ‘maggot’ as “you’ve gotten that hot flies’ll strike you”, also used of meat left out of fridge)

cold perished (“I’m perishing cold”); freezing; chilly; nippy; parky; nesh (“I’m neshed” used by friend); hunch (“it’s a bit hunch today” used by father); snirruped○, snerped○ (used by grandfather, thought to mean “your face is all wrinkled with cold”, also used in past of apples wizened following winter storage); cold [kɔːd, kəʊd, kəʊəɫd]; frozen [fɹɒzən] stiff (of self); frozen [fɹɒzən] up (of e.g. milking equipment); frozen [fɹɒzən] (of water); nithering (“nithering wind” used by Yorkshire weatherman on ‘Look North’2 of very cold weather, heard used by colleagues from Yorkshire)

annoyed ratty; riled; mad; pissed off (“naughty one”); browned off; angry; cross; fuming (liked) throw chuck it; sling it; toss (“posh”, of gentle throw); pelt (of firm throw); lob (also heard used

by schoolchildren) play truant skive; bunk off; wagging it; twag◊ (“twagging it”); throw a sickie◊ (heard used, modern),

pull a sickie◊ (of being absent from work) sleep kip; doze; nap; bit of shut-eye; cat-nap; forty winks; stacking up the zeds◊ (heard used by

young speakers); making zeds∆ (suggested by interviewer); up the wooden hill◊ (of going to sleep)

play a game having a bit of fun; lark (used by ten-year-old daughter, “lark around/about” used as children in past); laking

hit hard wallop; slap; punch; wham; whack it; slam it; smack; lambaste, lam out (“he lammed out at me”, of hitting person)

clothes glad rags; kecks, kegs♦ (of male ‘underwear’); gear; clobber; kit; dud; garb (“go and get

you garb on”); togs (used by grandmother); clothes; frock (used by mother of ‘dress’); ganseys (of ‘jumper’); whistle and flute (used by father of ‘suit’, thought to be “Cockney”); pinny (of ‘apron’); rags; clouts (used by father/mother); trucks⌂, unmentionables (used by grandmother of female ‘underwear’); briefs, knickers, pants, drawers (used now of ‘underwear’)

trousers troosers†; leggings (modern, of specific type of trousers); jeans (used generically); pants (considered American, “put me pants on” also used locally)

child’s shoe plimsolls; pumps; sand-shoes; trainers (modern, not worn for PE); plimmies∆ mother me mam; me mumsy; mum; mother; ma gmother gran, grandma (used to distinguish between maternal/paternal grandmother), nana; nan;

gram♦, grammy○ (used by partner); gaggy (nonce-word used as child and subsequently adopted by family)

m partner husband; the master (used in past by older speakers of own partner); the better half, the other half (heard used)

friend mate (“me mate”); pal; best mate

2 BBC’s regional television news service.



gfather grandad; pop; grandpa; dad⌂ (used in contrast to ‘father’ often causing confusion when at school)

forgot name a thing a-purpose⌂; thingmebob◊; thingummyjig∆; what-you-may-call-it; what’s-its-name; thingy; oojah (used by grandmother); oojah-ma-flip∆

kit of tools bag of tricks; tools of the trade∆; me tuts⌂ (“hae you gotten your tuts together?” used within family of e.g. tools/school-books, presumed idiolectal); tool-kit; tool bag; tool-box; gubbins; stuff

trendy tart (used by grandmother); towny; with-it; cool; floozy; hussy; tawdry; cheap; flashy f partner the missus (used by older speakers of own partner, still used now); wife; the wife; Sandra

(i.e. by name); lady; lady of the house (heard used); hen (term of endearment used by father of mother); nens⌂ (heard used by friends); the wee wifie (Scottish)

baby bairn (of ‘child’ generally); sprog (disliked, heard used); babby○ (of ‘baby’ specifically); the little one; rug-rat (learnt from TV, of baby old enough to crawl); bub⌂ (also used of ‘young bird’○)

rain heavily chuck it down; pour; siling down; rain cats and dogs; pissing down; peeing it down; pissing

it down; chucking it down; pelting; kelching○; siling; pouring; coming down like stair-rods; coming down like muck-forks tine downwards⌂ (used by grandfather of torrential rain)

toilet dungy⌂, dunny (Australian, also used by schoolchildren locally); bog; loo; lav; khazi∆; little room; netty (“Geordie”); the toilet; lavatory; lavvy, privy, petty (used in past of outside toilet); W.C.; water-closet; closet (used by mother)

walkway alley-way; alley; passage; nicky-nacky-way⌂ (used by mother); close (Scottish, of walkway behind tenements); jitty○; snicket, twitchel (suggested by interviewer as used in Nottingham)

long seat settee; sofa; couch (“a bit posh”) run water beck; stream; burn (Scottish) main room living room; front room (used by mother in past); lounge; the room (of room reserved for

special occasions, e.g. “when the parson came or at Christmas […] or at funerals”); parlour

rain lightly drizzle; mizzle; haar (heard used in Grimsby of ‘sea-mist’); Scotch mist (used by mother) rich loaded; wealthy; well off; well-heeled; flush; minted; snoots, snooty (of self-made wealthy

people); quality (of people born wealthy); aristocrats; aristocratic; “them in/at the big house”⌂

left-handed cack-handed (also used to mean ‘clumsy’ and to “eat the opposite way round”); cawk-handed*; left-handed

unattractive ugly; face like the back end of a bus∆; plain; minging (used by young speakers); manky (also used to mean ‘dirty’); scraitch⌂ (“she’s nobbut a scraitch”)

lack money skint; poor; down and out; hard up; poverty-stricken; on the dole; in the workhouse⌂ (suggested jokingly)

drunk sozzled; pissed up (most common); pie-eyed; paraletic∆; tipsy; plastered; pissed; steaming∆ (used by young speakers); merry

pregnant up the duff; up the spout; up the stick; preggers (disliked); expecting; bun in the oven; in-kid⌂, in-calf (of animals)

attractive looker; bonny; pretty; good-looking; beautiful; “cor they’re the bee’s knees”∆ (of attractive female, also used of object); smart piece⌂; cute; pratty○ (heard used in songs, disputed)



insane crackers; mad; barmy; bonkers; nutter; nutty; mental; off your/his rocker; round the twist; a loony; one brick short of a load◊, one straw short of a load∆3, one sandwich short of a picnic◊ (“you can go on for ever, can’t you”); barm cake♦ (suggested by interviewer, not used locally)

moody take the hump; mardy; blows hot and cold; clunch (“oh, he’s a bit clunch” used by grandmother); go about like a bear with a sore head; sulky (“go into a sulk, like”); “get out of that sooky”◊4, “pick your bottom lip up”⌂ (“you’d better get that picked up you could park a bus on it” used by mother to avert mood)

SPONTANEOUS LEXIS afore = before (0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 1:15:19 this was good in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted me to talk because if I’m confronted with summats) and all = too, as well (0:01:34 so when you get ‘hot’ you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fella’s here with the microphone, isn’t it?; 0:02:38 yeah, ‘mawk’ was a ‘maggot’ (that’s right, yeah) and and (oh right, yeah, yeah) “you’ll be that hot flies’ll strike you” (oh, oh right) and ’cause it does it on meat and all if you leave meat out out of the fridge (oh, yes yeah); 0:02:52 there was another word there there was and all summats to do with ‘hot’ I suddenly thought about oh it’ll mebbe come back to me) at the minute = at the moment (0:10:39 oh I can’t think of a poem just to uh just at the minute) aught = anything (0:07:56 hae you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?) beast = cattle (1:10:44 would you say about that about your beast then? (no, uh ‘in-calf’ they are)) bird-nesting = searching for bird’s nests/eggs (0:45:28 so did you go bird-nesting when you was bairn? (oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t it?)) brust○ = to burst (1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would gie over) bub, bubbling○ = young bird, fledgling (0:45:50 ‘bare as a bubbling’ because when (yeah, ‘bare as a bub’ we used to say) ‘bare as a bub’ (whereas you’ve got the extra) yeah, ‘ling’ on the end (‘ling’ on it, yeah)) bumpty⌂ = footstool (0:57:24 the only other thing that isn’t the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’ (a ‘bumpty’?) (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) that’s right, yeah (‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little round thing not the long)) by = exclamation expressing surprise or disbelief (0:38:39 hae you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah)) Cockney = person from / dialect of London (0:28:19 my dad always calls his suit his ‘whistle and flute’ which I think is Cockney, isn’t it, or something like that) dead = very, really (0:13:52 (or “I’m right glad” maybe even) (yes, I’ve heard that before, yeah, “I’m right glad” I cou… I would’ve used that probably, yeah, “I’m right glad”) ‘dead chuffed’) donkey’s years = a very long time (1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon)

3 New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2006) includes several examples of ‘NOUN (part) short of NOUN (whole)’ in this sense but not ‘one straw short of a load’. 4 Green’s Dictionary of Slang (2010) records ‘sook’ in sense of ‘to whinge’. 5 Common abbreviation of ‘women’s liberation movement’, referring to series of campaigns for reform of women’s rights.



