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J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109 DOI 10100!"s10814-009-90#4-$
Recent Research in Western Mexican Archaeology
Christopher S. Beekman
%&'lishe online: 2 Sepe*'er 2009 + Springer Science,&siness .eia/ 2009
Abstractesern .e$ico is 3as an geographicall i3erse an has recei3e 5ar less aenion
co*pare o oher areas o5 .esoa*erica Research o3er he pas ecae allo6s he e5iniiono5 5o&r *a7or s&'regions characerie ' c&l&ral 5acors an isinc hisorical ra7ecories A
large proporion o5 he research in 6esern .e$ico is sill c&l&re-hisorical in na&re/ oriene
o6ar esa'lishing chronologies an relaionships 'e6een regions & along 6ih a n&*'er
o5 recen e55ors o6ar snhesis an consoliaion/ c&rren heoreical research conri'&es o
he s& o5 *or&ar paerns an social organiaion/ alernai3e 5or*s o5 social co*ple$i/
agric&l&ral inensi5icaion/ e*pire 5or*aion/ sae in3ol3e*en in he econo*/ h&*an-lanrelaionships/ an he inerlocing relaionship 'e6een *igraion an sociopoliical
reorganiaion
Keywords.esoa*erica .or&ar pracices Social co*ple$i
;&*an ecolog acaecas/ ?&ana7&ao/ an
@&erearo/ 6hich ogeher consi&e he 5ar 6esern porion o5 he larger c&l&re area o5
.esoa*erica (ig 1) All o5 hese saes ha3e 'een incl&e a one i*e or anoher in regional
s&**aries o5 es .e$ico (rani55 2004B arenas 2004B oser an ?orensein 2000B?orensein 2000B e3ine 1999B =elson 2001B Ola arrienos 199C/ 199!B %ollar 199!B
illia*s
S ee*an ()
Depar*en o5 Anhropolog/ Eni3ersi o5 olorao Den3er/ Den3er/ O 8021!-##C4/ ESA e-*ail:chrisopher'ee*anF&cen3ere
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2 J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109
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2004B >epea ?arcia .oreno 2001)/ '& his is a large an i3erse region an so*e o5 he pars
5i ogeher a66arl/ i5 a all
Ghere are 6o 6as in 6hich his area has 'een concep&alie in recen ears irs here is
he Occiene or es .e$ico/ a so*e6ha ro*anicie er* characeriing an area isinc
5ro* 6ier .esoa*erica (A3ila %ala5o$ 1989) ha hisoricall 6as co*pose o5 Jalisco/
=aari/ an oli*a/ largel 'ase on he 6iesprea occ&rrence o5 sha5 an cha*'er o*'s(eg/ Han e al 1989) an *ore recenl he isinci3e Ge&chilan e*ple archiec&re (eg/
eigan 2000) So&hern Sinaloa an so&hern >acaecas are 5re&enl ae as an
a5erho&gh/ since he o*'s an e*ples occ&r here eca&se o5 he i*pressi3e ae
%osclassic Garascan (or %&repecha) e*pire/ .ichoacan is &s&all incl&e/ an he roos o5
%&repecha socie are increasingl so&gh in so&hern ?&ana7&ao/ 6here e$a*ples o5 he
Ge&chilan e*ple archiec&re an sha5 o*'s are 5o&n as 6ell ?&errero is rarel incl&e/e$cep occasionall 5or he Rio alsas Depression along he 'orer 6ih .ichoacan
A secon perspeci3e/ 6hich 6e *igh call western.e$ico or 5arwestern .esoa*erica/
sees he region as no *eriing characeriaion as a &ni5ie c&l&ral region in an sense
(%ollar 199!) In his 3ie6/ 6esern .e$ico has ser3e as so*ehing o5 a cachall 5or
e3erhing 6es o5 he Gol&ca alle/ an here is lile *eri in conin&ing o re5er o he enire
region in c&l&ral er*s (eaile hisorical
&!ig. ".ap o5 6esern .e$ico sho6ing i*poran ri3ers an laes/ *oern .e$ican saes/ an c&l&ral s&'regions ae'asins: 1 San %ero/ 2 .agalena/ # a ega/ 4 Aoonilco/ K >acoalco/ C San .arcos/ ! Sa&la/ 8 hapala/ 9 San=icolas/ 10 >acap&/ 11 &ieo/ 12 %ac&aro alles - 1# aneras/ 14 Ge&ila/ 1K San J&an/ 1C .alpaso/ 1! S&chil
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rea*ens o5 research can 'e 5o&n in a'rero ?arcia e al 2002B Ope .esas an Ope
r& 2001B .cicer 200KB R&i 200#B Schon&'e 1998aB S&n 2000B Go6nsen 1998B
ira*ones An&res 200KaB eigan an illia*s 199!)
