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Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Paradigm Publishers are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Anthropology Now.
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Becoming Monsters in IraqAuthor(s): Matthew Gutmann and Catherine Lutz
Source: Anthropology Now, Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 2009), pp. 12-20Published by: ;Paradigm Publishers Taylor & Francis, Ltd.Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41203523Accessed: 08-02-2016 19:42 UTC
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feature
I
Becoming
Monsters
n
Iraq
i
Matthew utmann
Catherineutz
'
The
following
iece
s drawn rom forth-
coming
ookwritten
y
Matthew utmann
and Catherine
utzwith he
assistance
f
:
Betsy rinsonndJoseVasquez ntitled ar '
Epiphanies.
his
group
f
researchersnter-
:
viewed ozens
f eteransf he
raq
nd
Af-
ghanistan
arswhohavebecome ocal
op-
j
ponents
f hosewars.The book races he
:
livesoffivemenand one
womanwho
en-
'
listed
ikemillionsf ther
oung
eople
to
'
getmoney
or
ollege,
o seek
dventure,
o
:
serve heir
ountry,
nd
hoping
ofind
way
to
do
good
n
theworld- ndthe onclusions
they ave drawn rom heirmilitaryork :
and heir eturnocivilian
ife.
j
U.S. soldiers who returnhome
:
from
raq
have
or will
develop crip-
'
plingpsychological
problems
by
one esti-
:
mate,
fully
0
percent
f combat veterans.
I
Among
the most common
diagnoses
given
j
them
is
post-traumatic
stress disorder
:
(PTSD),
an affliction
esulting
rom
xposure
to
traumatic
vents
that,
ccording
to the
'
American
Psychiatric
ssociation,
have
"in-
:
volved actual or threatened eath
or serious
:
injury,
r a threat o the
physical
ntegrity
f
'
selfor
others/'
he
cause
here,
of
course,
s
:
exposure
to combat
itself,
more
universal
j
among
the
troops
n
this
than
any previous
U.S.
war. Factors hat
exacerbate PTSD
in-
clude frustrationnd angerbecause of in-
sufficient
preparations,
equipment,
and
training;
he
feeling
hat
here s no end
in
sight;
discomfort
nd
deprivations
f life
n
a
war
zone;
worries bout
careers nd fami-
lies back
home;
racism and sexual harass-
ment within the
military;
nd extended
tours f
duty.
Over
the
years,
the
military
as
called
soldiers' traumaticresponse to war shell
shock,
combat
neurosis,
battle
fatigue,
r
war-zone stressreaction.
In
addition,
offi-
cers have often efused he
diagnosis
claim-
ing
it is an
excuse
for
malingering,
r
in
more
contemporary
anguage, "anger
dys-
regulation."
Nonetheless,
and
despite
the
continuing tigma
of mental
illness,
many
accept
and
even welcome a
diagnosis
of
PTSD as
part
fthe
process
of
recovery
rom
the mental wounds of the Iraq war.Why
thenwould a
group
of veterans eclare that
in
fact
PTSD
is
normal
nd,
in
some
sense,
good?
For
a
growing
number f anti-war eter-
ans of
Iraq
and
Afghanistan,
TSD is not
an
Many
U.S.
soldiers
who
return
homefrom
raq
have
or
will
develop
rippling sychological
problems.
.. Thecause
here,
of
ourse,
s
exposure
o
combattself.
..
12 anthropology now Volume1 Number1 April 009
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unhealthy
r abnormalconditionbut a rea-
sonable and normal human reaction to
whatthey aw and did while servingnthe
United
States
military.
While
many
return-
ing
vets
reject
treatmentbecause of the
stigma
ttached o it
or find
t
naccessible,
some anti-warvets
accept
treatment nd
medications ut
reject
how theVeteransAd-
ministration
VA)
understands
heir
diagno-
sis. Some refuse
tandard reatmentnd
ar-
gue
that ther
methods
will
help
themmove
beyond
their
uffering.
hese anti-war
ets
all
agree
with
VA
doctors
hat
hey
have re-
ceived a
traumatic
njury
o the
self,
but
they
ee the
injury
s an assault
not
simply
on
theirmind but
on theirwhole
person.
What the medical
establishmentalls
a dis-
order,
hey
all
a
form
f dehumanization.