egging back of Doid’s = common expression used locally equivalent to ‘mind your own business’ (0:43:29 uh you know your mam would say, “oh, and why are you late home where you where you been?” and uh if they dare, you know, I mean you you don’t always you’d say but if you dare you would’ve said um, “I been egging back of Doid’s” and that meant again ‘mind your own business’; 0:44:15 apparently from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you didn’t, you know, you didn’t really hae to say what you had been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been) flig○ = to become full-fledged and ready to fly (0:45:34 yeah, I were gonna say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah) folk = people (0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon) gazunder∆ = potty, bedpan (0:32:31 well my my gran would’ve said ‘unmentionables’ (yes) yeah, and the ‘gazunder’ for a (yes) (yeah, yeah)) Geordie = person from / dialect of Newcastle upon Tyne (0:53:39 and there’s the ‘netty’ as well I think they call it that in Geordie land they call it the ‘netty’) gie○ over = to give up, stop, desist (1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would gie over; 1:045 well they always used to say that ‘gie over’ meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) gleg = look, glance (0:50:16 you can have a gleg through and then I can borrow it back again) hae○ = to have (0:07:56 hae you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?; 0:26:39 (eh, cor it’s we’re rattling through it now) oh right (rattling through, yeah) we got slow down now, hae we?; 0:38:39 hae you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:44:15 apparently from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you didn’t, you know, you didn’t really hae to say what you had been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been; 0:48:51 I’m gonna tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘me tuts’, “hae you gotten your tuts together?”) hoss = horse (0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after hosses and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them) kecks○ = dried hemlock stalks (0:27:14 I thought you said ‘kecks’ and that’s uh ‘hemlock’ on the roadside, it is, so if you thought we were talking about men’s undies and I thought we were talking about dead grass stems at the roadside we could have an interesting conversation there, Sheena) kelch○ = heavy fall, downpour (0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow) lass = girl (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning) learn = to teach (0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems)



lig = to lie (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning) mawk = maggot (0:02:38 yeah, ‘mawk’ was a ‘maggot’ (that’s right, yeah) and and (oh right, yeah, yeah) “you’ll be that hot flies’ll strike you” (oh, oh right) and ’cause it does it on meat and all if you leave meat out out of the fridge (oh, yes yeah)) mebbe = maybe (0:02:52 there was another word there there was and all summats to do with ‘hot’ I suddenly thought about oh it’ll mebbe come back to me; 0:16:30 I suppose it might be a bit distasteful mebbe the thing, you see, (yeah) thinking of the knacker’s yard where the all old bones and flesh rotting and things, you see; 0:47:31 yeah, well mebbe mebbe years ago mebbe that’s what it did mean I don’t know; 0:57:24 don’t think anybody’d putten owt else, had they? (are we are we going back to grandma here, are we are we?) yeah, yeah, just wondered if she’d putten owt or mebbe she didn’t get as far as ‘plimsolls’, bless her; 1:00:18 I think mebbe it did because it’s probably the only plant that would’ve survived in although I think I think you went in and dusted, didn’t you?; 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) meggar○ = to improve (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now) naught = nothing (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught) nobbut = only (1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) over = very, really (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now) owt = anything (0:57:24 don’t think anybody’d putten owt else, had they? (are we are we going back to grandma here, are we are we?) yeah, yeah, just wondered if she’d putten owt or mebbe she didn’t get as far as ‘plimsolls’, bless her) pad = path (0:54:20 she had a loo down the garden pad) poufty⌂ = footstool (0:57:24 (the only other thing that isn’t the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’) a ‘bumpty’? (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) (that’s right, yeah) ‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little round thing not the long) proper = complete, utter (0:48:16 well I’ve got ‘floozy’ and ‘hussy’ my mum always used to say, “oh she looks a proper hussy in them clothes”) right = very, really (0:13:52 or “I’m right glad” maybe even (yes, I’ve heard that before, yeah, “I’m right glad” I cou… I would’ve used that probably, yeah, “I’m right glad”) (‘dead chuffed’)) summat(s)6 = something (0:02:52 there was another word there there was and all summats to do with ‘hot’ I suddenly thought about oh it’ll mebbe come back to me; 0:04:15 you know when you put apples out uh well you pick them lay them out on a shelf or summats wrap them in paper or summat you know sometimes when it gets to February March and you open your paper up (they’re all) they’re all wizened (yeah) they apparently were ‘snirruped’ or ‘snerped’ (with the cold) yeah; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home t’ eat; 0:44:15 apparently from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of

6 See entry for ‘summats’ in Jabez Good’s Lincolnshire Glossary (1973) for confirmation of excrescent /s/.



Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you didn’t, you know, you didn’t really hae to say what you had been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been; 1:15:19 this was good in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted me to talk because if I’m confronted with summats) swarm = to climb (1:16:20 eventually me husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually)) swime⌂ = to swing (1:16:52 when we were kids there used to be a bridge over a river and we used to dare each other, you know, to to (yeah) hold on to it like that and go across like that and we called it ‘swiming’ we used to say, “we’ll swime across the river”) thick as two short planks∆ = stupid, foolish (1:07:36 it’s not quite the same as ‘thick as two short planks’) tother = other (0:51:47 uh going by what me dad says tother grandad was as well but I can’t remember him saying uh strange things; 1:16:20 eventually me husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually)) unheppen = clumsy, ungainly (1:02:33 (some tools like people I think they even to use a chain-saw on a farm, you know, they’re made for right-handed people really and it can be quite awkward at times, yeah) but you’re not unheppen, are you?) wimwam for a mustard mill and a catcher for a meddler7 = common expression used in past equivalent to ‘mind your own business’ (0:43:04 if you say, “what on earth’s that then?” if you didn’t really want to tell them it’s really a mild way of saying ‘don’t be nosey’ and you say, “it’s a wimwam for a mustard mill and a catcher for a meddler and if you don’t look out it’ll catch you”) windling8 = snow-drift (0:06:34 but here do you say ‘windling’ then? (no) for gaps in hedges where the snow comes through; 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow)

SPONTANEOUS LEXIS KIT [ɪ] (0:00:38 we thought it might be something [sʊmθɪŋ] different [dɪfɹənt] (yeah) and a probably a bit [bɪt] of fun even (yeah, yeah); 0:09:15 I think [θɪŋk] in my case my parents just wanted me to better myself somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any effect [ɪfɛkt] really; 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit [bɪʔ] women’s lib5 [wɪmɪnz lɪb]’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah))

<ex-> (0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ and it was never used except [ɛksɛpt] for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals) give (1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would give [giː] over; 1:04:45 well they always used to say that ‘give [giː] over’ meant

7 ‘Wimwam for meddler’s noses/wigwam for a mustard mill/overlays for meddlers’ are recorded in this sense in J.D.A Widdowson’s ‘Lincolnshire Traditional Sayings and Proverbial Expressions’ in N. Field & A. White (eds.) A Prospect of Lincolnshire (1984). 8 See entry for ‘windle’ in Jabez Good’s Lincolnshire Glossary (1973).



that you were in the lower class and ‘give [gɪv] over’ meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) surFACE (0:12:31 (see how many there is, you see, when we we were discussing these we we were sat there and we couldn’t think of any more now now there’s all these ones you know we know but we just couldn’t think of it at the time [...]) well we’ve got quite a few different ones down there (well we got a few but I mean there’s there is lots more) (yeah) just scraped the surface [səːfəs] really probably, yes)

DRESS [ɛ] (0:05:48 one day I remember [ɹɪmɛmbə] in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity [ɪlɛktɹɪsəti] no telephone [tɛlɪfəʊn] it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:09:15 I think in my case my parents just wanted me to better [bɛtə] myself [mɪsɛɫf] somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any [ɛni] effect [ɪfɛkt] really; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs [ɛgz] from the dunes behind and they would actually collect [klɛkt] the eggs [ɛgz] and bring them home to eat)

dead (0:27:14 I thought you said ‘kecks’ and that’s uh ‘hemlock’ on the roadside, it is, so if you thought we were talking about men’s undies and I thought we were talking about dead [dɪəd] grass stems at the roadside we could have an interesting conversation there, Sheena) get, ever(y), never, together, yet (0:01:34 so when you get [gɛʔ] ‘hot’ you get [gɪʔ] ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here with the microphone, isn’t it?; 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet [jɪʔ] only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:10:49 I’m ever [ɛvə] so sorry I had to pick up on that one; 0:29:07 what about if you’re getting [gɪʔɪn] dressed up? (still I just wear ‘clothes’) you wouldn’t put your you wouldn’t put your ‘glad rags’ on? (no) (getting [gɛʔɪn] ‘tarted up’?); 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard [nɪvəɹ ɪːd] it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?” [təgɪðə]; 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up [gɛɹ ʊp] in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting [gɪʔɪn] up in a morning; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard [nɪvəɹ ɪəd] you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 1:16:20 eventually my husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever [ɪvə] so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard [nɛvəɹ əːd] you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually))

TRAP [a] (0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really think of much I just put ‘angry’ [angɹi] when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry [angɹi] usually; 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand [stand] at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand [bad and] at getting up in a morning)



had, have (0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had [ɛd] some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had [ɛd] a great kelching of snow; 0:07:56 have [ɛ] you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?; 0:15:16 well we were always ‘harrowed’ (oh yes) (oh I’ve heard ‘harrowed’, yeah, oh I’ve my) oh you’ve got an aitch on yours, have [ɛv] you? (yeah, ‘harrowed’ we usually say, yeah) oh right (in Boston, yeah); 0:16:46 have [av] you got some rude ones down there, Teresa?; 0:26:39 (eh, cor it’s we’re rattling through it now) oh right (rattling through, yeah) we got slow down now, have [ɛ] we?; 0:38:39 have [ɛ] you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:44:15 apparently from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you didn’t, you know, you didn’t really have [ɛ] to say what you had [ad] been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have [ɛ] you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses and he used to say that you had [jɛt] to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them)

LOT~CLOTH [ɒ] (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond [pɒnd] for them to go and drink, like; 0:06:10 don’t you remember that all the snow drifts across [əkɹɒs] the road?; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years [dɒŋkɪz jɪəz] but ‘quality’ [kwɒləti] (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten [gɒʔn] money rather than being born with it I reckon) STRUT [ʊ] (0:00:38 we thought it might be something [sʊmθɪŋ] different and probably a bit of fun [fʊn] even; 0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really think of much [mʊʧ] I just [ʤʊst] put ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry usually; 0:01:10 (yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk is that right, Sandra?) yeah, I I soon soon get hot flushes [flʊʃɪz] in a warm room, yeah; 0:48:16 well I’ve got ‘floozy’ and ‘hussy’ [hʊzɪ] my mum [mʊm] always used to say, “oh she looks a proper hussy [hʊzi] in them clothes”)