oh characeriaions possess so*e r&h De5iniions 'ase e$cessi3el on *aerial c&l&re
rais en o ao*ie he region in a 6a ha passes o3er si*ilariies in &nerling c&l&ral
pracices An approaches ha see a &ni5ing ieni o he 6esern saes 5ail o recognie
ha his is an i*agine Occiene/ one ha is 5re&enl &se as a concep&al 5oil o he
o*inance o5 he naional go3ern*en in .e$ico i an Ae&is*o in general As he
6esern saes ae*p o consr&c a regional ieni oa/ i is ine3ia'le ha s&ch clai*s6ill appropriae prehisor an see he sa&s o5 i*e eph 5or esseniall *oernis clai*s
I*plici or e$plici in hese isc&ssions is he iss&e o5 ho6 .esoa*erican 6esern .e$ico
reall 6as/ an 6heher ineracion 6ih speci5ic so&rces lie Ol*an/ Geoih&acan/ or G&la
sho&l 'e &se o *ae ha 7&g*enMesoamericanpracices (ee*an 200#a/ 'B Jar&in%acheco an .arine argas 2004B Oli3eros .orales 2004/ 200C) an eiies (Ara*oni
&rg&ee 2004B Ga&'e 2004/ pp !/ 14/ K#/ 98/ 104/ 120/ 1CK) increasingl ha3e 'een
oc&*ene in 6esern .e$ico/ 6here he ha3e a *ore i55&se an 6iesprea characer hais harer o associae 6ih speci5ic onors o he eas
Ghis concern is less i*poran in recen research/ an here has 'een *ore 6or on i3ersi
6ihin 6esern .e$ico Archaeological research o5 he pas ecae has 'eg&n insea o
s&gges isinc s&'regions/ 6hich 'egan o e$hi'i i55eren characerisics an hisorical
ra7ecories 'eginning in he or*ai3e perio Ghese s&'regions are he coas/ he 5ar 6esern
highlans/ he easern slopes o5 he Sierra .are Occienal/ an he a7io"easern highlans I
&se hese s&'regions/ 6hich correspon onl parl o geographic isincions espie heiren&ring characer/ o sr&c&re his s&**ar Since * o6n research area is in he 5ar 6esern
highlans o5 Jalisco/ I spen *ore i*e on ha s&'region
Ghis re3ie6 'egins 6ih a 'rie5 geographic escripion o5 6esern .e$ico/ 5ollo6e ' a
isc&ssion o5 general he*es ha crossc& recen research I 5ollo6 6ih a perio-'-perio
s&**ar ha ising&ishes 'e6een he s&'regions Rec&rring heoreical opics o5 i*porance
in his isc&ssion incl&e sociopoliical co*ple$i/ *or&ar paerns/ e*pire 5or*aion/
poliical conrol o5 econo*/ h&*an-lan relaionships/ an *igraion an poliicalcollapse"reorganiaion
#eographic description and introdction to cltral sbregions
As in oher areas o5 ropical .esoa*erica/ 6esern .e$icoLs ann&al ccle is 'roen o6n inoa r season 5ro* =o3e*'er hro&gh .a/ an a rain season 5ro* J&ne hro&gh Oco'er Ghis
has a prono&nce e55ec on srea*s an e3en he large lae 'asins (ig 1)/ *an o5 6hich'eco*e esiccae in he r season I is i*poran o noe ha apar 5ro* 3er 'asic iss&es/
6esern .e$ico oes no 5or* a geographic &ni an incl&es he =eo-olcanic an Sierra
.are Occienal ranges/ he %aci5ic coasal plain/ an he 6ie 3alles o5 he a7io
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Ghe %aci5ic coasal plain sreches he enire lengh o5 he region/ 6ies along he coas o5Sinaloa an norhern =aari an narro6er in Jalisco/ oli*a/ an .ichoacan (.o&n7o
2000B Sco an oser 2000) Ghe *os s&saine conacs 6ere pri*aril along he coas/ 6ih
*ore li*ie ransporaion ne6ors in he inerior Ghe area has a 6ar* an h&*i
en3iron*en ha s&ppors ropical eci&o&s 5oress (I=
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highlans o he so&h/ he a7io ens o share *aerial c&l&re an pracices 6ih ha area
5ro* he .ile or*ai3e hro&gh he %osclassic (ig 1)
e6 *a7or ri3ers lin hese i55eren geographic an c&l&ral s&'regions/ '& so*e ser3eas signi5ican con&is 5or co**&nicaion in prehisor (ig 1) Ghe Rio er*a line cenral
an 6esern .e$ico/ 6hile he Rio alsas Depression pro3ie a con&i o so&h-cenral
.e$ico an Oa$aca
%aleoen3iron*enal s&ies o5 pollen cores/ osracos/ lae sei*en che*isr/
geo*orpholog/ an changes in lae le3el oc&*en long-er* cli*aic 3ariaion in areas o5
6esern .e$ico Recen snheses (isher e al 200#B Israe Alcanara e al 200KB .ecal5e
200CB .ecal5e an Da3ies 200!B .ecal5e e al 200!B R&er e al 2004) inicae ha cool anari e*pera&res conin&e a5er he Mo&nger Dras &nil a'o& 9000-8K00 / coincien
