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BeckerUS History
Population on the Rise1870 to 1900, American population doublesPopulation in cities triples1885 Louis Sullivan invents skyscraperOtis invents elevator: tall buildings practicalElectric trolleys built in major cities Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephonesMacy’s and Marshall Field’s dept stores
Problems in ParadiseMajor Crime problems in citiesSanitation issues: tenementsEthnic slums crammed with poor immigrants“dumbbell tenements” for the very poor
No plumbing, electricity, or ventilationGarbage and latrine in back alleys3-4 families in 2-room apartmentsFire and disease are commonplace
“Bandits Roost”
Tenement Living
New ImmigrationUntil 1880, most immigrants from W Europe
Mostly literate, to a degreeBelieve in some form of democracy
1880 forward, E and S Europeans dominateMostly illiterate, unskilled laborNot used to democratic governmentSome anarchists, some socialistsMost are poor, competing for same low-pay jobs
Assimilation?Most immigrants settle in ethnic communities
Italian and Jewish ghettos of New YorkRussian ghettos in BaltimoreIrish ghettos in BostonMost retain culture, language, remain “different”
As a result, face racism and hatredNativism develops against “different” peopleAssociation with poverty, slums, and crimeEventually, causes calls to limit immigration
Mulberry Street Italian Ghetto, NYMulberry Street Italian Ghetto, NY
““Businessmen welcome poor foreign Businessmen welcome poor foreign immigrants while “native” Americans are immigrants while “native” Americans are
unemployed on the streets…”unemployed on the streets…”
Fixing the SlumsRise of the social gospel
Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden Belief that churches had social responsibilityChristians should help cities’ poor
Settlement House movementJane Addams on a mission to help urban poorHull House in 1889 ChicagoProvide homes and education to help immigrant
children fit in to American societyAwarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
“Give Me Your Poor…” “nativism,” anti-foreignism returns in 1880sfear that mixing of blood would ruin white race“Native” Americans blame immigrants for gov probsBring dangerous ideas like socialism, communism Unions hate for willingness to work for low wagesImmigrants frequently used as strikebreakers/scabsAmerican Protective Association
formed to oppose immigrationEventually ideas lead to formation of the American Party
Ironically, the Statue of Liberty arrives in 1886
Religion RespondsNew generation of urban revivalists
Dwight Moody forms Moody Bible InstituteCardinal Gibbons is pro-immigrant Catholic leaderSalvation Army starts in England, comes to USMary Baker Eddy founds Christian Science
Healing of the body through the mindYMCA’s and YWCA’s also formed for urban youth
All of these to help immigrants assimilateProvide financial & education assistance in cities
MoodyMoody Cardinal GibbonsCardinal Gibbons
William BoothWilliam Booth
Mary Baker EddyMary Baker Eddy
• Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage• AbolitionAbolition• Urban PovertyUrban Poverty• TemperanceTemperance
Racial Equality?Few changes in South for blacksBlacks lag far behind whites in educationSegregation, widespread discriminationEx-slave Booker T. Washington has a plan
Forms Tuskegee Institute in AL for blacksTeaching blacks useful skills, trades to advanceBelieves in blacks helping themselves Believes change will not come overnightRacial stereotypes need to be broken by example“Prove to the whites that we are equal”
Other Views on EqualityW.E.B. Du Bois has different vision for blacks
first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard Northern black- different life experiencesDemands immediate, complete equality for blacks “We have nothing to prove- we ARE equal.”1910 founds National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)DuBois, Washington represent competing views in
the black community on how to gain civil rights
WashingtonWashington Du BoisDu Bois
Gilded Age Authors Kate Chopin,
adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions The Awakening.
Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Gilded Age The Celebrated Jumping Frog of
Calaveras County.
Gilded Age Authors Bret Harte
California gold rush stories. William Dean Howells
editor in chief of the Atlantic Monthly ordinary people and controversial social
themes. Stephen Crane
steamy underside of life in urban, industrial America
Maggie: Girl of the Street. The Red Bad of Courage, (Civil War)
Henry James Daisy Miller Portrait of a Lady women as central characters
Gilded Age Authors Jack London
wild unexplored regions of wilderness Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis The Call of the Wild The Iron Heel.
Frank Norris The Octopus corruption of the railroads.
Paul Laurence Dunbar Charles W. Chesnutt
Black writers used Black dialect and folklore
Entertainment Phineas T. Barnum and James A.
Bailey 1881 create the “Greatest Show on Earth” Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus
“Buffalo Bill” Cody “Wild West” show Featured markswoman Annie Oakley Only contact of most Americans to “Indians” Treats Natives with respect and dignity, but…
James Naismith invented basketball in 1891