Becoming A World PowerBecoming A World Power

Chapter 18Chapter 18

• The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain and spread to the Continent and then the USA

– Gross National Product (GNP)• 1850 – Great Britain, France, USA, Germany*• 1880 – USA, Great Britain, Germany, France• 2000 – USA, Japan, China, Germany

• USA has been the most powerful country in the world economically since after the Civil War

• Technical innovations in the late 19th century, natural resources, and an educated work force enabled us to gain this position

• USA was conscious of their position and anxious to keep it

In 1890, the USA lagged behind In 1890, the USA lagged behind in Imperialism and Colonialismin Imperialism and Colonialism

• ImperialismImperialism – stronger nations dominate weaker nations

• ColonialismColonialism – building settlements in foreign territories that are under the control of the dominant nation

• The British EmpireThe British Empire: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, India, Bermuda, The Bahamas, Jamaica, Belize

• The French EmpireThe French Empire: French Indochina, French West Africa, Madagascar, Haiti and French Guiana

• The German EmpireThe German Empire: Southwest Africa, East Africa, Indonesia, Suriname

CausesCauses *Growth of Imperialism in Europe and Asia*Economic Factors*Nationalism*Military*Humanitarian Factors*Adventure/Pioneer Spirit

United States Expansion

Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

• Natural Resources• New Markets• US already had economic

interests abroad that they wanted protected

NationalismNationalism

• Extreme Patriotism

• Belief that your nation is the best and other countries are inferior

MilitaryMilitary

• Military is superior and growing stronger – why not use them?

• Secure bases around the world

Humanitarian FactorsHumanitarian Factors

• Cure diseases

• Spread democracy

• Evangelism – Spread Christianity

Humanitarian FactorsHumanitarian Factors• Social Darwinism

–American culture is superior

–We are obligated to share it

–We can take over other territories because we are ‘better’

AdventureAdventure

• New Frontiers – Turner and Roosevelt’s theory that Americans need new lands to conquer to keep the ‘pioneer spirit’ alive

Previous American ExpansionPrevious American Expansion• 1776 – 1830s: Bought land from France

and Spain

• 1830 – 1850s: Manifest Destiny• Annexed Texas• Mexican American War

• 1867: Bought Alaska ($7.2M) & took Midway (uninhabited)

• 1875: Treaty with Hawaii for exclusive trade

• Strategically located in the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and China

• Americans traded there for decades• Christian missionaries reformed the

natives• American businessmen bought or

traded large tracts of land for sugar plantations

HawaiiHawaii• (1875) Agreements between USA and

King Kalakaua– Sugar imported to USA without tariffs– Hawaii could not sell to other countries– USA leased Pearl Harbor

• (1891) Queen Liliuokalani resisted American control

• (1893) Sanford B. Dole and US marines took over the country and declared it an independent republic without permission of Congress

• President Grover Cleveland apologized and refused to annex Hawaii (Dole became president of Hawaii)

• (1898) President McKinley ordered Hawaii annexed and it became an American territory

• Hawaii became our 50th state in 1959

• Americans gradually accepted the idea of American Imperialism but assumed it would be done peacefully and at no expense to them

• They soon realized the mistake of these assumptions

Section 2 - 3:Section 2 - 3:The Spanish American WarThe Spanish American War

April, 1898 – December, 1898April, 1898 – December, 1898

““A Splendid Little War”A Splendid Little War”

Causes:Causes:• Imperialism – Americans were seeking

foreign lands, and influence on world affairs

• Spanish colonial rule – brutal and oppressive

• American economic interests in Cuba• Yellow journalism• Jingoism• USS Maine

Review of the Monroe DoctrineReview of the Monroe Doctrine

• Issued in 1823 by Monroe’s Secretary of State

• Stated that the USA would prevent any foreign intrusion in the Western Hemisphere

• In 1823, USA had no power to enforce it

• By 1890, USA had a strong military and the ability to enforce it

• (1891) USA successfully demanded reparations from Chile for the deaths of 2 American sailors

• (1893) USA prevented a revolt in Brazil

• (1895) USA arbitrated a border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela

Colonial CubaColonial Cuba

Spanish misrule / anarchy

The Cuban RevoltThe Cuban Revolt

• Cubans wanted independent rule from Spain

• Revolt began in 1868 but they reached a truce 10 years later

• Revolt began again in 1895

• Spain was not interested in a truce

The Cuban RevoltThe Cuban Revolt• Spain sent their military (General

Weyler) to forcefully deal with the insurrection

• Cubans were placed in concentration camps, where over 200,000 died of disease and malnutrition

The Cuban RevoltThe Cuban Revolt• USA refused to get involved

• Cuban rebels began destroying American owned sugar plantations and mills

• US businessmen urged a military response, but Presidents Cleveland and McKinley refused

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

• New York World – Joseph Pulitzer

• New York Morning Journal – W. R. Hearst

• Competition between the 2 papers led to spectacular headlines and a loose concern for the truth

• Possibility of war increased circulation for both of them

• Does the same hold true now?

““Jingoism”Jingoism”• Name came from a British song –

“We don’t want to fight, yet By Jingo!.....”

• Term came to represent national pride that was expressed as contempt for inferior nations

• Racist

““Spark”Spark”

• Cuban unrest was still threatening US citizens and property

• President McKinley sent the U.S.S. Maine to Havana Harbor for protection

• February 15, 1898 – U.S.S. Maine exploded and killed 250 American sailors

• World and Journal demanded war

Spanish American WarSpanish American War• President McKinley gave Spain one last

ultimatum

• Spain agreed to three of the four demands but refused to grant Cuban independence

• USA declared war on Spain in April, 1898

• War would take place in the Spanish colonies

Spanish American WarSpanish American War• The Philippines

–Before the planned attack on Cuba took place, Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the Spanish Pacific Fleet

–Complete and total victory over the Spanish in Manila Bay

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

• Cuba–American navy destroyed

their Atlantic Fleet at Santiago

–Roosevelt and the Rough Riders led the attack in Cuba

Spanish American WarSpanish American War• Puerto Rico

–American navy bombarded San Juan

–US troops landed in July but met little resistance

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

• Victory was assured by July• Official treaty was signed in

December, 1898• Spain ceded 4 territories and the

USA paid Spain $20 million

Results of the Results of the Spanish American WarSpanish American War

1. Spanish lost their major colonies and would continue to decline in power

2. America would gain new territoriesa. Cuba

b. Puerto Rico

c. The Philippines

d. Guam

Results of the Results of the Spanish American WarSpanish American War

3. Theodore Roosevelt would become a war hero

4. American deaths reached 2500 but approximately 2100 were caused from disease and food poisoning

5. The Filipino Insurrection would immediately follow

• Teller Amendment was attached to the war declaration – guaranteed Cuban independence

• (1898 – 1902) Cuba under military rule

• Cuba drafted a constitution similar to the US Constitution

• Platt Amendment was attached to Cuban Constitution

• Platt Amendment– Cuba became an American protectorate– Cuba could not sign any treaties with

foreign countries without US approval– Cuba would lease land to the USA for

naval bases

• USA intervened in Cuba several times

• In effect until 1934

US Naval Base in CubaUS Naval Base in Cuba

Note: Cuba is 90 miles from the coast of Florida

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico• Foraker Act in 1900 removed military

control

• Became US territory

• Became US citizens in 1917 (Jones Act)

• Became Commonwealth in 1952

• Representatives to Congress but they can not vote

• Statehood could be imminent

• “When I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps, I confess that I did not know what do do with them..I walked the halls of the White House night after night….and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance…And one night, it came to me this way…

– 1. that we could not give them back to Spain, that would be cowardly and dishonest

– 2. that we could not turn them over to France or Germany..that would be bad business and discreditable

– 3. that we could not leave them to themselves..they were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s war

–4. that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them as our fellow men for whom Christ also died

Filipino InsurrectionFilipino Insurrection• Filipinos fought with the USA against

Spain in 1898

• Declared their independence – Jan. 1899

• War between the Filipinos and Americans broke out in February

• Three year war would kill 4000 Americans with another 3000 wounded

Filipino InsurrectionFilipino Insurrection

• Filipino losses were staggering– 16,000 rebels– 200,000 civilians (estimated)

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

• The Philippines would remain under American control until July 4, 1946

• The USA sent billions of dollars in economic aid until the 1990s

• The USA would maintain military bases on the Philippines until the 1990s. The last American serviceman left on November 24, 1997(We were asked to leave.)