ONE (0:10:49 I’m ever so sorry I had to pick up on that one [wɒn]; 0:16:46 have you got some rude ones [ɹuːdn̟z] down there, Teresa?; 0:24:47 so that’s a fairly modern one, [mɒdn̟ən] yeah, not not one [wɒn] of mine; 0:25:19 ’cause it’s not one that I use but it’s some of you young ones [jʊŋ ənz] that I’ve heard saying it; 0:38:56 the only other one [ʊðəɹən] I’ve got it would’ve been ‘wife’; 0:50:24 no, these are good ones [gʊdn̟z] I went and got the good ones, [gʊdn̟z] I did; 0:58:02 do you drop ‘aitches’ or ‘aitches’? (say that again) do you drop aitches or aitches? (just say it) (aitches) aitches, Theresa, what do you drop? (aitch) say it again say it louder (aitch) what do you drop? (aitch) (I drop aitches) now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t no aitch on aitch and for once [wɒns] I’m right; 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one [wʊn] a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”)

FOOT [ʊ] (0:12:06 well I could [kʊd] I couldn’t [kʊdn ̟ʔ] really think of much I just put [pʊʔ] ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry usually; 1:15:19 this was good [gʊd] in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted me to talk because if I’m confronted with summats)



<-ook> (0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked [lʊkt] after horses and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them; 1:08:53 (‘attractive’) ‘looker’ [luːkə] (well I couldn’t think of much) (‘bonny’))

BATH [a] (0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses [aftəɹ ɒsɪz] and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them; 1:00:18 I think mebbe it did because it’s probably the only plant [plant] that would’ve survived in although I think I think you went in and dusted, didn’t you?)

master (0:38:03 it would be ‘the missus’ meaning their ‘wife’ and the wife would say ‘the master’ [mɛstə] of the house, you know, ‘the master’ [mastə] (oh they would do, yeah, the but not so much now, like))

NURSE [əː > ɛː] (0:09:37 you’ve got to teach them Standard English but you’ve not got to in any way infer [ɪɱfɛː] that what they are actually saying from home is wrong; 0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt [ləːnt] me to say poems; 01:13:33 (‘manky’) well we used to use that for being dirty [dəːtɪ] (yeah and and) (well you’d be unattractive if you were dirty, wouldn’t you?) and if like if the cat come in with its fur all [fəːɹ ɔːɫ] clogged up you’d say, “oh that’s a manky old thing”, wouldn’t you?))

bird, burn, turn, word, work (0:01:56 (any other thoughts on that from anywhere else in here?) what for that word? [wɒd] (for ‘hot’ and what-not) (I’ve just got ‘hot’ ‘warm’ ‘warm’); 0:02:52 there was another word [wɒd] there there was and all summats to do with ‘hot’ I suddenly thought about oh it’ll mebbe come back to me; 0:45:28 so did you go bird-nesting [bɒdnɛstɪn] when you was bairn? (oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t it?); 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked [wɒkt] them; 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns [bɒnz] their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned [tɒnd] round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand) heard (0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard [ɪːd] it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard [ɪəd] you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard [ɪəd] it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon; 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard [əːd] that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard [həːd] of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) shirt (0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought,



“well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ [ʃɛt] my dad’s shirts [ʃɛts] rather than ‘shirts’ [ʃəːts])

FLEECE [iː > iɪ] (0:00:38 we thought it might be something different (yeah) and a probably a bit of fun even [iːvən] (yeah, yeah); 0:02:38 yeah, ‘mawk’ was a ‘maggot’ (that’s right, yeah) and and (oh right, yeah, yeah) “you’ll be that hot flies’ll strike you” (oh, oh right) and ’cause it does it on meat [miɪt] and all if you leave [liːv] meat [miɪt] out out of the fridge (oh, yes yeah); 0:04:43 going back to (and ‘cold’) to ‘freezing’ [fɹiːzɪn] and that I I just put, “I’m ‘frozen stiff’”; 0:20:07 I play in an orchestra and I I play um an instrument that has a reed [ɹiːd] on OK which is like a piece [piːs] of thin cane; 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean [kliɪn] frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” [stɹiɪm] and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”)

been (0:38:56 the only other one I’ve got it would’ve been [biːn] ‘wife’; 0:45:34 yeah, I were going to say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been [bɪn] watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah)

FACE [ɛɪ > ɛː ~ eː] (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake [ɹeːk] outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:20:07 I play [plɛɪ] in an orchestra and I I play [plɛɪ] um an instrument that has a reed on OK [əʊkɛɪ] which is like a piece of thin cane [kɛɪn]; 0:51:54 I mean he used to say [sɛː] uh my my hair was ‘as straight [stɹɛɪt] as a yard of pump water’; 0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste [wɛːst] of space [spɛːs] for most of the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals)

ain’t (0:51:12 and what about ‘coming down muck-fike like muck-forks tine downwards’ (do you know I haven’t heard that one, no) ain’t [ɛːnʔ] you?; 0:59:22 can you just switch your recorder off (I’m not going to I’m not allowed to) ’cause I ain’t [ɛːnt] got a TV; 1:03:40 I ain’t [ɛːnt] heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon) always (0:15:16 well we were always [ɔːləst]9 ‘harrowed’ (oh yes) (oh I’ve heard ‘harrowed’, (yeah, oh I’ve my) oh you’ve got an aitch on yours, have you? (yeah, ‘harrowed’ we usually say, yeah) oh right (in Boston, yeah); 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my mam always [ɔːləz] says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:28:19 my dad always [ɔːwəz] calls his suit his ‘whistle and flute’ which I think is Cockney, isn’t it, or something like that; 0:37:51 personally it would be ‘husband’ but the older generations always [ɔːləz] said ‘the master’ and ‘the missus’ and they would say it about their own uh pa… uh partner as it were; 0:43:29 uh you know your mam would say, “oh, and why are you late home where you where you been?” and uh if they dare, you know, I mean you you don’t always [ɔːləst]9 you’d say but if you dare you would’ve said um, “I been egging back of Doid’s” and that meant again ‘mind your own business’; 0:59:54 it was always [ɔːləs] the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals;

9 See entry for ‘allust’ in this sense in Jabez Good’s Lincolnshire Glossary (1973) for confirmation of excrescent /t/.



1:04:45 well they always [ɔːləs] used to say that ‘give over’ meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) break, make, take, say (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying [sɛɪɪn] no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break [bɹɛk] ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:24:30 ’cause somebody said to me or they wanted me to go out with them and I was supposed to be at work and her says, “oh aren’t you going to take [tɛk] a sickie?”; 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make [mɛk] sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:40:08 and I remember him taking [tɛkɪn] me to school one day junior school; 0:45:34 yeah, I were going to say I can remember going and taking [tɛkɪn] note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take [tɛk] note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah; 0:51:47 uh going by what my dad says tother grandad was as well but I can’t remember him saying [sæɪɪn] uh strange things; 0:53:58 I’d say [sɛ] ‘the loo’ I wouldn’t I wouldn’t say [sɛː] that other word ’cause I, you know, that’s another one of them that I would have been telled off for)

PALM [aː ~ ɑː] (0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really think of much I just put ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry [ɹɑːðəɹ angɹi] usually; 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half [aːf] make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather [ɹaːðə] than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”)

aunt(y) (0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt [ant] taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems; 0:37:29 you can call me ‘aunty [anti] Loretta’ if you like but it’s a bit of a mouthful, isn’t it? (it’s weird you’re ‘aunty [anti] Titch’))

THOUGHT [ɔː] (0:00:38 we thought [θɔːt] it might be something different (yeah) and a probably a bit of fun even (yeah, yeah); 0:01:10 yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk [mɔːk] is that right, Sandra? (yeah, I I soon soon get hot flushes in a warm room, yeah; 0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk [tɔːk] like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught [tɔːt] elocution and she learnt me to say poems)

(n)aught (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught [nəʊt]; 0:07:56 have you got aught [əʊʔ] for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?) <wa-> (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water [wɔːtə] no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:51:54 I mean he used to say uh my my hair was ‘as straight as a yard of pump water’ [watɚ]; 0:58:55 and I had to say to her, “what’s that thing down Little London Lane if you go to the bottom that water [watə] running along?” and she said, “well that’s the ‘beck’”)

GOAT [əʊ > ɔː] (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no [nəʊ] water no [nəʊ] electricity no [nəʊ] telephone [tɛlɪfəʊn] it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old [əʊd] pond for them to go [gəʊ] and drink, like; 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road



[ɹɔːd] and folk [fɔːk] will say I’m sure if you get hold [əʊd] of a few old [əʊd] folk [fɔːk] they would say, “oh, [ɔː] we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:52:44 and over [ɒvə] near the coast [kɔːst] they have ‘harr’ or ‘harr’ maybe)

clothes (0:27:32 (‘gear’ ‘clobber’ ‘kit’ ‘dud’) (oh, clobber) (‘garb’) […] and ‘clothes’ [klʊəðz] of course; 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes [klɔːz] and that’s my mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’) don’t, only, open, frozen (0:04:15 you know when you put apples out uh well you pick them lay them out on a shelf or summats wrap them in paper or summat you know sometimes when it gets to February March and you open [ɒpn̩] your paper up (they’re all) they’re all wizened (yeah) they apparently were ‘snirruped’ or ‘snerped’ (with the cold) yeah; 0:04:43 going back to (and ‘cold’) to ‘freezing’ and that I I just put, “I’m ‘frozen [fɹɒzən] stiff’”; 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only [ɒni] a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:38:56 the only [ɒni] other one I’ve got it would’ve been ‘wife’; 0:43:29 uh you know your mam would say, “oh, and why are you late home where you where you been?” and uh if they dare, you know, I mean you you don’t [dɒnt] always you’d say but if you dare you would’ve said um, “I been egging back of Doid’s” and that meant again ‘mind your own business’; 0:57:24 the only [ɒni] other thing that isn’t the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’ (a ‘bumpty’?) (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) that’s right, yeah (‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little round thing not the long); 1:00:08 (so nobody’s got a ‘parlour’ then?) no, we didn’t have a parlour (a ‘front parlour’) no, and only [ɒni] opened [ɒpn ̩d] up on special occasions (with an aspidistra); 1:00:18 I think mebbe it did because it’s probably the only [ɒni] plant that would’ve survived in although I think I think you went in and dusted, didn’t you?) goes (0:55:19 and my mum calls them ‘nicky-nacky-ways’ she goes, [gʊz] “oh, there’s a nicky-nacky-way round there”) going (to) (0:45:34 yeah, I were going to [gʊnə] say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah; 0:48:51 I’m going to [gʊnə] tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:51:47 uh going [gʊɪn] by what my dad says tother grandad was as well but I can’t remember him saying uh strange things) <-old> (0:03:53 I think that means you hunch your shoulders [ʃɛʊdəz] up with the cold [kɛʊd]; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old [əʊd] pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:04:43 (going back to) and ‘cold’ [kəʊd] (to ‘freezing’ and that I I just put, “I’m ‘frozen stiff’”); 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold [əʊd] of a few old [əʊd] folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:37:51 personally it would be ‘husband’ but the older [ɛʊdə] generations always said ‘the master’ and ‘the missus’ and they would say it about their own uh pa… uh partner as it were; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old [əʊd] Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home to eat)