6ih he esa'lish*en o5 he *oern rain5all paern o5 high s&**er precipiaion Ghere
5ollo6e se3eral ccles o5 6eer an rier coniions A r perio ha e$ene ino he 5irs*illenni&* AD 5&rher inensi5ie &ring he .esoa*erican
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$able "hronological char 5or 6esern .e$ico (so*e col&*ns co*'ine se&ences o 'eer represen a region)
oasal oli*a Ge&ila alles in 5ar S&chil an &ieo an %ac&aro asin in
(Hell 1980B esern ;ighlans .alpaso alles/ er*a asin a .ichoacan
(ee*an an >acaecas ege o5 a7io ;ighlans
eigan 2008B (Helle 198KB (Darras an (%ollar 2008)
Oli3eros an e los =elson 199!) a&gere 200KB
Rios %arees 199#) ;ernane 2001)
900
1000
1100
1200
1#00
1400
1K00
2000
2K00
#000
#K00
4000
4K00
K000
KK00
C000
CK00
!000
!K00
8000
8K00
9000
9K00
10000
10K00
11000
11K00
an eigan 2000B elran .eina an ?onale ara7as 200!B rani55 1998/ 1999B aro
2001B lores .orales an Sain harles >eina 200CB ?&e3ara Sanche 200!B ;ealan an
;ernane 1999B ;ernane 2001/ 200CB Jar&in %acheco an .arine argas 200!B .igeon
an %ereira 200!B Sain harles >eina e al 200C)/ an here is a gro6ing n&*'er o5raiocar'on aes (.o&n7o 200CB .o&n7o e al 200#B
Dae on Graiional
cal i'rae .esoa*erican i*escale %er ios
.o&n7o 200C)
1K00
140
01#0
0
1200
1100
1000
900800
!00
C00K00
400#00200
1000
100200
#00400
K00C00
!00
%eri&illo
alichal
Ar*eria
oli*a
o*ala
Ala isa"a@&e*aa
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=elson 199!B Oli3eros .orales an e los Rios %arees 199#) ?i3en he en&o&s 'asis 5or so
*an chronological se&ences in 6esern .e$ico/ he chronological 6or alone has s&cceeein alering o&r perspeci3es on se3eral iss&es/ 5or e$a*ple/ i*ing he e*ergence o5 co*ple$
socie Ghe hir *illenni&* e3ience 5or sacre archiec&re a
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Ghe 'oos in crei'ili ha conac 6ih So&h A*erica recei3e 5ollo6ing ;oslerLs s& o5
*eall&rg (;osler 1994) has gi3en i*pe&s o 5&rher s&ies o5 e$iles an shell (Ana6al
1998B elran .eina 2001) an a co*p&er si*&laion o5 coasal rae (allaghan 200#)Speci5ic *echanis*s o5 ineracion ha3e no progresse 'eon 6ha %ollar repore in 199!/
ho6e3er S&ies o5 conac 6ih he A*erican So&h6es conin&e o isc&ss phsical
e$change o5 goos s&ch as &r&oise (Helle 2000B .eighan 1999B eigan an ?arcia e
eigan 2001)/ '& ohers ha3e shri3e he*sel3es o5 he *aerial &nerpinnings o5 6orl
sse*s heor in 5a3or o5 he less angi'le ling&isic ies along he Sierra .are Occienalha 5aciliae co**&nicaion an e3en *igraion (eg/ ra*a&ssel an Orelli 200CB ;ill
2001B illalpano 2002) Ghis parallels he ren else6here in .esoa*erican s&ies a6a
5ro* *acroregional s&ies an o6ar agen-le3el ineracion
.&ch recen heoreical research in3esigaes econo*ic *aers ra5 pro&cion is 'eing
aresse 5or a 6ie range o5 *aerials/ incl&ing o'siian (lar an eigan in pressB
Darras 1999B
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long hisor in 6esern .e$ico (eg/ A''o Helle 19!8B =elson e al 1992B %icering 198K)
Ghis incl&es analses o5 he seleal re*ains an '&rial pracices (eg/ Acosa =ie3a 199C/
200#B ah&e an %ollar 1998B Da3i e al 200!B e la ?ara 1998B o6ler e al 200CB ope.esas e al 1998B .arin e al 2004B Oli3eros .orales 2004/ 200CB %ereira 199C/ 1999/
200K/ 200!B Go 1999B Er&n&ela aron e ?&e3ara 199!/ 1998B ale an Er&n&ela aron
e ?&e3ara 199!)/ 6hich sho&l 'e snhesie o e3elop co*parisons 'e6een regions an
perios One ineresing &se o5 5orensic principles (%icering an &e3as 200#B %icering e al
1998) ieni5ie signs o5 necrophagho&s 5lies on cera*ic 5ig&res 5ro* sha5 o*'s/ pro3iingpoenial insigh ino i*ing o5 '&rial an o*' a*osphere Ghese organic eposis also
pro3ie aa'le *aerial an hence a *eho o5 a&henicaion 5or *&se&* collecions Roc
ar has seen increase s& (a'a >&lea 2001B a&gere 199!B a&gere an Darras 2002B
orcano 2000B ;orcasias an .irana 2004B .o&n7o 2001B .&rra an ira*ones 200CB
