Editor-in-ChiefDr Peter N. SperrynMB, FRCP, FACSM, DPhysMed

EditorsSurgery: Mr John F. DooleyFRCS, FRCS(C), (Hillingdon, UK)Science: Dr Ron MaughanPhD (Aberdeen, UK)Physiotherapy: Mr Julius SimBA, MSc, MCSP(Coventry, UK)

Statistical ConsultantsMr F.M. Holliday, MA, DLC, FSS(Loughborough, UK)Mr Simon Day, BSc (London, UK)

Regional Corresponding EditorsBelgium: Prof. M. Ostyn,MD (Leuven)

Brazil: Prof. Eduardo H. DeRose,MD (Porto Allegre)

Bulgaria: Dr Virginia Michaelova,MD (Sofia)

Caribbean: Dr Paul Wright,LMSSA (Kingston, Jamaica)

Cote D'Ivoire: Prof. Constant Roux,MD (Abidjan)

France: Dr Pierre Berteau,MD (Rouen)

Editorial BoardProf. Dieter BOhmer,MD (Frankfurt, Germany)

Dr K.M. Chan,FRCS (Hong Kong)

Dr David A. Cowan,BPharm, PhD, MRPharmS (London, UK)

Dr Wendy N. Dodds,BSc, MRCP (Bradford, UK)

Dr Adrianne Hardman,PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Mr Basil Helal,MCh(Orth), FRCS (London, UK)

Dr G.P.H. Hermans,MD, PhD, (Hilversum, Netherlands)

Prof. Ludovit Komadel,MD (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia)

Prof. W.P. Morgan,EdD, (Madison, Wisconsin, USA)

Prof. Tim D. Noakes,MD, FACSM (Cape Town, South Africa)

Groupement Latine:Dr Francisque Commandrk,MD (Nice)

Hungary: Dr Robert Frenkl,MD (Budapest)

India: Dr D.P. Tripathi,MB, BS, MCCP (Patna)

Indonesia: Dr Hario Tilarso,MD Jakarta)

Malaysia: Dr Ronnie Yeo,MB (Kuala Lumpur)

Maroc: Dr Naima Amrani,MD (Rabat)

Prof. Qu Mian-Yu,MD (Beijing, China)

Dr Allan J. Ryan,MD (Edina, Minnesota, USA)

Prof. N.C. Craig Sharp,BVMS, PhD, FIBiol (Limerick, Eire)

Prof. Roy J. Shephard,MD, PhD (Toronto, Canada)

Prof. Harry Thomason,MSc, PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Prof. K. Tittel,MD (Leipzig DDR)

Dr Dan S. Tunstall Pedoe,MA, DPhiJ, FRCP (London, UK)

Prof. Clyde Williams,PhD (Loughborough, UK)

Dr William F. Webb,MB, BS (Sydney, Australia)

New Zealand: Dr Chris Milne,MB, ChB, DipSportsMed (Hamilton)

Pakistan: Dr Nishat Mallick,FPMR, FACSM (Karachi)

Spain: Dr J. J. Gonzalez Iturri,MD (Pamplona)

Thailand: Dr Charoentasn Chintanaseri,MD (Bangkok)

Uganda: Dr James Sekajugo,MB, Dip.SportsMed. (Kampala)

USSR: Dr Sergei Mironov,MD (Moscow)

The British Journal of Sports Medicine is aninternational journal published quarterly in March,June, September and December by Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.The British Journal of Sports Medicine covers

all aspects of sports medicine and science: themanagement of sports injuries; all clinical aspectsof exercise, health and sport; exercise physiologyand biophysical investigation of sportsperformance; sports psychology; physiotherapyand rehabilitation in sport; and medical andscientific support of the sports coach.

Publishing, Editorial Production and ReprintOffices: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, LinacreHouse, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UKTelephone: +44 (0)865 310366. Facsimile: +44(0)865 310898. Telex: 83111 BHPOXF G.

