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Slide 2 Because the Earth is a sphere and maps are flat, there will always be some degree of distortion Slide 3 Mercator Projection: Slide 4 Robinson Projection Slide 5 Peters Projection Slide 6 Plate Carree Projection Slide 7 Sinusoidal Projection Slide 8 Mollweide Projection Slide 9 Slide 10 Dot Maps Slide 11 Isoline Map Slide 12 Choropleth Map Slide 13 Cartogram Slide 14 Slide 15 Proportional Symbol Map Slide 16 Scale A comparison of distances on a map to distances on the earth METHODS OF PORTRAYING SCALE ON A MAP: Graphic Scale = scale bar Verbal Scale = written statement Fractional Scale = representative fraction Slide 17 What kind of scale? One inch to 5 miles Verbal scale Slide 18 What kind of scale? 1:316,800 or 1/316,800 Fractional Scale Slide 19 What kind of scale? Graphic Scale Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Scale: One of the map essentials! Slide 23 When scale is not shown on a map Beware! Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 These mushroom spores are too small to see, so we put them under a MICROSCOPE. When we can see them, we can study them. Slide 32 This planet is too big to see, so we put it under a MACROSCOPE. When we can see it, we can study it. Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 We need to use our... MAPS as MACROSCOPES... to help us think critically about problems and problem spots on the world stage. Slide 37 Slide 38 Scale is Critical to Critical Thinking Using reason to decide what to believe or do. Assessing the authenticity, accuracy, or worth of knowledge claims and arguments. Applying careful, precise, persistent and objective analysis of any knowledge claim or belief to judge its validity. Slide 39 Format of Many pre-1914 German School Atlases Slide 40 Comparative Size of Germany and USA in 1914 Slide 41 Slide 42 Data may also distort desired results. The following slides show how population of a particular cohort may be misleading Slide 43 This map shows the percentage of African-Americans living within counties across the US. Slide 44 This map shows the total number of African- Americans living in each county across the US. Slide 45 These four New York counties (New York, Kings, Queens, and Bronx) have a combined African- American population of 2,121,882 and outnumbers the total number of African- Americans in the entire state of Texas 2,021,632 Slide 46 Slide 47 A similar comparison can be made with Hispanics living in the US. This map shows the total percentage of Hispanics in each county. Slide 48 This map displays the total number of Hispanics in each US county. Slide 49 These three Southern California counties (Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego) have a total Hispanic population of 5,045,726 which is greater than the total Hispanic population of Texas at 4,339,905. New Mexico has the greatest percentage of Hispanics (33%), its total Hispanic population is 579,224. Slide 50 US Population The map below shows the US population divided into Natural Breaks. In this case, the natural breaks are near the 7,000,000 mark. Slide 51 US Population This map shows US population in Quintiles. In this map, states are classified into five separate categories based on population. The dark red represents the states in the top one-fifth. The total population in each state has not changed; however, the way that it is classified has changed. Slide 52 Natural Breaks Quintile