Galaoire 1999B Gorre'lanca %ailla 2000)/ an inerpreaion o5 i*ager 6ihin he cone$ o5
he 'roaer lanscape (ira*ones An&res 200Ka/ 'B ira*ones An&res an respo 1999)sho&l pro&ce ineresing res&ls inall/ he religio&s an ieological signi5icance o5
archaeoasrono*ical orienaions in .esoa*erica (5ollo6ing A3eni e al 1982) has le o
preli*inar research on his opic/ largel &sing 6ell-preser3e archiec&re o e3al&aei55eren orienaions o6ar he horion (D&all 200!B J&are ossio an Spra7c 2001B Helle
an A''o Helle 2000B elge*ann 199!) Archaeoasrono* *a 'e an o3erl narro6
approach o ho6 people 3ie6e heir s&rro&ningsB a lanscape archaeological approach *ighpro3ie 5&rher insighs
S&ies o5 h&*an ecolog conin&e in he 3ein escri'e ' %ollar ( 199!)/ 6ih *os aenion
e3oe o esa'lishe agric&l&raliss Ghe archaeological races o5 no*aic pop&laions are so
en&o&s ha he generalie s&r3es ha are &s&all carrie o& are &nliel o 'ear 5r&i (see
en P2000Q 5or an e$a*ple o5 6ha co&l 'e one 6ih pro'le*-oriene s&r3e) ar*ers
an inensi3e collecors along he coass are he 'es s&ie o ae In3esigaions o5 ie
'ase on 'one isoope/ pholih/ or 5a&nal"*alacological"*acro'oanical analses are 'eingone ' n&*ero&s specialiss (elran .eina 2001B ah&e e al 2002B D3ora 2000B
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e$ploraor Seleal an paric&larl non*eric s&ies ha3e pro3ie *ore concree res&ls o
ae on social relaionships an *igraion (Angel 1998B ee*an an hrisensen 200#B
Er&n&ela aron e ?&e3ara 199!/ 1998) ing&isic an ehnohisoric research hasesa'lishe he presence o5 =ah&al-speaing co**&niies a*ong oher lang&ages in earl
colonial Jalisco (Mane Rosales 1998) %roo-lang&age reconsr&cion also has le o he
conro3ersial concl&sion ha =ah&al e*erge a*ong agric&l&ral co**&niies 6ihin he
'o&ns o5 .esoa*erica (;ill 2001)/ 6hich has le o proposals ha =ah&al 6as alrea
presen in cenral .e$ico prior o he ingg 1998) .&ch o5 his 6or aresses opics o5 grea ineres
5or pre-ol&*'ian s&ies/ '& hese are generall no he peoe-5oc&se s&ies o5 he 19C0san 19!0s Ghe s&ies o5 raiional religio&s hierarchies an poliical organiaion (ies
198KB =e&rah 2002B Gelle 200C) an o5 ri&al ecoraion/ o'7ecs/ an archiec&re (a'a
>&lea 200#B Hinl 2000B .al3io .irano 2000B =e&rah 2000B %errin 199CB Schae5er 199C)
pro3ie 6ell- anchore s&ies 3er conscio&s o5 heir 3al&e o archaeologiss
inall/ he preser3aion o5 he pre-ol&*'ian c&l&ral heriage o5 6esern .e$ico re*ains
challenging ooing is sill ra*pan/ '& as al6as he *a7or esr&ci3e 5orces are hose o5
e3elop*en Ghe 3as &r'an cener o5 ?&aala7ara/ .e$icoLs secon larges ci/ conin&es oe$pan an p& press&re on archaeological re*ains as 6ell as on he ecolog o5 ae hapala
Increasingl inensi3e *oern agric&l&re *aes greaer &se o5 *achiner an lanscaping
*ehos 6ih greaer i*pacs on archaeological re*ains oasal e3elop*en conin&es o
gro6 in response o o&ris*/ res&ling in a grea eal o5 sal3age archaeolog Archaeolog 6ih
he o'7eci3e o5 he resoraion o5 sies 5or o&ris* also has 'eg&n o 'e an iss&e/ an
archaeologiss in 6esern .e$ico ha3e no e openl grapple 6ih he pro'le*s anprospecs his presens 5or pro'le*-oriene archaeolog hallenges o he cenralie
*anage*en o5 archaeolog in .e$ico ha3e e*erge (eigan 200!) One ineresing
e3elop*en has 'een he eclaraion o5 he sie o5 ?&achi*onon/ s&'7ec o large-scale
e$ca3aions since 1999 (eigan an ?arcia e eigan 200#a/ ')/ as par o5 a orl
;eriage one (;ereia
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$he early hnters and gatherers o% the &aleoindian and Archaic periods '""()**+
)*** B.C.,
Alho&gh he %aleoinian an Archaic perios o no recei3e a grea eal o5 aenion/ here has
'een so*e progress in ieni5ing preagric&l&ral sies lai*s 5or pre-lo3is pop&laions in
6esern .e$ico ha3e 'een *ae 5or ecaes on he 'asis o5 *oi5ie %leisocene 5a&nal
re*ains ha 6ere collece 6iho& cone$ (;ale an So5iSrano 1991B So5iSrano 19!K)
Ghese clai*s recei3e increase aenion in recen ears 6ih he isco3er o5 a porion o5 a