Publisher: Sue DeeleyGroup Editor: David HughesAssistant Editorial Controller: Pat RobertsEditorial Assistant: Catherine Zank-McKelvey

Address for submissions: Dr P. N. Sperryn, TheEditor, British Journal of Sports Medicine,Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Linacre House,Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK

Subscription enquiries and orders in the UK andoverseas should be sent to Turpin DistributionServices Ltd, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, HertsSG6 1HN, UK Telephone: +44 (0)462 672555.Facsimile: +44 (0)462 480947. Telex: 825372TURPIN G. North American orders should be sentto Journals Fulfilment Department, Butterworth-Heinemann, 80 Montvale Avenue, Stoneham, MA02180, USA. Telephone: +1 (617) 438 8464.Facsimile: +1 (617) 438 1479. Telex: 880052. Pleasestate clearly the title of the journal and the year ofsubscription.Annual subscription (4 issues; calendar year): UKand Europe £100.00; rest of the world £105.00;private individuals certifying that copies are fortheir personal use and not for their libraries, and

that copies are to be sent to their home address£45.00. Single copies: UK and Europe £30.00; restof the world £31.50. Prices include cost of postageand packing. Copies sent to subscribers inAustralasia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Japan,Pakistan, Sri Lanka and USA are airspeeded forfaster delivery at no extra cost. Airmail prices areavailable on request. Payment must be made withorder.US mailing agents: Mercury AirfreightInternational Ltd, Inc., 2323 Randolph Avenue,Avenel, NJ 07001, USA. Second class postage paidat Rahway, NJ, USA.US Postmaster. Send address corrections to theBritish Journal of Sports Medicine c/o MercuryAirfreight International Ltd., Inc., 2323 RandolphAvenue, Avenel, NJ 07001, USA.Back issues: For the current and 1993 volumes,these are available from Turpin DistributionServices Ltd. at the address above. Completevolumes or single issues for earlier years are

available fromWm Dawson, Cannon House,Folkestone CT19 5EE, UK Telephone: +44 (0)303850101. Facsimile: +44 (0)303 850440.Advertising enquiries should be sent to MarkButler, MTB Advertising, 11 Harts Gardens,Guildford GU2 6QA, UK Telephone: +44 (0)483578507. Facsimile: +44 (0)483 572678.Microfilm: A microfilm version of the BritishJournal of Sports Medicine is available fromUniversity Microfilms Inc., 300 N. Zeeb Road, AnnArbor, MI 48106-1346, USA.Copyright: 1994 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltdfor the British Association of Sport and Medicine.All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form by any means, electronic,mechanical photocopying recording orotherwise, without the prior written permission ofButterworth-Heinemann Ltd, or a licencepermitting restricted photocopying in the UnitedKingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing

Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London,W1P 9HE, UK For readers in the USA. Thisjournal has been registered with the CopyrightClearance Center. Consent is given for copyingarticles for personal or internal use, or for thepersonal or internal use of specific clients. Thisconsent is given on the condition that the copierpay the per-copy fee of $10.00 for copying beyondthat permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the USCopyright Law. The appropriate fee should beforwarded, quoting the code number at the end ofthis paragraph, to the Copyright Clearance Center,21 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA. Thisconsent does not extend to other kinds of copying,such as for general distribution, resale, advertisingand promotional purposes, or for creating newcollective works. Special written permissionshould be obtained from Butterworth-Heinemannfor such copying. For readers in other territories.Permission should be sought directly fromButterworth-Heinemann.British Journal of Sports MedicineISSN 0306-3674/94/$10.00Reprints: Readers who require copies of paperspublished in this journal may either purchasereprints (minimum order 100) or obtain permissionto copy from the publisher at the followingaddress: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, LinacreHouse, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UKNo page charges are levied by this journal.Registered Office: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd,Michelin House, 81 Fulham Road, LondonSW3 6RB, UK

_A member ofthe Reed Elsevier plc groupISSN 0306-3674This journal is printed on acid-free, low chlorinebleach, wood-free paper.GComposition by Genesis Typesetting, Laser Quay,Rochester, Kent.Printed by Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, UK

BdtiAUh oralPofi*Df --rA -,r%WFAF...J.,m_..

Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3)

BASM news

British Association of Sport and Medicine

Profile of the HonorarySecretaryJohn Clegg, who was elected Secretaryby an overwhelming majority of mem-bers at the Extra-ordinary AnnualGeneral Meeting in January 1994, is aformer St Helens Rugby League Foot-ball Club Chairman and honorary lifemember of the club, and currentchairman of the Rugby League Medi-cal Association.John is a family man, married to

Glenys. They have two sons: Jonathan(married to Lynn), who is a seniorsystems electronics engineer withMotorola, and graduated with hon-ours from Salford University, andChristopher, who is entering his thirdand final year at Leeds University,reading for an honours degree ingeography, politics, economics andmanagement.

John Clegg

John recently retired from an accom-plished careeer in the National HealthService (NHS), private practice andhospital service around St Helens andKnowsley, at the age of 60. Hequalified as a dental surgeon afterstudying at Liverpool University Den-tal School. He was postgraduatedental tutor for Liverpool Universityfor 12 years at Whiston Hospital,Prescot, Merseyside, and is a pastPresident and Trustee of the Postgra-duate Medical Centre at WhistonHospital in Prescot.

He wrote the first paper ever pub-lished in the British Dental journal onmouth protection for the rugby foot-ball player (Br Dent J 1969: 127, 341).Since 1969 his opinion on mouthprotection for rugby players has beensought by colleagues from all over theworld, and the design of his originalmouthguard copied throughout theworld. It is only a pity he did notpatent the design in the early 1970s.John is an elected member of the

North-West Council for Sports andRecreation and served on the workingparty which produced the perform-ance and excellence topic study,'Going for Gold'.He is the current chairman of the

Sports Medicine and Sports Sciencesteering group of the North WestCouncil for Sport and Recreation.John was appointed a magistrate in

1972 and is a long-standing life-member of both Lancashire CountyCricket Club and Grange Park GolfClub, St Helens. He was formerlyChairman and President of St Helensand District Round Table No. 49, andPresident of St Helens 41 Club.He has been a parent governor at

Cowley School, St Helens, for the past6 years - well known for its sportingand academic achievements - and forthe past 2 years has been Vice-Chairman of the Governors, andChairman of the Finance and Person-nel committee. The school has 1400pupils and is coeducational.John is also a Director of Lakeland

Management and the current Chair-man of the Lakeland Village time-share owners committee at NewbyBridge, near Ulverston, Cumbria. Hehas been active in this sphere for thepast 7 years.He was a founder member of the

BASM North-West Region serving onthe committee since formation, havingbeen Vice-Chairman for the past 4years. He was responsible for organiz-ing the highly successful BASMAnnual Congress held at Windermerein the Lake District in 1991.John has been a member of the

association for nearly 20 years.

John Clegg

Notice of Elections to theExecutive to be held at theAGM in the conferenceroom at the Redwood LodgeHotel, Bristol, on Sunday 20November 1994Vice-ChairmanDr Peter Sperryn FRCP retires fromoffice and is not seeking re-election.The Executive unanimously proposeDr I. D. Adams MD, Chairman of theYorkshire Region.

Ian Adams

Ian Adams became interested insports medicine in his own rugby andparachuting days. He became MO toLeeds United and was there for 14years during which time he opened anNHS clinic and took an MD ondegenerative changes in the knee insportsmen. Afterwards he becameMO to Yorkshire Cricket Club, LeedsRugby League and Yorkshire AmateurAthletics Association, and participatedin a number of international athleticsevents. His principal occupation hasbeen as consultant in Accident andEmergency Medicine at St James'University Hospital, Leeds, where hewas chairman of various medicalgroups. He is an examiner for theDiploma in Sports Medicine of theScottish Royal Colleges. His recentsports interest has been running, most

210 Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3)

recent being a 3 h 12 min 'London' 92'then just before the next marathon hedisintegrated, the cause being his MDtopic.

Assistant SecretaryMr G. Holloway FRCS retires fromoffice and is seeking re-election. TheExecutive unanimously propose Mr G.Holloway FRCS of the South-WestRegion and BASM Education Commit-tee Course Organizer.Graham Holloway qualified in

Liverpool in 1969 and joined the RAFMedical Branch in 1972 where hedeveloped an interest in sporting

AGraham Holloway

injuries. He gained the FRCS (Eng) in1976 and was appointed consultant inOrthopaedic Surgery in 1982. Sinceleaving the RAF in 1992 he has workedfull time in Sports Medicine andSports Trauma. A member of theBASM Education Committee, he hasbeen a tutor and co-organizer of BASMEducation courses for the past 4 years.Time constraints have stopped hisparticipation in team sports but hecontinues to sail, run and play tennisregularly. He is dedicated to thepromotion of sports medicine and isstriving to achieve its recognition as aspeciality in the UK and Europe.