In
coming
to this
conclusion,
these dis-
senting
oldiers
focus
on the fate of
Iraqi
civilians
t the hands
of the
U.S.
military.
n
fact,what makes the lives of these troops
distinctfrom he
rest of the
armed forces
sent
to
Iraq
and
Afghanistan
s not
so much
their
experiences
of such civilian
harm,
which is
ubiquitous,
but
rather he conclu-
sions
they
have drawn.
tturns ut that
how
soldiers react
to civilian
war
injuries
and
death
is decisive
for heir
merging
ritique
of the
war and
to
understanding
he
injuries
of war to
themselves nd
others.
Ultimately
veteranswho
reject
the
diagnosis
of PTSD
as
being
a disorder
re
making
a
political
statement
more than
a medical or
personal
psychologicaldiagnosis.
The
point
for
both
anti-war
eteranswho seek
counseling
and
medication
or
post-traumatic
tress,
s
well
as those who
prefer
o
avoid such treatment
:
even
though heymay
suffer rom he same
:
symptoms,
s
that,
egardless
f medicalized
; analysis, he fundamental ause of their f-
:
fliction s that
hey
have witnessed nd
par-
:
ticipated
in
dehumanizing
crimes
against
I
people
in
Iraq
and
Afghanistan.
;
Charlie
Anderson
:
Navy
medic Charlie
Anderson,
originally
'
from
Rossford,Ohio,
crossed
into
Iraq
in
:
March 2003
with the Marines.
Like most
:
everyone
round
him
n
uniform,
e was full
;
of fear nd
curiosity,nger
and
resignation,
:
excitement
nd ambivalence
about the
mis-
:
sion.
Trained s a
medic,
he
especially
rel-
1
shed
the idea of
helping
his buddies
if
hey
:
got
hit.
Looking
back
later,
hough,
he
said,
:
"I
didn't
ven know
what didn't
know/'
I
The
learning
curve
would soon
rise
: steeply nfrontfhim.
:
On an
early convoy
operation
n
2003,
'
his unit
began
taking
asualties on
the out-
:
skirts f Sadr
City.
Someone radioed
that
:
they
were
looking
for a
young
Arab male
I
wearing
black
pants,
white
shirt,
nd san-
:
dais,
and
carrying
an
AK-47
in
other
:
words,
almost
anybody.
Fromthe back
of
;
the column
came machine
gun
fire.One
of
:
Anderson's
sergeants
had been
telling
the
Trained
s
a
medic,
he
especially
elished he
dea
of
helping
his
buddies.
..
GutmannndLutz BecomingMonsters n Iraq 13
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younger
men a
story. uddenly
he
opened
firewith
his
weapon, apparently
iming
at
nothing nd no one in particular. hen he
went
back
to
telling
his
story
ight
here he
left t
mid-sentence
only
seconds
before,
pausing
now and then to
sip
his
coffee.
A
lot of
people
would think hat was
cool/'
says
Anderson.
I
thought
twas
scary/'
This
was the first f a
set of
political
nd
moral
epiphanies
Charlie
Anderson
under-
went
n
combat and after.
Later hat
ameday,Anderson elates, r-
derscame
through
o
load
up
and drive
nto
Sadr
City. hey
had
high
hopes
for
whatwas
to come.
Given the standard
Americandiet
of
World War
II
movies,
he and his
com-
rades
expected
to find a kind
f air of
iber-
ation
parades
in
Holland
and France/'
hey
believed that
they
would be
rewarded for
protecting
the
population
from
further
depredations
by
Saddam
Hussein and his
"bad guys/'butthe civilianreceptionwas
quite
differentromwhat
hey xpected.
The
thousands
of
civilians
out
in
the
streets f
Sadr
City
didn't eem
excitedto
see them
except
the kids.
"There re kids
running p
and down
the sides of
streets
begging
for
food."The Marines
were still
ooking
or he
young
Arab male
carrying
n assault
rifle.
And there
were
people
everywhere.
You're
looking
t the
kids,
t the
doorways,
t
the
windows,
and the
rooftops.
ou're
trying
o
scan the
alleys,
looking
for a
guy
[who
wants o
kill
you]
in
this rowd of
5,000."
Anderson was
riding
on the
passenger
side of a
Humvee with his
weapon
in
his
left
hand,
safety
ff,
inger
n the
trigger,
pointed
t the
vehicle's door.