<-ow> (0:01:34 so when you get ‘hot’ you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s [fɛləz] here with the microphone, isn’t it?; 0:15:16 well we were always ‘harrowed’ [aɹəd] (oh yes) (oh I’ve heard ‘harrowed’, [haɹəd] yeah, oh I’ve my) oh you’ve got an aitch on yours, have you? (yeah, ‘harrowed’ [haɹəd] we usually say, yeah) oh right (in Boston, yeah); 0:50:16 you can have a gleg through and then I can borrow it [bɒɹəɹ ɪʔ] back again; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box [wɪndəbɒks] and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand; 1:09:39 “where the potatoes [pɹɛːtiz] grow” and wasn’t it wasn’t it pret… (well they’re ‘potatoes’, aren’t they?) no, it was ‘pretty flowers’, wasn’t it?) over (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over [əʊə] well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over [əʊə] well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 0:30:16 (oh definitely I think so, yeah) well we influenced them, didn’t we, we th... we took it over [ɒvə] there it’s just coming back again now; 0:52:44 and over [ɒvə] near the coast they have ‘harr’ or ‘harr’ maybe; 1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would give over [əʊɚ]; 1:04:45 well they always used to say that ‘give over’ [aʊɚ] meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ [ʊəvɚ] meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) snow (0:06:10 don’t you remember that all the snow [snɒː] drifts across the road?; 0:06:18 well there was a snow [snɒː] rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught) so (0:10:49 I’m ever so [sə] sorry I had to pick up on that one; 0:38:03 (it would be ‘the missus’ meaning their ‘wife’ and the wife would say ‘the master’ of the house, you know, ‘the master’) oh they would do, yeah, the but not so [sə] much now, like; 1:12:27 (‘hard up’) (yeah, I’ve got ‘hard up’ and ‘poor’) what was that for? (‘lacking money) (and uh, yeah, gra...) ‘lacking money’ ‘poor’ yeah, that’s all I’ve put ‘poor’ (Alice’d putten ‘skint’ grandma put ‘poor’) (‘poverty stricken’) (‘on the dole’) ‘on the dole’ they’re not so [sə] skint on the dole now, are they though; 1:16:20 eventually my husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so [sə] quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually))

GOOSE [uː > ɪuː] (0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school [skuːɫ] they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution [ɛləkjuːʃən] and she learnt me to say poems; 0:40:08 and I remember him taking me to school [skuːəɫ] one day junior [ʤuːniə] school [skɪuːɫ]; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew [nɪuː] old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used [juːst] to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes [duːnz] behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home to eat; 0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ [ɹuːm] and it was never used [juːzd] except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d probably be used [juːzd] twi... or uh funerals [fɪuːnɹəɫz])



PRICE [ɑɪ ~ aɛ ~ aɪ] (0:00:38 we thought it might [maɛʔ] be something different (yeah) and a probably a bit of fun even (yeah, yeah); 0:01:34 so when you get ‘hot’ you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, [sʊmtaɪmz] yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ [mɑɪðəd] (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here with the microphone, [maɛkɹəfɔːn] isn’t it?; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, [lɑɪk] as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice [ɑɪs] on the old pond for them to go and drink, like [lɑɪk])

by, my(self) (0:09:15 I think in my [mɑɪ] case my [mɪ] parents just wanted me to better myself [mɪsɛɫf] somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any effect really; 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my [mɪ] mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my [mɪ] dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:32:04 my [maɛ] dad when I asked him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better go get my [mɪ] clouts”; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my [mɪ] tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:51:47 uh going by [bɪ] what my [mɪ] dad says tother grandad was as well but I can’t remember him saying uh strange things; 1:16:20 eventually my [mi] husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually)) <-ight> (0:01:10 yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk is that right, [ɹɛɪʔ] Sandra? (yeah, I I soon soon get hot flushes in a warm room, yeah); 0:13:52 or “I’m right [ɹɛɪʔ] glad” maybe even (yes, I’ve heard that before, yeah, “I’m right [ɹɑɪʔ] glad” I cou… I would’ve used that probably, yeah, “I’m right [ɹɑɪʔ] glad”) (‘dead chuffed’); 0:58:02 do you drop ‘aitches’ or ‘aitches’? (say that again) do you drop aitches or aitches? (just say it) (aitches) aitches, Theresa, what do you drop? (aitch) say it again say it louder (aitch) what do you drop? (aitch) (I drop aitches) now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t no aitch on aitch and for once I’m right [ɹɛɪt]; 1:01:24 bit before my time actually so I’m not that ancient they used to try and get them to use their right [ɹɑɪʔ] hand if they was left-handed, didn’t they?)

CHOICE [ɔɪ] (0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really think of much I just put ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed [ənɔɪd] I’m rather angry usually) MOUTH [aʊ] (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out [aʊt] and we had to turn the cows [kaʊz] out [aʊʔ] and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside [aʊtsaɪd] our house [aʊs] that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:57:24 don’t think anybody’d putten owt [aʊt] else, had they? (are we are we going back to grandma here, are we are we?) yeah, yeah, just wondered if she’d putten owt [aʊʔ] or mebbe she didn’t get as far as ‘plimsolls’, bless her)

hour, flower, our (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house [aːɹ aʊs] that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our [aː] family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you



gotten your tuts together?”; 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early [aʊəɹ əːli] to feed them before you worked them; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers [flaʊəz] in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers [flaʊəz] in his hand) Louth (0:41:26 well Louth [laʊəθ] is Louth [laʊəθ] (well indeed, yes, course it is how silly of me) (they call it Louth [luːθ] I’ve heard people call it Louth [luːθ]) well you’re going back to what it nearly what it used to be years ago it was Louth [lʊθ] and before that it was Louth [lʊd]) thou (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll [ðaɫ] lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning)

NEAR [ɪə >ɪː] (0:27:32 ‘gear’ [gɪə] ‘clobber’ ‘kit’ ‘dud’ (oh, clobber) ‘garb’ […] (and ‘clothes’ of course); 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years [dɒŋkɪz jɪəz] but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon; 0:37:29 (you can call me ‘aunty Loretta’ if you like but it’s a bit of a mouthful, isn’t it?) it’s weird [wɪəd] you’re ‘aunty Titch’; 0:41:26 well Louth is Louth (well indeed, yes, course it is how silly of me) (they call it Louth I’ve heard people call it Louth) well you’re going back to what it nearly [nɪːli] what it used to be years [jɪːz] ago it was Louth and before that it was Louth) SQUARE [ɛː] (0:09:15 I think in my case my parents [pɛːɹənts] just wanted me to better myself somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any effect really; 0:51:54 I mean he used to say uh my my hair [ɛː] was ‘as straight as a yard of pump water’)

anywhere (0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else [ɛnɪwəɹ ɛɫs] and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”)

START [aː ~ ɑː] (0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks [spaːks] fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:52:44 and over near the coast they have ‘harr’ [aː] or ‘harr’ [hɑː] maybe; 1:00:08 so nobody’s got a ‘parlour’ [pɑːlə] then? (no, we didn’t have a parlour [paːlə]) a ‘front parlour’ [pɑːlə] (no, and only opened up on special occasions) with an aspidistra; 1:12:27 (‘hard up’ [hɑːd ʊp]) yeah, I’ve got ‘hard up’ [aːd ʊp] and ‘poor’ (what was that for?) (‘lacking money) and uh, yeah, gra... (‘lacking money’ ‘poor’ yeah, that’s all I’ve put ‘poor’) Alice’d putten ‘skint’ grandma put ‘poor’ (‘poverty stricken’) (‘on the dole’) (‘on the dole’ they’re not so skint on the dole now, are they though))

farm (1:04:45 well they always used to say that ‘give over’ meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm [faːm] labourer and a farmer [fɛːmə])

NORTH [ɔː] (0:20:07 I play in an orchestra [ɔːkɪstɹə] and I I play um an instrument that has a reed on OK which is like a piece of thin cane; 0:59:22 can you just switch your recorder off [ɹɪkɔːdəɹ ɒf] (I’m not going to I’m not allowed to) ’cause I ain’t got a TV)



fork (0:51:12 and what about ‘coming down muck-fike like muck-forks [mʊkfəːks] tine downwards’ (do you know I haven’t heard that one, no) ain’t you?) horse (0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses [ɒsɪz] and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them) or (0:52:44 and over near the coast they have ‘harr’ or [ɚː] ‘harr’ maybe) <wa-> (0:01:10 yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk is that right, Sandra? (yeah, I I soon soon get hot flushes in a warm [wɔːm] room, yeah; 0:01:56 (any other thoughts on that from anywhere else in here?) (what for that word?) (for ‘hot’ and what-not) I’ve just got ‘hot’ ‘warm’ [waːm] ‘warm’ [wɔːm]; 1:16:20 eventually my husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” [swaːmɪn] (‘swarming’ [swɔːmɪn] up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually))