ho*ini s&ll 6ih hea3 'ro6-riges a*ong hese sa*e collecions Alho&gh 6iel reporein h
e
pop&lar press/ along 6ih clai*s o5 an a55ini o o6er %aleolihic re*ains 5ro* acaecas (A3elera Arroo e Ana 19C2/ p #98/ ig 1) Ghe Sa&la->acoalco-hapala ae
'asins o5 he 5ar 6esern highlans are paric&larl rich in %aleoinian 5ins ones o5 e$inc
5a&na 6ih e3ience o5 h&*an *oi5icaion ha3e alrea 'een *enione/ an he near' sie
o5 erro e Gecoloe has pro&ce lihics in associaion 6ih e$inc 5a&na (Alipha ernane
1988/ pp 1C1-1C2) .ore recenl/ 5ossilie h&*an re*ains 6ere ieni5ie 5ro* he>acoalco an hapala asins (Irish e al 1998/ 2000)
As so*e ha3e noe/ he presence o5 'ig-ga*e h&ners an gaherers is largel cenere in
6esern .esoa*erica (.ac=eish an =elen Gerner 198#) &l&ral re*ains 5ro* easern
.esoa*erica relae o a isinc chopper raiion ha is 5o&n 5arher norh in Ge$as(.ac=eish an =elen Gerner 198#/ p !CB .ac=eish e al 19C!/ p 2#8) Ghere *a ha3e
'een separae pahs o6n he Sierra .are Occienal an he Sierra .are Orienal/ '& he
opposing cli*aic paerns reconsr&ce 5or 6esern an easern .e$ico prior o 9000 also *a ha3e 'een a 5acor (ra'&r 199!B .ecal5e e al 2000) &rher research on hese
earl perios *a clari5 he isincions 'e6een 6esern an easern .esoa*erica in laer
i*es
O&r reliance on isinci3e an isolae lihics conin&es ino he Archaic perio/ 6hen so*e
cli*aic recors s&gges rens o6ar 6ar*er e*pera&res an greaer precipiaion (.ecal5e
200CB .ecal5e an Da3ies 200!) er*a poins 5ro* he acoalco ae 'asin (;ar 1994)/ '& no 5&rher
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research has 'een p&rs&e on his perio e &n5or&nael sill ha3e no e$ca3aions o5 li3ing
areas or ari5acs associae 6ih gahering Ghis i*e perio is clearl he *os &ners&ie in
he region/ an researchers o5 earlier perios 5ro* else6here sho&l 'e enco&rage o e3elopresearch pro7ecs in 6esern .e$ico
$he -ate Archaic period ')***+*** B.C.,
Ghe Archaic perio is raiionall e5ine as ha i*e 6hen .esoa*ericans 'egan o
e$peri*en 6ih he o*esicaion o5 plans an ani*als Research else6here in he
.esoa*erican highlans inicaes ha his process accelerae &ring he ae Archaic/
coincien 6ih a pea r perio an lo6 lae le3els across he highlans (.ecal5e 200CB.ecal5e an Da3ies 200!) Me here 6as a range o5 aapaions a*ong he i3erseen3iron*ens o5 6esern .e$ico (ig 2)
I is &ie liel ha he iniial o*esicaion o5 se3eral *a7or co*ponens o5 he
.esoa*erican ie oo place in he general region co3ere ' his aricle/ an o&r
&nersaning o5 he 'acgro&n 5or *aie in paric&lar has recei3e a *assi3e snhesis '
Saller e al (200C) ?eneic research co*paring he re*ains o5 *oern o*esicae *aie
6ih *oern 6il *aie (eosine) has 5o&n ha he closes geneic ancesor is he 6il 5or*
Zea mays parviglumis5o&n in he alsas Depression/ 6hile he secon closes 6il relai3e is5o&n oa in so&hern Jalisco (Doe'le e al 1990) Ghe closes geneic ancesor o he
co**on 'ean is he 6il 'ean 5o&n oa across highlan Jalisco (S*ih 2001) As e$ciing
as hese s&ies are/ he re&ire archaeological pro7ecs o ieni5 ac&al sa*ples o
eer*ine he place/ ae/ an e*po o5 o*esicaion Recen pollen an pholih analses inhe Ig&ala alle o5 ?&errero (%iperno e al 200!) place o*esicae s&ash an *aie
pholihs 6ihin he span o5 10/000-K000 % (&ncali'rae/ '& ' appro$i*ael
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4000 in calenrical ears) an 5ores clearance in associaion 6ih zeapollen aro&n K200
Ghis is par o5 he alsas 6aershe an en (1999) posis ho6 *aie *igh ha3e sprea
norh6es ino so&hern Jalisco an .ichoacan
Ghe sprea o5 o*esicae crops is i55ic&l o 5ollo6 &e o he i55ering caegories o5
e3ience &se o ieni5 heir presence (see lae 200C 5or a 'alance rea*en)/ '& s&ies
s&gges ha 5ar*ing e*erge in he ae Archaic in 5ar 6esern .esoa*erica De5oresaion
s&ggesing lan clearance/ '& 6iho& e3ience 5or *aie pollen/ occ&rs in cores in he >acap&asin o5 norhern .ichoacan ' 4000-#C00 (Arna&l an a&gere Hal5on 1998/ p 1!)