With
his
right
:
hand he was
throwing
ood out and
waving
:
at the kids. After
ounding
a
corner,
the
I crowd seemed to thin.Then all hell broke
:
loose and Marines
began shooting
n
all
di-
:
rections. "We're
trying
o
figure
ut what
I
one
guy
s
firing
t,
and he
yells,
Don't ask
:
me
what
'm
shooting.
'm
shooting
t fuck-
:
ing
people '"
Anderson
ulled
the
trigger
n
I
his
gun
until
omeone said he could
stop.
:
There's
ll this
pandemonium.
Women.
; Children.Mostlywomen and children.
:
And t
seems so clich.
But has
really
:
whatwas
happening.
ostly
omen nd
:
children.
nd few ld men
unning
very
:
which irection
creaming
nd
yelling....
:
My
thoughts
ere
the black
and white
photograph
fthe
ittle
irl unning
own
:
the
street
n
Viet Nam.
She'd been na-
:
palmed.
ll
her kin's
alling
ff.
: Fiveyearslater, nJanuary 008, as we
:
sat
in
his
home
in
the
mountains f
Boone,
;
North
Carolina,
Charlie Anderson
still
:
looked
shell-shocked
in
recounting
hose
:
operations
around Sadr
City.
Whether
he
;
shiveredfrom
he cold
outside that
winter
:
day,
or
from he
still
painfulmemory
f hav-
:
ing
been a
part
of the
military
orce that
j
caused
terrifiedivilians o
flee
through
he
:
streets f an
Iraqicity,
e
didn't
ay.
n
either
:
case,
even in
2008,
Andersonwas continu-
'
ally
trying
o come
to
grips
with
his
early
:
tour
of
duty
n
Iraq.
Regardless
f what
the
:
ground troops
were
ordered to
do
in
the
;
war,
he
remained
convinced their
motiva-
:
tions were
noble. "Most
of us
thought
hat
:
we
were there
o do
something ood.
I
don't
14 anthropologynow Volume Number #April009
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think
nybody oins
an
army
r
goes
off o
war
thinking
hey
re
going
to do evil/'
Like thousandsof otherveterans,Ander-
son
sought ounseling
from imeto time
f-
ter he returned.
I did
go through
ne
sup-
portgroup
meeting
t the
VA,
and
I didn't
find
ny support. spent
most of the
night
talking
bout
why
twas
okay
for
me to be a
veteran
against
the
war,
and
listening
o
some of
the other members
of this
group
talk bout
how we should
ust
have
a
policy
of
genocide
because
if
we don't
kill
every-
body
in
Iraq,
then
they'regoing
to
come
over
here and
kill
our kids.
It didn't
even
make
sense."
Beyondfeeling
ike
n alien
in
this
group
of
vets,
he nonetheless
shared
much
in
common
with them.
Like the oth-
ers, Anderson,
too,
had to
cope
with the
traumas of
war
including
what
he called
"survivor's
uilt,"
nd
the
feeling
hat
he was
personally
esponsible
or
helping
other
re-
turningetswith heir wn cyclesofdepres-
sion.
Eventually,
fter return
o the United
States,
Charlie
Anderson
was
given
an
hon-
orable
discharge
from
he
Navy
after
eing
diagnosed
with
PTSD.
Garett
Reppenhagen
Like
housands
fother
oldiers,
Garett
Rep-
penhagen
put
in time
at
checkpoints.
Trained
s a
sniper
nd born
o
a
military
a-
ther
in Fort
Hood,
Texas,
Reppenhagen
found
himself
one
day flagging
down a
quickly approaching
vehicle,
and
trying
o
get
its
Iraqi
driver o
leave his
vehicle. As
:
Garett
Reppenhagen
(Photo
by
Matthew
Gutmann)
'
this
car,
like
many
before
it,
had
ap-
l
proached, Reppenhagen
ecalled,
:
You're
hinking
here ould
be a car bomb.
'
And
you
got
your
heart
pumping
nd
your
:
adrenaline
flowing
because
you
think
:
you're ust going
to
get
bombed.
And the
;
car screeches
to a
stop.
And
you
go
over
:
and
you're
yelling
at the
guy
in
the
car.
:
Only
he doesn't
speak
English,
o he's not
'
getting
ut of
his
car,
you
know?
:
You're
trying
o
open
the
door,
but the
:
door's
ammed
because
his car
sucks. It's
'
junk.