If counter-nominations to the aboveare received by the Secretary in the

specified time there will be a postalballot, the results of which will beannounced at the AGM.

Annual regional reportsThe Secretary would like to remind allRegional Secretaries that he would liketheir Annual Regional Reports forinclusion with the notice of theAnnual General Meeting papers andreport by 1st September 1994. He alsorequires monthly reports from Region-al Secretaries of all activities in theregion to be sent out for receipt by himon the first day of each month.

BASM Congress ProgrammeThe programme for hosting futureBASM Congresses is:

1995 East Midlands Region atNottingham;1996 BASM Northern Ireland;1997 London and the South-EastRegion;1998 BASM Scotland

Proposed North EasternRegionThe first meeting has taken place ofthe proposed North Eastern Region.Dr D. Kipling is acting as temporarychairman/secretary, address 345 WestView Road, Hartlepool TS24 9LIL. Tel:0429 267573. It is hoped that they willhave their officers elected shortly sothat formal approval and recognitionof the Region can be endorsed at thenext Executive Committee Meeting on6 September 1994.

Publication and reportdeadlinesRegional secretaries should ensurethat material for publication and re-gional reports reach the HonorarySecretary no later than 15 October 1994for the December issue of the Journal.Please contact: Honorary Secretary,

BASM, Mr John H. Clegg JP LDS RCSEng, Birch Lea, 67 Springfield Lane,Eccleston, St Helens, MerseysideWA10 5HB, UK. Tel/Fax: 0744 28198

Seventh InternationalSymposium onBiomechanics and Medicinein SwimmingReaders will be delighted to hear ofthe success of two of our members, DrDavid J. Hunt and Dr Ian Fodden,who were nominated by the Associa-tion Executive for selection considera-tion by the Sports Council Internation-al Conference Committee to attend theSeventh International Symposium onBiomechanics and Medicine in Swim-ming in Colorado Springs, USA, 18-23October 1994. They have been offereda Sports Council grant towards theirregistration, accommodation andtravel expenses.Dr Hunt is a member of the East

Midlands branch and is the AmateurSwimming Association's team doctor,and secretary of their Scientific andMedical Advisory Committee, Dr Fod-den is a member of the YorkshireRegion and is the Amateur SwimmingAssociation's Intermediate Squadteam doctor. He is a member of theirscientific and medical advisers panel.Members are invited to submit a

curriculum vitae and a short paper oressay if they wish to be considered asBASM nominees to attend a futureinternational sports medicine confer-ence. The next BASM nomination willbe put forward to the Sports CouncilInternational Conference Committeeat its meeting in early 1995. The BASMExecutive Committee will make thefinal selection of the candidate to benominated. Further details may beobtained from the Secretary. Theclosing date for applications is 14November 1994. Individuals in receiptof a grant for attendance at interna-tional conferences shall submit a re-port to the Sports Council and theBASM Executive Committee within 6weeks after the conference.

Yorkshire RegionThe Committe consists of Dr IanAdams, Chairman; Dr Stephen Feld-man, Secretary; Dr Julie Greenwood,Treasurer; Dr Stephen Brennan, Pub-licity Officer; Dr Terry Crystal, Com-mittee member; and Dr Steve Bolland,Committee member.The last meeting was our most

successful, being held at Leeds Unitedfootball ground where they have ban-queting facilities and excellent meetingfacilities. It is our proposal to holdmany of our meetings at this venue as

it is central and easily reached from allareas of the region. Our initial propos-als were to have meetings in differentareas of Yorkshire; however, oursecond meeting at Harrogate waspoorly attended and we decided tokeep Leeds as our central base.The last meeting was held on