FORCE [ɔː] (1:01:24 bit before [bɪfɔː] my time actually so I’m not that ancient they used to try and get them to use their right hand if they was left-handed, didn’t they?) CURE [ɔː > ʊə] (0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if [ʃɔːɹ ɪf] you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 1:12:27 (‘hard up’) yeah, I’ve got ‘hard up’ and ‘poor’ [pʊə] (what was that for?) (‘lacking money) and uh, yeah, gra... (‘lacking money’ ‘poor’ [pɔː] yeah, that’s all I’ve put ‘poor’ [pɔː]) Alice’d putten ‘skint’ grandma put ‘poor’ [pʊə] (‘poverty stricken’) (‘on the dole’) (‘on the dole’ they’re not so skint on the dole now, are they though)) happY [i > ɪ] (0:48:16 well I’ve got ‘floozy’ [fluːzɪ] and ‘hussy’ [hʊzɪ] my mum always used to say, “oh she looks a proper hussy [hʊzi] in them clothes”; 0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really [ɹɪːli] think of much I just put ‘angry’ [angɹi] when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry [angɹi] usually [juːʒəli]; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years [dɒŋkɪz jɪəz] but ‘quality’ [kwɒləti] (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally [naʧɹəli] wealthy [wɛɫθi] whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money [mʊni] rather than being born with it I reckon; 01:13:33 (‘manky’ [maŋki]) well we used to use that for being dirty [dəːtɪ] (yeah and and) (well you’d be unattractive if you were dirty, wouldn’t you?) (and if like if the cat come in with its fur all clogged up you’d say, “oh that’s a manky [maŋki] old thing”, wouldn’t you?)) lettER [ə] (0:05:48 one day I remember [ɹɪmɛmbə] in particular, [pətɪkjələ] like, as you’re saying no water [wɔːtə] no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:51:54 I mean he used to say uh my my hair was ‘as straight as a yard of pump water’ [watɚ])

<-shire> (1:08:13 ’cause Teresa’s mam’s Yorkshire [jɔːkʃɪː] (yeah) and well she wasn’t actually born in Yorkshire [jɔːkʃɪː] she was born down here, wasn’t she, but her parents was both on them; 1:11:03 “trouble is with Lincolnshire” [lɪŋkənʃɪə] she said, “it’s all ‘agri’ and no ‘culture’”, you know; 1:16:20 eventually my husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire [lɪŋkənʃɪː] and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually))



trousers (0:29:31 (I put ‘leggings’) that was rather difficult (I couldn’t think of anything I put ‘leg…’ ‘leggings’ but) well they’re not really trousers [tɹaʊzɪz] leggings just ‘pants’ (well, they’re a modern form of ladies’ trousers [tɹaʊzɪz] leggings, aren’t they?))

commA [ə] (0:20:07 I play in an orchestra [ɔːkɪstɹə] and I I play um an instrument that has a reed on OK which is like a piece of thin cane) horsES [ɪ] (0:01:10 (yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk is that right, Sandra?) yeah, I I soon soon get hot flushes [flʊʃɪz] in a warm room, yeah; 0:06:34 but here do you say ‘windling’ then? (no) for gaps in hedges [ɛʤɪz] where the snow comes through) startED [ɪ] (1:01:24 bit before my time actually so I’m not that ancient they used to try and get them to use their right hand if they was left-handed, [lɛftandɪd] didn’t they?; 1:15:19 this was good in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted [wɒntɪd] me to talk because if I’m confronted [kɒnfɹʊntɪd] with summats) mornING [ɪ] (0:00:38 we thought it might be something [sʊmθɪŋ] different (yeah) and a probably a bit of fun even (yeah, yeah); 0:16:30 I suppose it might be a bit distasteful mebbe the thing, you see, (yeah) thinking [θɪŋkɪn] of the knacker’s yard where the all old bones and flesh rotting [ɹɒtɪn] and things, you see) VARIABLE RHOTICITY10 (0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar [gɹamə] school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before [bɪfɔː] then I had them when I was a bairn [bɛːn] but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt [ləːnt] me to say poems; 0:27:32 ‘gear’ [gɪə] ‘clobber’ [klɒbə] ‘kit’ ‘dud’ (oh, clobber [klɒbə]) ‘garb’ [gaʳːb] […] (and ‘clothes’ of course [kɔːs]); 0:51:54 I mean he used to say uh my my hair [ɛː] was ‘as straight as a yard [jaːd] of pump water’ [watɚ]; 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner [wagənɚ] and which meant that he looked after horses [aftəɹ ɒsɪz] and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early [aʊəɹ əːli] to feed them before [bɪfɔː] you worked [wɒkt] them; 0:58:02 do you drop ‘aitches’ or [ɚ] ‘aitches’? (say that again) do you drop aitches or [ɚ] aitches? (just say it) (aitches) aitches, Theresa, what do you drop? (aitch) say it again say it louder [laʊdə] (aitch) what do you drop? (aitch) (I drop aitches) now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t [ðəɹ ɪnʔ] no aitch on aitch and for once [fə wɒns] I’m right; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard [ɪəd] it for donkey’s years [dɒŋkɪz jɪəz] but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were [wəː] naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather [ɹaːðə] than being born [bɔːn] with it I reckon) PLOSIVES T frequent word final T-glottaling (e.g. 0:01:10 yeah, ’cause I reckon Sandra’s beginning to mawk is that [ðaʔ] right, [ɹɛɪʔ] Sandra? (yeah, I I soon soon get [gɛʔ] hot [hɒʔ] flushes in a warm room, yeah); 0:00:38 we thought it [ɪʔ] might [maɛʔ] be something different (yeah) and a probably a bit of fun even (yeah, yeah); 0:01:34 so when you get [gɛʔ] ‘hot’ you get [gɪʔ] ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought [θɔːʔ] ‘mithered’ (meant [mɛnʔ] that, [ðaʔ] yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot [ɒʔ] and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here with the microphone, isn’t it? [ɪʔ]; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water

10 Hedley, Sandra and Teresa are consistently non-rhotic; Titch and Sheena very occasionally pronounce postvocalic R.



no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out [aʊʔ] and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:07:56 have you got [gɒʔ] aught [əʊʔ] for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t [wɒnʔ] doing weather, was we?) frequent word medial & syllable initial T-glottaling (e.g. 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern [paʔn ̟] across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:29:07 what about if you’re getting [gɪʔɪn] dressed up? (still I just wear ‘clothes’) you wouldn’t put your you wouldn’t put your ‘glad rags’ on? (no) (getting [gɛʔɪn] ‘tarted up’?); 0:32:04 my dad when I asked him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better [bɛʔə] go get my clouts”; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little [lɪʔɫ̩] tiny bairn how whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten [gɒʔn̟] money rather than being born with it I reckon) T-voicing (0:09:37 you’ve got to [gɒdə] teach them Standard English but you’ve not got to in any way infer that what they are actually saying from home is wrong) T-to-R (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up [gɛɹ ʊp] in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning; 1:08:13 ’cause Teresa’s mam’s Yorkshire (yeah) and well she wasn’t actually born in Yorkshire she was born down here, wasn’t she, but her [bʊɹ ə] parents was both on them; 1:09:39 “where the potatoes [pɹɛːtiz] grow” and wasn’t it wasn’t it pret… (well they’re ‘potatoes’, aren’t they?) no, it was ‘pretty flowers’, wasn’t it?) NASALS NG frequent NG-fronting (e.g. 0:04:43 going back to (and ‘cold’) to ‘freezing’ [fɹiːzɪn] and that I I just put, “I’m ‘frozen stiff’”; 0:16:30 I suppose it might be a bit distasteful mebbe the thing, you see, (yeah) thinking [θɪŋkɪn] of the knacker’s yard where the all old bones and flesh rotting [ɹɒtɪn] and things, you see; 0:22:24 so what what’ve you got for ‘hitting [ɪtɪn] hard’ then?; 0:45:28 so did you go bird-nesting [bɒdnɛstɪn] when you was bairn? (oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t it?); 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ [mɔːnɪn] I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting [gɪʔɪn] up in a morning [mɔːnɪn]) N frequent syllabic N with nasal release (e.g. 0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t [kʊdn̟ʔ] talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems; 0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t [kʊdn̟ʔ] really think of much I just put ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry usually; 0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly [sʊdn̟li] occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 0:24:47 so that’s a fairly modern [mɒdn̟] one, yeah, not not one of mine; 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him



now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill [wʊdn̟ ɪɫ] and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t [wʊdn̟ʔ] get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning; 0:53:58 I’d say ‘the loo’ I wouldn’t [wʊdn ̟ʔ] I wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] say that other word ’cause I, you know, that’s another one of them that I would have been telled off for; 0:54:20 she had a loo down the garden [gaːdn̟] pad; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, [wʊdn̟t] mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 1:00:08 (so nobody’s got a ‘parlour’ then?) no, we didn’t [dɪdn]̟ have a parlour (a ‘front parlour’) no, and only opened up on special occasions (with an aspidistra)) syllabic N with epenthetic schwa (0:29:31 I put ‘leggings’ (that was rather difficult) I couldn’t think of anything I put ‘leg…’ ‘leggings’ but (well they’re not really trousers leggings just ‘pants’) well, they’re a modern [mɒdən] form of ladies’ trousers leggings, aren’t they?) FRICATIVES H frequent H-dropping (e.g. 0:01:34 so when you get ‘hot’ [ɒt] you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot [ɒʔ] and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here [ɪː] with the microphone, isn’t it?; 0:06:34 but here [ɪə] do you say ‘windling’ then? (no) for gaps in hedges [ɛʤɪz] where the snow comes through; 0:09:15 I think in my case my parents just wanted me to better myself somehow [sʊmaʊ] but uh I don’t know if it had any effect really; 0:22:24 so what what’ve you got for ‘hitting [ɪtɪn] hard’ [aːd] then?; 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s [uːz] a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half [aːf] make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill [wʊdn̟ ɪɫ] and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand [bad and] at getting up in a morning; 1:16:20 eventually my husband [ʊzbənd] was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard [əːd] you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard [əːd] that, yeah, actually)) hypercorrect H (0:58:02 (do you drop ‘aitches’ [ɛːʧɪz] or ‘aitches’? [hɛːʧɪz]) (say that again) (do you drop aitches [ɛːʧɪz] or aitches [hɛːʧɪz]?) (just say it) (aitches [ɛɪʧɪz]) (aitches, [ɛːʧɪz] Theresa, what do you drop?) aitch [hɛːʧ] (say it again say it louder) aitch [hɛɪʧ] (what do you drop?) (aitch [hɛɪʧ]) (I drop aitches [hɛɪʧɪz]) (now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t no aitch [ɛːʧ] on aitch [ɛːʧ] and for once I’m right)) LIQUIDS R