And
you're
frustrated
ecause
you
:
can't
open
the
door. You're embarrassed
:
that
you're trying
o
open
a
door that
;
doesn't
open.
So
you ust grab
the
guy
and
:
pull
him out the
window and
you
throw
:
him on the
ground
and
you zip-strip
im
Gutmannnd Lutz BecomingMonsters n Iraq 15
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[with
lastic
ies used
by
U.S.
forces].
And
then
you
realize,
out of the corner f
your
eye, that hiswife and kidsare staring t
you
with this ntense hatred
n
their
ye.
You
just
realize
you
are
part
of the
prob-
lem. And
you
don't mean to
be,
and
you
don't
want
to
be,
but
you're
there,
you
know? And that's he crime. The crime is
that
you're
here.
Many
soldiers,
says
Reppenhagen, started
to loathe themselves.
But instead of
chang-
ing
to make it
better,
some
changed
forthe
worse.
They
ust
dove
into it and became
monsters/'
Like those of other
dissidentU.S. veterans
who have come out
against
he
war,
Reppenhagen's
tories ocus
on the hubris f this
war,
how the war de-
'
stroyed
ome
part
of
him
and violated the
i
trust hat
he,
as a citizen
soldier,
nce had
in the
U.S.
military.
s Garett
Reppenhagen
;
says,
:
I
always
saw
myself
s
doing
the
right
'
thing, aking
he
proper
course of
action, ;
as
thinking
bout ethics nd
morality.
nd
:
here
was,
the one with
my
hands on this
;
dude,
feeling ustified
o
rip
him
out
of his
i
car and throw
him
on
the
ground
nd
put
:
him n
handcuffs.t made me feel
like an
;
asshole.
I'm
the
guy cting
ike
Nazi.
:
Although
ome
troops
nd veterans
have
sought
elief rom
heir
ost-traumaticight-
maresbypoppingwhat medics in Iraqsar-
castically
call
"happy pills/' Reppenhagen
is
staunchly pposed.
I'm
certainly
ot
going
to take
any
med-
ication.
I
am flat
gainst
that.
Personally,
don't want to
separate myself
rom
my
war
experience.
I
think
my
war
experience
is
part
of who
I
am
now,
and I've
got
to
learn
to
carry
hat.
My
heal-
ing comes through
helping
ther
veterans,
being
part
of the
movement.
VAW
Iraq
Veterans
Against
the
War]
is
redeeming
me.
Garett
Reppen-
hagen
was the first c-
tive-duty
oldier o
oin
IVAW
while
still
in
Iraq.
Men
experience
rauma,
e
knows,
when
their
buddy
is blown
up
in
front f
them,
when someone is shot and no
one can
get
to him.
Or,
as he
puts
it,
"When innocent
people
get
waxed."
But,
Reppenhagen
in-
sists,
for
he most
part,
he
average
Ameri-
can soldier s notthe
victim.
He's the victimizer. nd think e
feels
like
criminal,
onestly.
e feels ike
he
killer nd the
rapist
nd the
hief,
nd he
comes back
to America nd
it's,
Thank
you
for
our
ervice." ut
we're, ike,
You
haveno idea what
you're
hanking
efor.
Youdon'tknowwhat did."
Vou
ust
realize
you
are
part
of
the
problem.
And
you
don'tmean
to
be,
and
you
don'twantto
be,
but
you're
here,
you
know?
..
And
that's he crime.The crime
is
that
you're
here.
16 anthropologynow Volume Number April009
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If
men did the ame
things
n
the treets f
:
the
United tates
hey
did withno
repercus-
sions in the cities and villagesof Iraq, they ;
would be
imprisoned
or even
executed,
:
Reppenhagen
believes.
But since
they
are
:
not
punished by
others,
hey punish
them-
;
selves.
"They
start
drinking
hemselves
to
:
death
and
doing
drugs
nd
being
abusive to
I
their
family
and
committing
uicide,
be-
j
cause
they
an't
find
edemption/'
:
So what's
medical
practitioneroing
to
:
do for
veteran
n
this
ituation?
'
If
you're
clinical
doctor,
you
cannot
fix
:
problem
that's social
and
political.
Let's
;
say you
sitdown with
counselor nd
say,
:
"I've been
betrayed y mygovernment
nd
:
I'm
fucking
issed
off,
nd this s dbilitt-
;
ing.
am unable to
fit nto
ociety.
And it's
:
directly
ecause
of the war."