Ghe 5irs e3ience o5 *aie pollen co*es 5ro* lae cores 5ro* he %ac&aro asin in cenral
.ichoacan aro&n 1K00 (ra'&r 2000)/ 6hereas oler s&ies ieni5 *aie pollen in
ag&na San %ero in so&hern =aari ' 1900-1#00 an in a ;oa San =icolas in he
so&hern a7io ' 1#00 (ro6n 1984/ 198KB see S&ar 200#/ p C!) Ghe *o3e*en o5
5ar*ing pop&laions 5arher norh 6as &ie gra&al .aie an s&ash pholihs ha3e 'een5o&n in he .alpaso alle o5 so&hern >acaecas along 6ih lan clearance in he 5inal
cen&ries (=elson e al n) .aie agric&l&re is oher6ise ass&*e o 'e presen ' he
appearance o5 he earlies 5&ll seenar co**&niies/ alho&gh his is o5en *&ch laer hanhe liel 5irs appearance o5 plan o*esicaion
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eer an pro'a'l 'irs Ghe lihic asse*'lage incl&es 3is&all isinc 3arieies o5 o'siian
ha o no 5all 6ihin he range o5 local so&rces/ consisen 6ih he parl cone*porar 5ins
5ro* a Al'erca (see 'elo6) A secon phase sho6s a *ore specialie se o5 ools 5or h&ningan pro'a'l repeae &se as a e*porar 6or saionB ha perio incl&es he 5irs e3ience
5or grining sones Ghe isappearance o5 nonlocal o'siian in ha perio an herea5er *igh
s&gges he re&cion o5 resienial *o3e*en an he esa'lish*en o5 a collecor sraeg (a
la in5or 1980) Ghe hir phase (%orales/ #100-2K00 ) 6as he *os e$ensi3e seasonal
ca*p/ 6ih e3ience o5 h&ning/ hie preparaion/ 'aser *aing/ an 6oo6oring .anospoin o processing o5 sees/ an eer/ &rles/ 5rogs/ 'irs/ an roens 6ere h&ne Alho&gh
i 6as a*age/ he 5inal Archaic occ&paion has a isproporionae a*o&n o5 hea3
6oo6oring ools ha s&ggess so*e relaion o iniial 5ores clearance associae 6ih
5ar*ing Gha occ&paion is cone*poraneo&s 6ih he regionLs oles-no6n inenional '&rial
(raiocar'on ae o c 2K00-2200 ) 5ro* a Al'erca in he 6esern highlans o5
.ichoacan (?a'an ?&errero 2004/ pp 14-1K) Ghe '&rial 6as place in a locaion laer &se5or cli55 paining an s&ggess a ri&all i*poran locale/ '& e3ience 5o
r
ha'iaion is lacing Anoher recen an pioneering e55or o ieni5 precera*ic sies
s&ccess5&ll raiocar'on ae eposis in A'rigo .oreno K/ a ca3e sie so&heas o5 ae
Sa&la/ o #K00 (en 2000) .aerials 6ere oo sparse here o r&l escri'e ancien
li5e6as/ '& oher possi'le sies 6ih pro*ise also 6ere ieni5ie an 6ill hope5&ll 'e
e$ca3ae in he 5&&re
.ore Archaic e3ience perains o coasal pop&laions ha s&'sise on *arii*e reso&rces/an perhaps hose pop&laions presen he earlies e3ience o5 social co*ple$i Ghe earlies
*aerials are a s*all collecion o5 ari5acs associae 6ih a shell *o&n on he coas o5
=aari ae o 28K0-2200 an calle he .aanchen co*ple$ (.o&n7o 19!0/ 2000B
.o&n7o an laassen 200K) Ghe sie 6as inerpree as a 5oo-e$racion saion/ an
oorhies (199C/ pp 22-2K) inerpres si*ilar re*ains on he hiapas coas speci5icall assolares6here shells 6o&l 'e rie an processe A slighl laer shell *o&n a erro elaliSn in he *angro3e s6a*ps o5 he .aris*as =acionales o he norh/ an ae o 22K0
/ is an inrig&ing 5in Ghis 2#-*-high *o&n is ac&all co*pose o5 &nopene Anadara
grandis('racish 6aer cla*) an oher shells an 6as h&s an ac&al consr&cion o5 &nno6n
p&rpose (Sco 198KB Sco an oser 2000) Ghe aing o5 his 5ea&re has 'een isp&e
recenl (?ra3e Girao 2008)/ alho&gh his once &ni&e occ&rrence has since 'een &plicae
5arher so&h on he hiapas coas (J ;ogson/ personal co**&nicaion/ 2004)/ 6here anoherinenionall creae shell *o&n a Al3are el Goro has *&liple 5loors an aes o oler
han #000 Ghese *a 'e cere*onial pla5or*s o5 so*e in/ alho&gh oher e3ience is
sparse I5 he original aing hols/ his s&ggess ha as in so&heasern .esoa*erica/ so*e o5
he earlies co*ple$ e3elop*ens *a ha3e occ&rre on he %aci5ic coasal plains
/arly and Middle !ormati0e periods '***+1** B.C.,
Ghe
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6ere o5en 5ile Ghe ea 6ere acco*panie ' o55erings o5 he earlies no6n poer in he
region/ incl&ing resis-ecorae cera*ics/ hollo6 cera*ic 5ig&res represening ani*als/ an
soli 5ig&rines epicing ini3i&als 6earing specialie clohing &se in he r&''er 'allga*e
%er5oraors *ae o5 h&*an 'one ha3e 'een 5o&n/ an e$a*ples *ae o5 eer 'one are 6ielisri'&e in
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'eca&se o5 he si*ilar eepl engra3e or one-paine cera*ics/ o5en &sing e$oic sirr&p
spo& or 'ole 5or*s apacha ce*eeries ha3e 'een pariall e$ca3ae (Hell 1980) '& no
al6as p&'lishe Ghe ce*eeries co**onl e*onsrae repeae &se o5 he sa*e area 5orsi*ple iner*en in pis Gpical o55erings incl&e poer/ grining sones/ an hollo6 cera*ic
anhropo*orphic 5ig&res (Hell 1980) Ghe *os specac&lar recen 5in is a series o5
ce*eeries in he .ascoa alle o5 so&h6esern Jalisco ha/ accoring o he e$ca3aor/
oc&*en he ransiion 5ro* apacha-lie cera*ics o
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.o&n7o e al 200#) place he 'eginning o5 his occ&paion o aro&n 900 5or San las
an he aneras alle/ 6ih *ore en&o&s e3ience 5ro* he Go*alan area o**&nicaion
along he coas *&s ha3e 'een in place ' his perio/ *os noa'l e3ience ' he sli*co*parisons 'e6een local poer an ha 5ro* he 5ar-o55 ?&ae*alan an eina 1998) Ghese people are 'es no6n 5ro* he 400 '&rials e$ca3ae 5ro*