Wednesday 22 June 1994 and includeda talk on Sports Injured Knee by DrSteve Bolland, Consultant Ortho-paedic Surgeon in Bradford. Therefollowed a lecture by Pam Smith, aChartered Physiotherapist, on rehabi-

litation of knee injuries and in particu-lar anterior knee pain and new tapingtechniques.The meeting was well attended with

over 80 people. The audience included35 general practitioners and around 45physiotherapists. We hope to main-tain this enthusiasm among Yorkshiremembers and indeed hope to increasethe overall membership in the region.The next meeting is to be held on

Wednesday 21 September 1994 andspeakers are already arranged. Thevenue will need to be altered owing to

Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3) 211

an availability problem. We intend toproduce a programme with all our1994-95 meetings and circulate this toschools of physiotherapy, hospitalpostgraduate centres and generalpractitioners in the Yorkshire regionvia the Family Health Service Author-ities.At the meeting on 21 September

1994 Dr Wayne Gibbons, ConsultantRadiologist at Leeds General Infir-

BASM Northern Ireland

The first meeting of the newly formedNorthern Ireland region of BASM washeld on 15 April 1994. Mr John Fox ofthe West Middlesex Hospital in Lon-don gave excellent talks on 'Womenand sport' and 'Gender verification',and Mr Ian Corry talked of hisexperience with the Ulster SwimmingSquad in a talk entitled 'HealthAssessment of Young Athletes'.

North-West RegionAt the AGM held in March 1994, DrPatrick Milroy was unanimously re-elected Chairman for 3 years. Mr H.Myers was unanimously re-elected asa committee member for 3 years. DrM. Moore was unanimously re-electedas a committee member for 2 years.The Regional Committee for 1994-1995is as follows: Chairman: Dr P. MilroyMB ChB (tel: 0928 733249; Fax: 09287393670); Vice-Chairman: Mr J. H.Clegg JP LDS RCS Eng (Tel/Fax: 074428198); Secretary: Ms Sheena StorahMCSP DIPRGRT (Home Tel: 0925266849; Work Tel: 0606 871618);Treasurer: Dr C. Kelman MB ChB (Tel:0625 535166; Fax: 061-903 5848); Com-mittee members: Mr H. Myers MCSPSRP; Dr H. Moore MB ChB; Ms C.Atkinson MMEDSc BA; Dr DavidJones MB, ChB MRCGP.

mary, is going to talk on the diagnosisof soft tissue injury in sport. Waynehas a particular interest in diagnosticultrasound and his services haveproved a useful addition to the investi-gation of sports injuries in the Leedsarea.There will be another meeting on 30

November 1994 when the speaker willbe Dr John Frankland, a generalpractitioner in Lancaster, who is going

After this we had our first AGMwhere the following office bearerswere elected:

Chairman - Dr Robin Harland, 6Castlehill Road, Belfast BT4 3GL (Tel:0232 653682);Treasurer - Dr David Irwin, 37 Kens-ington Road, Belfast BT5 6NJ (Tel: 0232794024);Secretary - Dr Bruce Thompson, 6Connaught Park, Lurgan BT66 7AZ(Tel: 0762 348100).

Although the North-West Regiontraditionally has no formal meetingsduring the summer months, to allowmembers to concentrate on their ownpractical sporting activities, an extrameeting was convened on 5 July 1994to debate the changes to the Constitu-tion. There were many apologiesowing to other commitments, butthose who attended enjoyed a livelydebate which later developed into adiscussion on future meetings withinthe North-West.The autumn programme has not

been finalized, but it is planned tohave a meeting at 19.30 hours on 21September 1994 at Hope Hospital,where Mr Hugh Dovey, ConsultantOrthopaedic Surgeon, will talk onsports related injuries to the lowerback and their treatment. The last timehe spoke there was an audience of 140,and we will be delighted if this is

to talk to us on the subject of CaveRescue. We also have a meetingbooked for 19 January 1995 onShoulder Injury in Sport with Mr MikeWalsh, consultant OrthopaedicSurgeon at Leeds General Infirmary.Finally, on 7 March 1995, Mr MarkWhitaker, consultant General Surgeonat Bradford Royal Infirmary, is goingto give us a talk on Sports InjuredGroin and its Surgical Management.