Well,
they're
:
gonna
be
like,
"Here's
a
pill.
Don't
be so
;
pissedoff." heytry o make ityourprob- :
lem. And
it's not
your
problem.
It's soci-
:
ety'sproblem.
ou don't
have to
readjust
o
:
society;
ociety's
going
to
have to
readjust
:
to
you.
:
Ricky lousing
j
When
RickyClousing deployed
to
Iraq
in
:
December 2004
at
age
22,
he didn't
rely
n
:
the
media to understand
the
situation
in
;
Iraq:
"I
kind f
wantedto formulate
my
own
:
idea about
what was
going
on."
He had
j
high
expectations
that
his
military
ntelli-
j
gence
training
would
help
identify eople
:
who were threats o
Iraqi
freedom. earsbe-
fore,
Clousing
had become
a
born-again
Christiannd done missionary ork nLatin
America
nd Thailand. He was
eager
to find
a
way
to
help
the
Iraqis
as he had
helped
farmers
n
Mexico
on severalearlier
rips.
Soon
after rrival
n
Iraq, Clousing
saw
civilians killed and harassed
with
mpunity
by
U.S. soldiers.
He
began
to
mistrust he
mission
that used such
methods,
nd went
to
his
command
with serious
questions
about
whether o continue
to
participate
n
the war or even
in
the
Army
tself. t was
recommended
he
speak
with counselors
and
chaplains,
and
he did so.
He
told
them
"about
the
spiritual
asis for
my
conflict f
conscience
[but]
they
came
back with
all
these
clich
statements,
nd
even Bible
verses taken
out of
context,
ustifying
ar
and
saying
God
is
favoring
us,
and
that
I
should
just
trust
n
his
plan.
Just
urface-y,
watereddownstatementshatdidn't nswer
anything
hat was
really eeling."
His
com-
manders
sked
Clousing
if
he
was
trying
o
get
out
of the
Army.
There's
ways
to do
that,
uch as
saying
you'regay
or
sayingyou
have
mental
problems.
was
insulted,
o tell
you
the truth.
wasn't
trying
o
play
that
card to
get
a ticket ut
of the
military."
Clousing
tattooed he
word "Veritas"
n
his arm to
signify
his
quest,
and started
reading
books
about the
run-up
o
the war
in
Iraq
and on U.S.
foreign
olicy
in
gen-
eral.
In
addition,
he
read Confessions
f an
Economic
Hit
Man,
Zinn's
People's
History
of the United
tates,
nd Thoreau's
ssay
On
Civil
Disobedience.
After
eturning
o
the
CutmannndLutz BecomingMonstersnIraq 17
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8/10
United
States,
Ricky
continued to be tor-
mented
by
his time
in
Iraq.
He talked to
more counselors and chaplains and com-
manders.
All
to no avail. He
went AWOL
and after
year
he
turnedhimself n. Fol-
lowing
his
military
rial,
he
served
three
months
n
the
Camp Lejeune
brig
n
North
Carolina.
During
the entire
period
after
his
tour
n
Iraq,Army
fficers
roposed
various
options
o
Clousing
uch as
filing
or
onsci-
entious
objector
status or a
diagnosis
of
PTSD, any one of which would have al-
lowed
him
to
serve out his
remaining
ime
in
non-combat
ssignments
and
the
mili-
tary
would
have avoided
further
mbarrass-
ment
Clousing's
ase had
become
interna-
tional
news).
He refused
conscientious
objector
tatus
because he does
not
oppose
all
wars. He
rejected
the PTSD
diagnosis
because he
considers
post-traumatic
tress
not
a disorder
ut,
s he called
it,
a
patch"
that onceals deeper problems: I mean,it's
a natural
eaction f
culture
hock,
of
being
in
a
combat
zone,
and
the
realities nd
the
expectations
f
fighting,
nd
being
expected
to kill
people,
and
then
coming
back
home
to
what we
have here." Farfrom
epresent-
ing
an abnormal
adaptation
o
civilian
ife,
he
adds,
traumatized
oldiers re the
norm:
"They're
ctually tapped
into their
human
and
spiritual
nd
emotional
ide
enough
to
feel the
effects f
[the
war].
They're
not
numb
enough
to
just
blow
it off
like it
doesn't matter."