SomoaSomoa• Polynesian Islands

– Divided between Great Britain, Germany and USA

– Great Britain withdrew

– Germany lost all colonies/territories in WWI

– USA still controls American Somoa and the port of Pago Pago

ChinaChina–Chinese products included

silk and spices

–Huge population meant new markets for manufactured goods

‘‘Spheres of Influence’Spheres of Influence’

• Russia, Japan, Germany, Great Britain, and France all controlled major Chinese ports

• USA sent Open Door notes in 1899 and later in 1908 to insure open trade in China

ChinaChina• (1900) The Boxer rebellion resulted in

the deaths of 300 foreigners

• Rebellion was put down (brutally) by Chinese and European troops

• USA did not want the European countries to use that as an excuse to obtain complete control in China

• Insisted on “Open Door Policy”

• Within a period of 10 years the USA had become a world power

• While proving we had economic power decades earlier, we now proved that we had military and political power as well

• World Power today?–Reaction to Tsunami

Section 4Section 4A New Foreign PolicyA New Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy after the Spanish-American War

Big Stick Diplomacy

PanamaCanal

DollarDiplomacy

Moral Diplomacy

Encouraged Revolution in Columbia

Leased Canal Zone from Panama

Influenced relations in L. America

US Navy used to back diplomacy

Open Door in China & stability in L. America

Economic assistance

USA in Mexico for

moral reasons

USA backs a stable

government

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Voyage from New York to San Francisco around Cape Horn – approximately 15,000 miles– dangerous

• Railroad route across Central America was unreliable and slow

• Land routes were dangerous due to rugged terrain and disease

Location of Panama / ColumbiaLocation of Panama / Columbia

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• Shortest route was through the Panama area of Columbia

• 52 miles across

• Leased right of way to the French

• French attempted but failed to build a canal

• Offered the lease to the Americans

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• President Roosevelt tried to negotiate a treaty with Columbia

• When that failed, Americans assisted rebels in taking the territory and declaring themselves independent

• Panama became a separate country and immediately leased the canal zone to the USA

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• USA began construction in 1906

• Spread of disease was limited because of isolation of victims and destruction of mosquito's habitat

Panama CanalPanama Canal

• The Panama Canal officially opened in 1914

• It remained an American territory until 1977

• Gradually control was turned over to the Panamanians

• Completed on December 31, 1999

One of four locks in the Panama Canal

Freighter traveling through the Panama Canal

Location of Panama CanalLocation of Panama Canal

““Big Stick Diplomacy”Big Stick Diplomacy”

• President Roosevelt added a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• USA would become an international police force

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

• Big stick was the US Navy

• Invaded and occupied many nations over the 20th century

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy

• President Taft’s idea for gaining the support of Latin American countries

• Sent millions of dollars in aid to various countries that were supportive of the USA

• Much of the aid was embezzled by corrupt leaders

• People in the countries generally resented the USA for supporting repressive regimes

Moral DiplomacyMoral Diplomacy(Foreign Policy)(Foreign Policy)

• Mexico experienced many revolts between the 1820’s and the 1930’s

• The USA generally did not interfere until 1911, when President Diaz was overthrown

• A dictator, Huertes took control of the country

• President Wilson felt it was our moral responsibility to support his opposition

MexicoMexico

• Pancho Villa, a Mexican rebel, opposed US interference

• He raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 8 civilians and 10 soldiers (100 Mexicans were killed in the raid)

• General Pershing was sent in to Mexico to capture Pancho Villa

• He was recalled a year later

Debating America’s New Debating America’s New RoleRole

Anti-ImperialismAnti-Imperialism

Arguments:

• Racist

• Labor Issues

• Immigration Issues

• Expensive

• Could require the draft

• Anti-Democratic

America’s New Role – America’s New Role – Imperialism Viewed from AbroadImperialism Viewed from Abroad• Countries began to depend on the USA for

military and economic assistance• “Yankee go home” became a familiar refrain,

particularly in Latin America• The same issues that arose in 1900 still

plague us today– What right do we have to interfere in foreign

nations– What responsibilities do we have toward foreign

nations

The End!The End!