11 approximant R (0:05:48 one day I remember [ɹɪmɛmbə] in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity [ɪlɛktɹɪsəti] no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break [bɹɛk] ice on the old pond for them [fəɹ əm] to go and drink, [dɹɪŋk] like; 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake [ɹeːk]

11 Hedley and Titch consistently use [ɹ]; Sandra varies between [ɹ > ɾ ~ r]; Sheena varies between [ɹ > r] and Teresa varies between [ɹ > ʋ].



outside our house [aːɹ aʊs] that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on [fəːðəɹ ɒn] it there wasn’t naught; 0:29:07 what about if you’re getting dressed [dɹɛst] up? (still I just wear ‘clothes’) you wouldn’t put your you wouldn’t put your ‘glad rags’ [glad ɹagz] on? (no) (getting ‘tarted up’?)) trilled R (0:11:46 ‘ratty’ [ratɪ] ‘riled’ [raɪɫd]; 0:32:43 ’cause I lived with my gran for a short time and she thought that ‘knickers’ was a very rude word and so I had to call them ‘briefs’ [briːfs]; 0:35:28 I’ve got loads I’ve got ‘nan’ ‘nana’ ‘gran’ ‘grandma’ ‘gram’ ‘and ‘granny’ [granɪ] but I actually call used to call mine ‘gran’ [gran]) R-tapping (0:32:43 ’cause I lived with my gran for a [fəɾ ə] short time and she thought that ‘knickers’ was a very rude word and so I had to call them ‘briefs’; 0:35:28 I’ve got loads I’ve got ‘nan’ ‘nana’ ‘gran’ [gɾan] ‘grandma’ [gɾanmaː] ‘gram’ [gɾam] ‘and ‘granny’ but I actually call used to call mine ‘gran’) labiodental R (0:45:11 they’re ‘rug-rats’ [ʋʊgʋats] when they’re little and they’re still crawling [kʋɔːlɪn] and stuff (oh rug crawling on the rug oh right) (oh, I’ve never heard that one) (no, I’ve never heard that either)) L clear onset L (0:00:23 I'm I’m the one to blame [blɛːm] for all this; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, [pətɪkjələ] like, [lɑɪk] as you’re saying no water no electricity [ɪlɛktɹɪsəti] no telephone [tɛlɪfəʊn] it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like [lɑɪk]) dark coda L (0:09:15 I think in my case my parents just wanted me to better myself [mɪsɛɫf] somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any effect really; 0:10:21 ’cause my tale [tɛːɫ] is not when I went to grammar school [skuːɫ] they telled [tɛɫd] me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems) syllabic L with lateral release (0:02:52 there was another word there there was and all summats to do with ‘hot’ I suddenly thought about oh it’ll [ɪtɫ̩] mebbe come back to me; 0:57:24 (the only other thing that isn’t the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’) a ‘bumpty’? (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) (that’s right, yeah) ‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little [lɪtɫ̩] round thing not the long) GLIDES J yod dropping with N, D (0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew [nɪuː] old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes [duːnz] behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home to eat) yod dropping with word medial S (0:45:34 (yeah, I were going to say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d) yeah (gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again) that’s right (and sometimes they’d lay some more) yeah, quite a country pursuit, [pəsuːʔ] wasn’t it, that (yeah)) zero yod (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few [fuː] yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:12:31 (see how many there is, you see, when we we were discussing these we we were sat there and we couldn’t think of any more now now there’s all these ones you know we know but we just couldn’t think of it at the time [...]) well we’ve got quite a few [fuː] different ones down there (well we got a few [fjuː] but I mean there’s there is lots more) (yeah) just scraped the surface really probably, yes; 0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d



probably be used twi... or uh funerals [fɪuːnɹəɫz]; 1:11:22 both me and Titch used to recite at the mu… [muː] local music [muːzɪk] festival) ELISION prepositions frequent of reduction (e.g. 0:02:38 yeah, ‘mawk’ was a ‘maggot’ (that’s right, yeah) and and (oh right, yeah, yeah) “you’ll be that hot flies’ll strike you” (oh, oh right) and ’cause it does it on meat and all if you leave meat out out of [ə] the fridge (oh, yes yeah); 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of [ə] snow; 0:24:47 so that’s a fairly modern one, yeah, not not one of [ə] mine; 0:25:19 ’cause it’s not one that I use but it’s some of [ə] you young ones that I’ve heard saying it; 0:50:48 I wouldn’t say either of [ə] them, I wouldn’t, that’s far too rude for me; 0:51:54 I mean he used to say uh my my hair was ‘as straight as a yard of [ə] pump water’; 0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of [ə] space for most of [ə] the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals) over reduction (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over [əʊə] well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over [əʊə] well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would give [giː] over [əʊɚ]; 1:04:45 well they always used to say that ‘give over’ [aʊɚ] meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ [ʊəvɚ] meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) to reduction (0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home to eat [tiɪt]) with reduction (1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with [wi] it I reckon; 1:11:03 “trouble is with [wɪ] Lincolnshire” she said, “it’s all ‘agri’ and no ‘culture’”, you know; 1:15:19 this was good in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted me to talk because if I’m confronted with [wɪ] summats) negation frequent secondary contraction (0:01:34 so when you get hot you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here with the microphone, isn’t [ɪnt] it?; 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t [wɒnʔ] naught; 0:07:56 have you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t [wɒnʔ] doing weather, was we?; 0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t [wɒnʔ] uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 0:29:07 what about if you’re getting dressed up? (still I just wear ‘clothes’) you wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] put your you wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] put your ‘glad rags’ on? (no) (getting ‘tarted up’?); 0:37:29 you can call me ‘aunty Loretta’ if you like but it’s a bit of a mouthful, isn’t [ɪnt] it? (it’s weird you’re ‘aunty Titch’); 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t [dʊn] half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:45:28 (so did you go bird-nesting when



you was bairn?) oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t [wɒnt] it?; 0:45:34 (yeah, I were going to say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d) yeah (gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again) that’s right (and sometimes they’d lay some more) yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t [wɒnt] it, that (yeah); 0:53:58 I’d say ‘the loo’ I wouldn’t [wʊdn ̟ʔ] I wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] say that other word ’cause I, you know, that’s another one of them that I would have been telled off for; 0:57:24 the only other thing that isn’t [ɪnʔ] the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’ (a ‘bumpty’?) (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) that’s right, yeah (‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little round thing not the long); 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t [ɪnʔ] no other word”; 1:01:24 bit before my time actually so I’m not that ancient they used to try and get them to use their right hand if they was left-handed, didn’t [dɪnʔ] they?; 01:13:33 ‘manky’ (well we used to use that for being dirty) (yeah and and) well you’d be unattractive if you were dirty, wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] you? (and if like if the cat come in with its fur all clogged up you’d say, “oh that’s a manky old thing”, wouldn’t [wʊnʔ] you?); 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t [ɪnʔ] (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) simplification word final consonant cluster reduction (0:32:04 my dad when I asked [ast] him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better go get my clouts”; 0:38:39 have you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t [dʊn] half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:58:44 well my mam I asked [ast] her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 1:00:08 (so nobody’s got a ‘parlour’ then?) no, we didn’t [dɪdn]̟ have a parlour (a ‘front parlour’) no, and only opened up on special occasions (with an aspidistra)) word initial syllable reduction (0:44:15 apparently [paɹəntli] from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you didn’t, you know, you didn’t really have to say what you had been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been) syllable deletion (0:00:38 we thought it might be something different and a probably [pɹɒbli] a bit of fun even; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company [kʊmpni] in fact I knew old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect [klɛkt] the eggs and bring them home to eat; 0:59:54 it was always the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals [fɪuːnɹəɫz]; 1:09:39 “where the potatoes [pɹɛːtiz] grow” and wasn’t it wasn’t it pret… (well they’re ‘potatoes’, aren’t they?) no, it was ‘pretty flowers’, wasn’t it?)

L-deletion (0:03:53 I think that means you hunch your shoulders [ʃɛʊdəz] up with the cold [kɛʊd]; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old [əʊd] pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold [əʊd] of a few old [əʊd] folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:28:19 my dad always [ɔːwəz] calls [kɔːz] his suit his ‘whistle and flute’ which I think is Cockney, isn’t it, or something like that; 0:37:51 personally it would be ‘husband’ but the older [ɛʊdə] generations always said ‘the master’ and ‘the missus’ and they would say it about their own uh pa… uh partner as it were; 0:38:56 the only [ɒni] other one I’ve got it