A
nti-war
ets ike
Ricky
lousing,
Garett
/VReppenhagen,
and
Charlie
Anderson
:
may
be no moreor less traumatized
y
what
they
aw and did than other ervice mem-
; bers.However, heir istinctive nderstand-
:
ing
of the
problem
and
of
the remedies
:
available to them
particularly olitical
c-
l
tionand
helping
thervets allows them
o
:
reshape
their
ense of self
n
crucial
ways.
:
Each has
been an active
member f
raq
Vet-
;
erans
Against
he
War,
nd has
worked
n
a
:
variety
of
ways,
including recruiting
or
:
IVAW
fromwithin
he active
duty
military
; and others,lobbying Congress, and long
:
public
marches and
talks to educate the
:
public.
They
are
working
to
advance the
;
goals
of the
organization,
which
includes
:
campaigning
for n
immediate
withdrawal
:
of all
troops
from
raq;
reparations
o the
;
Iraqi
people
that
hey,
ather
han
corporate
j
profiteers,
ould
administer;
nd
lobbying
:
for
ullbenefits
nd
adequate
healthcare
or
;
returning
ets.
They
have also
forged trong
: bonds of advice and help with dissident
:
Vietnam
War era
vets nd
organizations
nd
;
are
helping
with
counter-recruitmentfforts
:
in
high
chools aroundthe
country.
:
Each is also
trying
o
reestablish
imself
j
in
work
nd/or chool: in
winter
008,
Char-
:
lie
Anderson was
attendingAppalachian
:
State
University
n
Boone and
working
with
;
the
VA
nearby,
Garett
Reppenhagen
was
:
studying
t Pikes
Peak
Community ollege
:
in
Colorado
Springs
nd
working
s a
part-
;
time
organizer
nd
consultant or
Veterans
:
for
America,
nd
Ricky
Clousing
was
work-
:
ing
n
a
gift
hop
and
learning
o be a
dealer
I
in
Las
Vegas.
:
As
another
anti-warveteran
said
about
:
his
emerging
recovery-through-activism
18 anthropologynow Volume #Number April009
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9/10
Brig
Art
Photo
by RickyClousing)
Gutmann nd Lutz Becoming Monsters in Iraq 19
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10/10
from he
war,
I am
no
longer
he monster
once was." These vets
are
convinced
they
have found a kind of re-
demption
and balm
by
breaking
anks nd
speak-
ing
out
against
he
war,
by
forging
new kind fcom-
radeship
with their ellow
dissenters,
nd
by
begin-
ning
o make amends with
the
Iraqi
and
Afghani
eo-
ples.
Some
might ay
that hese veterans
were
dehumanizedfrom
he moment
hey
began
basic
training,
nd that
by
turning gainst
the war in
Iraq
and what
they
aw and
did
there,
hey
are
simply
reclaiming
heirhu-
manity.
But
that conclusion
would be too
easy.
Because
if
nything
hese
anti-war et-
erans
were
among
the most
dealistic f
sol-
diers,
committed o
the idea of
armed ser-
vice in defense of the nation and indeed
serving
humankind
hrough
heir
participa-
tion
n
militaryperations
n
Iraq.
As
contradictory
s it
might
eem,
and
despite
all
the
questions
they
had from
he
beginning
bout
military
ervice nd the
n-
vasion
and
occupation
of
Iraq,
these men at
the same time believed
that
they
would be
doing
good
for others
through
their
participation
n
the
war.
In
the
end, however,
they
do not
want their
post-traumatic
tress o
be
neatly
boxed off
by
a
medical
zed
diagnosis
hat
separatestheir onditionfrom he total ex-
perience
of the war in
Iraq
and from
moral
and
political
critique
of its
impact
on the
people
of that
ountry.
Matthew
Gutmann nd
Catherine
Lutz,
Depart-
ment of
Anthropology,
rown
University,
ox
1921,
Providence,
Rhode
Island 02912. E-mail:
[email protected]. Gut-
mann is professorn the Department fAnthro-
pology
at Brown
University
nd Lutz has a
joint
appointment
s
professor
n
the
Department
f
Anthropology
nd at
the Watson
Institute f
In-
ternational
tudies t Brown
University.
They
do not
wanttheir
post-traumatic
tress o be
neatly
oxed off
y
a
medicalized
diagnosis.
..
20 anthropology now Volume 1 Number1 April 009
Thi d l d d f 202 41 10 3 M 08 F b 2016 19 42 35 UTC