he ce*eer a h&pic&aro 6here ini3i&als 6ere inerre ini3i&all or so*ei*es se3eral
o a pi/ associae 6ih *inia&re hearhs ha 6ere so*eho6 &se in he *or&ar process
Alho&gh 6ar5are *a 'e in3ol3e/ ancesral 6orship is a 3ia'le e$planaion 5or he sriing
n&*'er o5 healess '&rials an isolae s&lls a he h&piic&aro ce*eer/ as he c&raion o5h&*an re*ains 6as co**on hro&gho& 6esern .e$ican prehisor hile he ecoraion o5
cera*ics &ni&el e*phasies esigns relae o cenral .e$ico/ 6e see *an o5 he sa*e
'&rial acco*pani*ens as else6here in he 6esern highlans/ incl&ing soli an hollo6
h&*an 5ig&res/ i*pore shells 5ro* 'oh he %aci5ic an ?&l5 oass/ ec e ass&*e ha
hese people cons&*e *aie an pracice agric&l&re/ alho&gh s&'saniaing e3ience
6o&l 'e 3er 6elco*e/ an he presence o5 o*esicae ogs in he '&rials *a inicaeheir &al role as co*panion an 5oo Ghe 5re&en occ&rrence o5 pro7ecile poins co&l
inicae he conin&e conri'&ion o5 h&ning irc&lar earhen *o&ns (.ena an Ag&irre
192!) or paios (Darras an a&gere 200K) are a 5or* o5 p&'lic archiec&re 5o&n a earl
h&piic&aro sies in ?&ana7&ao/ '& laer changes in 5or* s&gges eeper shi5s in ieolog
an"or he aci3iies carrie o& here (Darras 200CB Darras an a&gere 200K)B I isc&ss hese
laer Sha5 o*'s ha3e recenl 'een ieni5ie in h&pic&aro sies &ring he h&pic&aroReciene 1 phase (400-200 ) (Darras an a&gere 200!)/ e*onsraing 5&rher
crossc&ing ies 'e6een he s&'regions &ring he .ile or*ai3e
Ghe
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(Ohnersorgen an arien 199CB eigan 199#a/ 2000)/ liel e$ploiing in5iel *aie
agric&l&re As 'e5ore/ corporae social gro&ps appear o ha3e 'een o5 criical i*porance/ an
ce*eeries o5 5a*il-'ase sha5- an-cha*'er o*'s *&ch lie hose o5
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access sha5s
Ghere are signi5ican rans5or*aions in cenral Jalisco a he 3er en o5 he ae or*ai3e
(ee*an 200!) Ghe laer e$ca3ae circles/ paric&larl hose consr&ce a5er he hresholo5 AD 200 a lano ?rane an ;&iilapa/ are *&ch s*aller in sie Ghe '&iling aci3iies
ha conin&e a ?&achi*on5i* 6ere *oi5icaions o5 e$ising circles an no ne6
consr&cions &&re 6or 6ill nee o corro'orae his paern/ '& presen e3ience s&ggess
a change in he ren o6ar cenraliaion/ 6ih a shi5 o6ar sa'ili or perhaps
5rag*enaion a he a6n o5 he lassic perio Ghe cone*poraneo&s sha5 o*'s a he r&ral
ce*eer o5 Ga'achines are characerie ' ecreasing sie/ ecreasing n&*'er o5 occ&pans/an ecreasing n&*'er o5 o55erings (ee*an an ?al3an illegas 200C) Ghis *a re5lec he
increasingl *arginal posiion o5 his ce*eer 7&s o&sie he Ge&ila alles/ '& i *a also
poin o 'roaer rens a6a 5ro* he i*porance o5 corporae gro&ps in r&ral areas Me
S&arLs raiocar'on aes 5ro* e$ca3aions in he raise 5iels in he .agalena asin s&gges
ha he 5iels 6ere sill 3er *&ch in &se an/ inee/ 6ere ela'orae &ring ha perio
(S&ar 200#/ p 241)
One ineresing change/ 6hich *a signal ha he Ge&ila poli ha *erel shi5e sraegies/is he e$poraion o5 he circ&lar archiec&re o isan regions/ al'ei in a isconin&o&s
*anner (ig 4) Alho&gh s*all g&achi*onones are 5o&n across all saes ha 'orer Jalisco/
he onl ones ae ' raiocar'on are hose 5ro* he olanos anon o he norh Ghere he
aes associae 6ih g&achi*onones an heir acco*paning sha5 o*'s (a'rero ?arcia
an ope r& 2002/ pp 12K-129) irecl parallel hose 5or he re*ainer o5 he lassic
perio in cenral Jalisco Ghe circles a o*ala in oli*a (% eigan/ personalco**&nicaion/ 200K)/ a Gepec&aco in he J&chipila alle o5 so&hern >acaecas
(elge*ann 200KB eigan e al 1999)/ an a os railes in he coasal aneras alle
(.o&n7o 2000/ p 90B .o&n7o e al 200#) are all ae ' heir cera*ic
s
o 'e6een AD 200 an C00 Ghis p&s all he ae circles o&sie he core &ring he
lassic perio an s&ggess a greaer egree o5 poliical na*is* o3er ha perio han 6e
ha pre3io&sl 'een a'le o e5ine Ghese circles are no liel o ha3e 'een i*pose ' so*ecenralie po6er in he Ge&ila alles or carrie ' e$paning pop&laions an 6ere
pro'a'l aope ' local rising elies 5or associae agric&l&ral ri&als an oppor&niies o
consoliae heir o6n po6er (ee*an 2000)
.os areas o5 he 5ar 6esern highlans ha 'egan o &se sha5-an-cha*'er o*'s or
g&achi*on5iin e*ples 6ere regions ha alrea share so*e c&l&ral a55iniies/ '& he
socieies o5 he c&l&ral s&'region in he a7io an he easern .ichoacan highlans 6ere
cenraliing &ner a separae i*pe&s In he a7io/ sele co**&niies conin&e in heh&pic&aro area Ghe p&'lic archiec&re a he core o5 hese sele*ens 6as no longer he
circ&lar *o&ns or paios o5 he ae or*ai3e (Darras an a&gere 200K) '& 6as *ore
i3erse/ 'ase aro&n he cenral *o&le o5 an enclose paio/ o5en 6ih a cenral alar (eg/
arenas ?arcia 1999aB Ra*os e la ega an respo 200K) %&'lic '&ilings o5 his 5or*
*a 7&s preae he ae or*ai3e in so&hern ?&ana7&ao an @&erearo (asanea an
ano Ro*ero 199#B asanea ope e al 1988/ pp #2#-#24B respo O3ieo 1991a)/ 6hereNh&pic&aroN cera*ics (phase &nspeci5ie) ha3e 'een 5o&n in so*e o5 hese sies/ '& he
enclose paios *os sec&rel perain o he lassic perio (ilini an arenas 200!)