A committee of eight further mem-bers was also elected.On 27 April 1994 we had an excel-

lent day on 'The sporting shoulder',attended by over 70 doctors andphysiotherapists. Lectures and prac-tical sessions were conducted by Pro-fessor Angus Wallace, Mrs WendyBlythe and Mr Barry Craig.

Further plans to be arranged includean evening session in July or Augustand a one-day seminar in October orNovember.

repeated. On 20 October 1994 atWarrington District General Hospital,in their new Postgraduate Centre,there is going to be a double-headerwith Michelle Veroken discussing drugadvice for the general practitioner inrelation to sport, and a speaker onsports psychology. Before the AnnualCongress, John Stanley - ConsultantHand Surgeon for Wrightington Hos-pital - will be talking on hand andwrist injuries in throwing and racketsports at a new venue, the Postgradu-ate Centre at the Chorley and DistrictHospital, at 19.30 hours on 10 Novem-ber 1994.We will shortly be publishing the

annual programme in which full de-tails of these meetings will be avail-able. All members and nonmembersare welcome to the meetings, andfurther details are available from theSecretary.

BASM WalesThe officers for the BASM for Walesare as follows:Chairman - Dr Mark Davies, 4 Wood-side Close, Bishopston, Swansea SA33DF (Tel: 0792 232681)Secretary - Dr Mark Ridgewell, 9Juniper Close, Sketty, Swansea SA29JF (Tel: 0792 298292)Treasurer - Dr Andrew Bradley, 11William Bowen Close, Gowerton,Swansea SA4 3HE (Tel: 0792 874631)

The BASM Wales Group was formedin February 1994 and its inaugralmeeting was held at Swansea RugbyClub. Mr Graham Holloway gave anexcellent 90-min talk on cervical spine

injuries in sport and this was followedby a demonstration by a paramedicinstructor on how to deal with cervicalspine injuries at the scene. The secondmeeting was held on 15 June 1994.This was again held at Swansea RugbyClub and a lecture was given by Dr A.J. Chare, Senior Lecturer in Cardiol-ogy at University Hospital of Wales,Cardiff. This was entitled 'Exerciseand the heart' and dealt with physiol-ogy, beneficial effects of exercise,athletes heart and sudden death insports. Again this was followed by apractical session by a local paramedicinstructor who gave a practical de-monstration of cardiopulmonary re-suscitation at a sports event.Both meetings held so far have been

well attended with approximately90in attendance in February, consist-ing of both general practitioners andphysiotherapists. The June meetingwas attended by approximately 56.Our next meeting is due to be held

on 15 September 1994, again atSwansea Rugby Club, which is pro-ving to be an excellent venue. Themain talk will be on nutrition in sportand will be given by Dr Steve Woot-ton. Further meetings are planned forNovember 1994 and February 1995which it is hoped will include rehabili-tation, particularly concentrating onthe knee joint. It is hoped to hold thismeeting in association with the WelshSports Council at a rehabilitation clinicin Bridgend.

212 Br J Sp Med 1994; 28(3)

I~~~-PFFA /BI- qbpr_FAA _W

Notes for AuthorsScopeThe British lJornal of Sports Nedicbin covers all aspects of sportsmedicine and science - the management of sports injuries; allclinical aspects of exercise, health and sport: exercise phvsi-ology and biophvsical investigation of sports performance;sports psychology; physiotherapy and rehabilitation in sport;and medical and scientific support of the sports coach.

Types of PaperOriginal papers (not normally over 3000 words, full lengthaccounts of original research)Review articles (up to 4000 words, providing concise in-depthreviews of traditional and new areas in sports medicine)Case reports (up to 1000 words, describing clinical casehistories with a message).

RefereeingAll contributions are studied by referees whose names are notnormally disclosed to authors. On acceptance for publicationpapers are subject to editorial amendment. If rejected, papersand illustrations will not be returned. Authors are solelyresponsible for the factual accuracy of their papers.

ManuscriptsAuthors are urged to write as concisely as possible. Four copiesshould be submitted, typed on only one side of the paper(quarto or A4) in double spacing with a margin of 30mm at thetop and bottom and on both sides. Papers should be arrangedin the following order of presentation: title of paper; namesand qualifications of the authors; address of the place at whichthe work was carried out; an abstract of the paper (100-200words in length); 4-6 keywords; the text; acknowledgements(if any); references; tables; abbreviated title for use as a runningheadline; captions to figures (on separate sheet of paper).For details of submission of the final revised version of the

contribution on disk, please consult the Guidelines for DiskSubmission, British Journal of Sports Medicine, volume 28,number 1, pp. 71-72, or contact Medical Journals Group,Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Linacre House, Jordan Hill,Oxford OX2 8DP, L'K.