would’ve been ‘wife’; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old [əʊd] Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them home to eat; 0:57:24 the only [ɒni] other thing that isn’t the ‘long soft seat’ but I just got was a ‘bumpty’ (a ‘bumpty’?) (that’s) (is that a ‘pouf’?) (but that’s not a sofa) that’s right, yeah (‘poufty’ we’d call that but that’s a little round thing not the long); 1:00:08 (so nobody’s got a ‘parlour’ then?) no, we didn’t have a parlour (a ‘front parlour’) no, and only [ɒni] opened up on special occasions (with an aspidistra); 1:00:18 I think mebbe it did because it’s probably the only [ɒni] plant that would’ve survived in although I think I think you went in and dusted, didn’t you?) frequent TH-deletion with them (e.g. 0:04:15 you know when you put apples out uh well you pick them [əm] lay them [əm] out on a shelf or summats wrap them [əm] in paper or summat you know sometimes when it gets to February March and you open your paper up (they’re all) they’re all wizened (yeah) they apparently were ‘snirruped’ or ‘snerped’ (with the cold) yeah; 0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them [əm] to go and drink, like; 0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them [əm] before then I had them [əm] when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems; 0:43:55 Doid’s was a factory or an industry or summats in Grimsby big big company in fact I knew old Mrs Doid and the the bairns used to go picking uh seagulls’ eggs from the dunes behind and they would actually collect the eggs and bring them [əm] home to eat; 0:45:34 yeah, I were going to say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them [əm] after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah; 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early to feed them before you worked them [əm]; 0:55:19 and my mum calls them [əm] ‘nicky-nacky-ways’ she goes, “oh, there’s a nicky-nacky-way round there”; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them [əm] it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand; 1:08:13 ’cause Teresa’s mam’s Yorkshire (yeah) and well she wasn’t actually born in Yorkshire she was born down here, wasn’t she, but her parents was both on them [əm]; 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them [əm] and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) V-deletion (e.g. 0:01:34 so when you get ‘hot’ you get ‘bothered’ and all? (I do sometimes, yeah, yeah) yeah ’cause I I would’ve [wʊdə] thought ‘mithered’ (meant that, yeah) was, yeah, that you were now ‘hot and bothered’ you were (yeah, well I’m not) but that’s ’cause this fellow’s here with the microphone, isn’t it?; 0:07:56 have [ɛ] you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?; 0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over [əʊə] well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over [əʊə] well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 0:22:24 so what [wɒʔə] what’ve [wɒʔə] you got for ‘hitting hard’ then?; 0:26:39 (eh, cor it’s we’re rattling through it now) oh right (rattling through, yeah) we got slow down now, have [ɛ] we?; 0:32:31 well my my gran would’ve [wʊdə] said ‘unmentionables’ (yes) yeah, and the ‘gazunder’ for a (yes) (yeah, yeah); 0:38:39 have [ɛ] you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah); 0:38:56 the only other one I’ve got it would’ve [wʊdə] been ‘wife’; 0:44:15 apparently from that you would just say, “oh, I’ve been egging back of Doid’s” and that got you off the hook you



didn’t, you know, you didn’t really have [ɛ] to say what you had been doing ’cause uh presumably it was summats that you didn’t ought to’ve been; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have [ɛ] you gotten your tuts together?”; 1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would give [giː] over [əʊɚ]; 1:04:45 well they always used to say that ‘give [giː] over’ [aʊɚ] meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give [gɪv] over’ [ʊəvɚ] meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) W-deletion (0:15:16 well we were always [ɔːləst]9 ‘harrowed’ (oh yes) (oh I’ve heard ‘harrowed’, (yeah, oh I’ve my) oh you’ve got an aitch on yours, have you? (yeah, ‘harrowed’ we usually say, yeah) oh right (in Boston, yeah); 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my mam always [ɔːləz] says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:37:51 personally it would be ‘husband’ but the older generations always [ɔːləz] said ‘the master’ and ‘the missus’ and they would say it about their own uh pa… uh partner as it were; 0:43:29 uh you know your mam would say, “oh, and why are you late home where you where you been?” and uh if they dare, you know, I mean you you don’t always [ɔːləst]9 you’d say but if you dare you would’ve said um, “I been egging back of Doid’s” and that meant again ‘mind your own business’; 0:51:12 and what about ‘coming down muck-fike like muck-forks tine downwards’ [daʊnədz] (do you know I haven’t heard that one, no) ain’t you?; 0:59:54 it was always [ɔːləs] the ‘room’ and it was never used except for when the parson came or at Christmas, you know, it was a waste of space for most of the year it’d probably be used twi... or uh funerals; 1:04:45 well they always [ɔːləs] used to say that ‘give over’ meant that you were in the lower class and ‘give over’ meant you were in, you know, that little bit higher class […] that would be the difference between a farm labourer and a farmer) ELISION

frequent linking R (e.g. 0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house [aːɹ aʊs] that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on [fəːðəɹ ɒn] it there wasn’t naught; 0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if [ʃɔːɹ ɪf] you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:12:06 well I could I couldn’t really think of much I just put ‘angry’ when I’m annoyed I’m rather angry [ɹɑːðəɹ angɹi] usually; 0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ [mɛgəɹ ʊp] again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in [əːliəɹ ɪn] the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 0:37:51 personally it would be ‘husband’ but the older generations always said ‘the master’ and [mɛstəɹ ən] ‘the missus’ and they would say it about their own [ðəɹ ɔːn] uh pa… uh partner as it were; 0:38:56 the only other one [ʊðəɹ ən] I’ve got it would’ve been ‘wife’; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard [nɪvəɹ ɪːd] it anywhere else [ɛnɪwəɹ ɛɫs] and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘my tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:52:01 he was he was a waggoner and which meant that he looked after horses [aftəɹ ɒsɪz] and he used to say that you had to be up an hour early [aʊəɹ əːli] to feed them before you worked them; 0:59:22 can you just switch your recorder off [ɹɪkɔːdəɹ ɒf] (I’m not going to I’m not allowed to) ’cause I ain’t got a TV) intrusive R (0:50:16 you can have a gleg through and then I can borrow it [bɒɹəɹ ɪʔ] back again)



zero intrusive R (1:02:33 some tools like people I think they even to use a chain-saw on [ʧɛɪnsɔː ɒn] a farm, you know, they’re made for right-handed people really and it can be quite awkward at times, yeah (but you’re not unheppen, are you?)) +/- VOICE

hussy (0:48:16 well I’ve got ‘floozy’ and ‘hussy’ [hʊzɪ] my mum always used to say, “oh she looks a proper hussy [hʊzi] in them clothes” […] (I’d’ve said that ‘hussy’ [hʊsi]) WEAK-STRONG CONTRAST word initial vowel strengthening (1:15:19 this was good in that I had it a day or two (yeah) (yes) afore you wanted me to talk because if I’m confronted [kɒnfɹʊntɪd] with summats)

SPONTANEOUS LEXIS again (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again [əgeːn] (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again [əgeːn] now; 0:50:16 you can have a gleg through and then I can borrow it back again [əgeːn]; 0:58:02 do you drop ‘aitches’ or ‘aitches’? (say that again [əgɛn]) do you drop aitches or aitches? (just say it) (aitches) aitches, Theresa, what do you drop? (aitch) say it again [əgeːn] say it louder (aitch) what do you drop? (aitch) (I drop aitches) now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t no aitch on aitch and for once I’m right) ate (1:04:19 they ate [ɛʔ] until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would give over) (be)cause (0:10:21 ’cause [kʊz] my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems; 0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause [kɒs] I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now; 1:00:18 I think mebbe it did because [bɪkʊs] it’s probably the only plant that would’ve survived in although I think I think you went in and dusted, didn’t you?; 1:04:05 and tho... those that was rich you could tell them because [bɪkəz] they always had a large frontage, didn’t they, appendage sto... stomach and because [bɪkəz] they were that wealthy they could eat whatever they wanted in the poor old days that was) either (0:45:11 (they’re ‘rug-rats’ when they’re little and they’re still crawling and stuff) oh rug crawling on the rug oh right (oh, I’ve never heard that one) no, I’ve never heard that either [ɑɪðə]; 0:50:48 I wouldn’t say either of [aɛðəɹ ə] them, I wouldn’t, that’s far too rude for me) often (0:33:57 ‘mumsy’ or ‘mum’ but I quite often [ɒfən] call her ‘mumsy’) shall, should (0:06:54 yeah, it sort of be in a windy pattern across the road and folk will say I’m sure if you get hold of a few old folk they would say, “oh, we shall’ve had [wɪsɫ̩əv ɛd] some windling up at Caistor Top” and uh that was after you’d had a great kelching of snow; 0:14:49 oh, I didn’t know that (yeah, yeah, indeed) I shall [asɫ̩] be hunting now I’ll have a look; 0:32:04 my dad when I asked him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think [asθɪŋk] you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better go get my clouts”) says (0:24:30 ’cause somebody said to me or they wanted me to go out with them and I was supposed to be at work and her says, [sɛz] “oh aren’t you going to take a sickie?”; 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s my mam always says, [sɛz] “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh



a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says [sɛz] ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ my dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, [sɛz] “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, [sɛz] “I would there isn’t no other word”)

GRAMMAR DETERMINERS zero definite article (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at _ bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till _ sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning) zero indefinite article (0:45:28 so did you go bird-nesting when you was _ bairn? (oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t it?); 0:45:34 yeah, I were gonna say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got _ empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah) demonstrative them (0:48:16 well I’ve got ‘floozy’ and ‘hussy’ my mum always used to say, “oh she looks a proper hussy in them clothes”; 1:04:00 ‘them in the big house’ (yeah, ‘them at the big house’, yeah)) PRONOUNS me in coordinate subjects (1:11:22 both me and Titch used to recite at the mu… local music festival) 2nd person thou (0:52:14 so anybody that was late up was well that was dreadful and I can hear him now he would stand at bottom of the wooden hill and he’d say, “thou’ll lig in bed till sun burns their eyes out, lass” and that’s ‘you wouldn’t get up in a morning’ I mean that would be at seven o’clock, you know, (yeah) I wa... I wasn’t a bad hand at getting up in a morning) pronoun exchange (0:24:30 ’cause somebody said to me or they wanted me to go out with them and I was supposed to be at work and her says, “oh aren’t you going to take a sickie?”) possessive me (0:09:15 I think in my case me parents just wanted me to better meself somehow but uh I don’t know if it had any effect really; 0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s me mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ me dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:32:04 my dad when I asked him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better go get me clouts”; 0:48:51 I’m going to tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘me tuts’, “have you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:51:47 uh going by what me dad says tother grandad was as well but I can’t remember him saying uh strange things; 1:16:20 eventually me husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually))



regularised reflexive (1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would gie over) alternative reflexive with <-sen> (1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would gie over)