IllustrationsDrawings and graphs should be on heavy white paper card orblue-lined coordinate paper using black ink. Label axesappropriately and clearly. Please use a selection of thefollowing symbols: +, x, O, 0, A, 7, U, *, A, V.Photographs should be of fine quality, large glossy printssuitable for reproduction and the top should be indicated.Negatives, transparencies or X-ray films should not besupplied, any such material should be submitted in the form ofphotographic prints. Authors are asked where possible todraw diagrams to one of the following widths, includinglettering, 168 mm, 354 mm. During photographic reproduc-tion, the diagrams are reduced to l their size. The maximumdepth at drawn size is 500 mm. Authors are asked to use theminimum amount of descriptive matter on graphs anddrawings but rather to refer to curves, points etc. by symbolsand place the descriptive matter in the caption. Three copies ofeach illustration are required and these should be numbered ina consecutive series of figures using Arabic numerals. Legendsshould be typed in double spacing on a separate page butgrouped together. Each figure should be identified on the backfigure number and name of the author. Figures which have

been published elsewhere should be accompanied by a form ofpermission to reproduce, obtained from the original publisher.

ReferencesThese should be indicated in the text by superscript Arabicnumerals which run consecutively through the paper. Thereferences should be grouped in a section at the end of the textin numerical order and should take the form: author's namesand initials; title of article; abbreviated journal title; vear ofpublication; volume number; page numbers. If in doubtauthors should always write the journal title in full. Referencesto a book should take the form: author's surname, followed byinitials; title of book in single quotes; editors (if anv ); volumenumber edition (if any); name of publishers; place of publica-tion; year of publication and page numbers. Where a paper iscited more than once in the text, the same superior numeralshould be used on each occasion. e.g.21 Sperrn PN. Sport andl ledicine. London: Butterworths, 1983.

Ellitsgaard N and Warburg F. Movements causing anklefractures in parachuting. Br I Sports . Med 1989; 23: 27-9.

TablesTables should be tvped on separate sheets together with asuitable caption at the top of each table. Column headingsshould be kept as brief as possible, and indicate units ofmeasurement in parenthesis. Tables should not duplicateinformation summarized in illustrations.

FootnotesFootnotes should be used sparingly. They should be indicatedbv asterisks (*), daggers (t), and double daggers (t), in thatorder. In the manuscript, a footnote should be placed at thebottom of the page on which it is referred to and separatedfrom the main text by a horizontal line above the footnote.Footnotes to tables should be placed at the bottom of the tableto which they refer.

Drugs, Abbreviations and UnitsDrugs should be referred to by their approved, not proprietary,names, and the source of any new or experimental materialsshould be given. If abbreviations are used these should begiven in full the first time thev are mentioned in the text.Scientific measurements should be given in SI units, but bloodpressure should continue to be expressed in mmHg.

ProofsAuthors are responsible for ensuring that all manuscripts(whether original or revised) are accurately typed before finalsubmission. Two sets of proofs wvill be sent to the author beforepublication, one of which should be returned promptly (byExpress Air Mail if outside UK). The publishers reserve theright to charge for any changes made at the proof stage (otherthan printers errors) since the insertion or deletion of a singleword may necessitate the resetting of whole paragraphs.

SubmissionFour copies of the complete manuscript and illustrationsshould be sent to Dr P. N. Sperrvn, The Editor, BritishJournal of Sports Medicine, Butter-worth-Heinemann Ltd,Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK.All material submitted for publication is assumed to besubmitted exclusively to the British Journal of SportsMedicine. All contributing authors must sign a letter ofconsent to publication. The editor retains the customaryright to style and if necessary shorten material accepted forpublication. Manuscripts will be acknowledged on receipt.Authors should keep one copy of their manuscript forreference. Authors should include their names and initialsand not more than one degree each.