relative that (1:04:05 and tho... those that was rich you could tell them because they always had a large frontage, didn’t they, appendage sto... stomach and because they were that wealthy they could eat whatever they wanted in the poor old days that was) zero relative (1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me _ uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) VERBS past zero past (01:13:33 (‘manky’) (well we used to use that for being dirty) yeah and and (well you’d be unattractive if you were dirty, wouldn’t you?) and if like if the cat come in with its fur all clogged up you’d say, “oh that’s a manky old thing”, wouldn’t you?) regularised past (0:10:21 ’cause my tale is not when I went to grammar school they telled me that I couldn’t talk like I like I did I had them before then I had them when I was a bairn but uh my aunt taught elocution and she learnt me to say poems; 0:53:58 I’d say ‘the loo’ I wouldn’t I wouldn’t say that other word ’cause I, you know, that’s another one of them that I would have been telled off for) be – was generalisation (0:07:56 have you got aught for weather can you uh oh no, we wasn’t doing weather, was we?; 0:45:28 so did you go bird-nesting when you was bairn? (oh yeah, oh yeah, that was a always done in the country, wasn’t it?); 1:01:24 bit before my time actually so I’m not that ancient they used to try and get them to use their right hand if they was left-handed, didn’t they?; 1:04:05 and tho... those that was rich you could tell them because they always had a large frontage, didn’t they, appendage sto... stomach and because they were that wealthy they could eat whatever they wanted in the poor old days that was; 1:08:13 ’cause Teresa’s mam’s Yorkshire (yeah) and well she wasn’t actually born in Yorkshire she was born down here, wasn’t she, but her parents was both on them) were generalisation (0:45:34 yeah, I were gonna say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah) alternative past (0:27:49 two that I’d putten down here that are specific clothes and that’s me mam always says, “can you fetch me a clean frock?” (oh a ‘frock’, yeah, for a ‘dress’) yeah, and I thought, “well I don’t know anybody else that says ‘frock’ nowadays” and the ‘shirt’ me dad’s shirts rather than ‘shirts’; 0:48:51 I’m gonna tell you one and now it’s what our family say and I’ve never heard it anywhere else and so I don’t know if it’s a it might be a family saying rather than a a dialect one it’s ‘me tuts’, “hae you gotten your tuts together?”; 0:45:34 yeah, I were gonna say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah; 0:57:24 don’t think anybody’d putten owt else, had they? (are we are we going back to grandma here, are we are we?) yeah, yeah, just wondered if she’d putten owt or mebbe she didn’t get as far as ‘plimsolls’, bless her; 1:04:19 they ate until they brussen theirsens, didn’t they, (yes, that’s right, yes, they did) and then they would gie over; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon; 1:12:27 (‘hard up’) yeah, I’ve got ‘hard up’ and ‘poor’ (what was that for?) (‘lacking money) and uh, yeah, gra... (‘lacking money’ ‘poor’ yeah, that’s all I’ve put ‘poor’) Alice’d putten ‘skint’



grandma put ‘poor’ (‘poverty stricken’) (‘on the dole’) (‘on the dole’ they’re not so skint on the dole now, are they though); 1:13:54 no, I’ve heard that it’s not just me uses that one a ‘scraitch’ (no, no, I’ll bet it is) it isn’t (what for ‘unattractive’) yeah (never heard of it, no) yeah, gotten their clothes half hanging off them and mebbe a bit mucky and, (no) “she’s nobbut a scraitch”) compounds simple past with progressive meaning (0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand; 1:16:20 eventually me husband was sat tother side of the room and he’d been ever so quiet ’cause he’s he’s not Lincolnshire and he’d been very very quiet and eventually he couldn’t stand it any more and he said, “I’ve never heard you say that” and I said, “well I do I would say ‘climbing’” and he said and I said, “well what would I say” and he said, “swarming” (‘swarming’ up a tree, yeah, I’ve heard that, yeah, actually)) otiose do (0:38:03 (it would be ‘the missus’ meaning their ‘wife’ and the wife would say ‘the master’ of the house, you know, ‘the master’) oh they would do, yeah, the but not so much now, like) zero auxiliary have (0:26:39 (eh, cor it’s we’re rattling through it now) oh right (rattling through, yeah) we _ got slow down now, hae we?; 0:43:29 uh you know your mam would say, “oh, and why are you late home where _ you where _ you been?” and uh if they dare, you know, I mean you you don’t always you’d say but if you dare you would’ve said um, “I _ been egging back of Doid’s” and that meant again ‘mind your own business’) invariant there is (0:12:31 see how many there is, you see, when we we were discussing these we we were sat there and we couldn’t think of any more now now there’s all these ones you know we know but we just couldn’t think of it at the time [...] (well we’ve got quite a few different ones down there) well we got a few but I mean there’s there is lots more (yeah) (just scraped the surface really probably, yes)) historic present (0:24:30 ’cause somebody said to me or they wanted me to go out with them and I was supposed to be at work and her says, “oh aren’t you going to take a sickie?”; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand) bare infinitive (0:22:42 but what if I was going _ hit you then? (Teresa can’t find) (‘wallop’ or ‘smack’); 0:26:39 (eh, cor it’s we’re rattling through it now) oh right (rattling through, yeah) we _ got slow down now, hae we?; 0:32:04 my dad when I asked him (yeah) he said, “oh, I should think you’d say ‘clouts’ I’d better go _ get my clouts”; 0:45:34 yeah, I were gonna say I can remember going and taking note how long we’d been watching them after they’d (yeah) gotten their feathers on and then we used _ take note when they’d fligged (yeah) but uh and then you’d got empty nest again (that’s right) and sometimes they’d lay some more (yeah, quite a country pursuit, wasn’t it, that) yeah) NEGATION multiple negation (0:06:18 well there was a snow rake outside our house that was taller than me and yet only a few yards further on it there wasn’t naught; 0:58:02 do you drop ‘aitches’ or ‘aitches’? (say that again) do you drop aitches or aitches? (just say it) (aitches) aitches, Theresa, what do you drop? (aitch) say it again say it louder (aitch) what do you drop? (aitch) (I drop aitches) now well if you look in the dictionary there isn’t no aitch on aitch and for once I’m right; 0:58:44 well my mam I asked her and she



said, “a stream” and I says, “you wouldn’t, mother, I’ve never heard you say that word in your life afore” and she says, “I would there isn’t no other word”) auxiliary contraction (0:09:37 you’ve got to teach them Standard English but you’ve not got to in any way infer that what they are actually saying from home is wrong; 1:12:27 (‘hard up’) (yeah, I’ve got ‘hard up’ and ‘poor’) what was that for? (‘lacking money) (and uh, yeah, gra...) ‘lacking money’ ‘poor’ yeah, that’s all I’ve put ‘poor’ (Alice’d putten ‘skint’ grandma put ‘poor’) (‘poverty stricken’) (‘on the dole’) ‘on the dole’ they’re not so skint on the dole now, are they though) ain’t for negative have (e.g. 0:51:12 and what about ‘coming down muck-fike like muck-forks tine downwards’ (do you know I haven’t heard that one, no) ain’t you?; 0:59:22 can you just switch your recorder off (I’m not going to I’m not allowed to) ’cause I ain’t got a TV; 1:03:40 I ain’t heard it for donkey’s years but ‘quality’ (oh, yes) yeah, was was the the folk that were naturally wealthy whereas I r… I reckon the ‘snoots’ would’ve gotten money rather than being born with it I reckon) PREPOSITIONS substitution on = of (0:08:33 (you were both saying you had you had el... elocution lessons) no, all three on us (yeah, all all on you) (I did as well, yeah); 0:55:55 (I mean over in Nottinghamshire it was a ‘snicket’ or a ‘twitchell’) yeah (yes) yeah, ‘twitchell’ I’ve heard on; 0:56:28 we were putting flowers in grandma’s window-box and we were we’d got all these different colours and I said to this little tiny bairn how… whichever on them it was I said, “oh, you pick some now” and ’cause everybody was getting a certain colour and I says, “you pick some now” and I turned round and he was stood there with a bunch of flowers in his hand; 1:08:13 ’cause Teresa’s mam’s Yorkshire (yeah) and well she wasn’t actually born in Yorkshire she was born down here, wasn’t she, but her parents was both on them) ADVERBS emphatic that [= so] (0:02:38 yeah, ‘mawk’ was a ‘maggot’ (that’s right, yeah) and and (oh right, yeah, yeah) “you’ll be that hot flies’ll strike you” (oh, oh right) and ’cause it does it on meat and all if you leave meat out out of the fridge (oh, yes yeah); 1:04:05 and tho... those that was rich you could tell them because they always had a large frontage, didn’t they, appendage sto... stomach and because they were that wealthy they could eat whatever they wanted in the poor old days that was) DISCOURSE utterance initial by (0:38:39 hae you said that to somebody who’s a bit women’s lib5 ’cause by, it doesn’t half make sparks fly, it does (I can imagine, yeah)) utterance final like (0:05:48 one day I remember in particular, like, as you’re saying no water no electricity no telephone it was all out and we had to turn the cows out and break ice on the old pond for them to go and drink, like; 0:38:03 (it would be ‘the missus’ meaning their ‘wife’ and the wife would say ‘the master’ of the house, you know, ‘the master’) oh they would do, yeah, the but not so much now, like) intensifier dead (0:13:52 (or “I’m right glad” maybe even) (yes, I’ve heard that before, yeah, “I’m right glad” I cou… I would’ve used that probably, yeah, “I’m right glad”) ‘dead chuffed’) intensifier over (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now) intensifier right (0:13:52 or “I’m right glad” maybe even (yes, I’ve heard that before, yeah, “I’m right glad” I cou… I would’ve used that probably, yeah, “I’m right glad”) (‘dead chuffed’))




quotative go (0:55:19 and my mum calls them ‘nicky-nacky-ways’ she goes, “oh, there’s a nicky-nacky-way round there”) emphatic tag (0:20:32 but if you’re if you’re ‘badly’ (yeah) and then you ‘meggar up’ again (oh, right) it suddenly occurred to me, that, (yeah) ’cause I I wasn’t uh I wasn’t feeling over well earlier in the week (‘over well’) over well, yeah, and uh but I’m meggaring up again now) © Robinson, Herring, Gilbert Voices of the UK, 2009-2012 A British Library project funded by The Leverhulme Trust

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BBC Voices Recordings: Osgodby, Lincolnshire · (nonce-word used as child and subsequently adopted...

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