o**&niies 'ringing heir sle o5 p&'lic '&ilings 6ih he* e$pane ino norhern
?&ana7&ao an so&h ino .ichoacan Ghe i*ing 5or his e$pansion is &nclear/ as a'sol&e
aes are li*ie/ '& hese co**&niies *&s ha3e 'een in norh6es ?&ana7&ao ' he &'ro6 19!4/ pp 41-4#)B cera*ics s&ggesing he 5irs agric&l&ralcolonies in so&hern San &is %oosi (Rorig&e 198K) also ae o ha i*e Alho&gh ae
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or*ai3e o*a Ala phase pop&laions in he lae 'asins o5 he .ichoacan highlans ha
leaership posiions 'ase on ri&al associaions (%ereira 1999)/ cre*ae heir ea/ an
inerre he* in cera*ic 3essels (aro 2001)/ he enclose paio archiec&re is no aesehere &nil he o*a Ala 2' phase a o*a Ala in he >acap& asin (Arna&l e al 199#B
aro 2001B aro an a&3e- erhelo 199CB aro e al 1998B %ollar 2008/ p 220)
Slighl laer e$a*ples occ&r a eina 199C) Ghe enclose paio archiec&re/ 5or e$a*ple/ *a ha3e is
origin in cenral .e$ico/ since hree-e*ple co*ple$es rese*'ling he *os co*ple$ 5or*s
5ro* ?&ana7&ao 'egan a Geoih&acan ' he Gac&alli phase (AD 1-100) (Rara 1991/ p
4) Ghe cera*ic e3ience 5or conac 6ih Geoih&acan perains o 6o isinc perioshe
sie o5 arrio e la r& in @&erearo incl&es Gac&alli phase cera*ics 5ro* cenral .e$ico/
6hile he re*ainer o5 he clearl ae e3ience across ?&ana7&ao an @&erearo perains ohe Gla*i*ilolpa- olalpan phases (c AD 200-C00) (ra*'ila an elasco 1988B asanea
ope e al 199CB respo O3ieo 1998 / pp #2K-#2C/ ##0B Sain harles >eina 199C/ p 148/
1998/ pp ##!-##9) .os s&ch cera*ics occ&r in '&rial cone$s/ an ilini an arenas
(200!) 5in he* o 'e &ie in5re&en an harl inicai3e o5 Geoih&acan o*inance or
e3en irec conac Ghe aing 5or cases in .ichoacan (speci5icall he &ieo asin) is less
speci5icall assigne o he lassic perio (arenas ?arcia 1999'B ilini an arenas 200!B.ananilla ope 199C)
ilini (2004B ilini an arenas 200!) s&**aries *&ch o5 his in5or*aion (see also
isc&ssions in aro 2001B %ollar 200K') an &ses aa 5ro* he &ieo asin o e3elop a
*oel o5 Geoih&acan conac ilini an arenas concl&e ha so*e ari5acs s&ch as Ghin
Orange poer an %ach&ca o'siian are ac&al i*pors/ '& ha *ore co**on are local
i*iaions o5 Ghin Orange 3essels learl/ Geoih&acan an is pro&cs hel so*e ieological
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6eigh/ '& cera*ic esigns/ i*pors/ an copies are 5o&n in largel elie cone$s ha hese
a&hors consier *ore inicai3e o5 care5&l an a&ono*o&s selecion ' local elies o*a
Ala phase ari5acs an perhaps people 5ro* .ichoacan ha3e 'een ieni5ie 5ro* *&liplecone$s a Geoih&acan (?o*e ha3e 1998/ 2002B ?o*e ha3e an ?aola 200!B hie
e al 2004)/ so so*e aspecs o5 his co**&nicaion appear o 'e 'iirecional hen
consiering Geoih&acanLs i*porance in his area/ 6e are con5rone repeael 6ih he noion
ha Geoih&acan 6as a cener o5 poen ieological sa&s/ '& here is lile inicaion o5 is
irec in3ol3e*en in local *aers Ghe *oel o5 Geoih&acan ineracion is 3er *&ch parallelo 6ha I ha3e s&ggese (ee*an 2000) 5or he aopion o5 *os g&achi*onones o&sie he
Ge&ila alleslocal elies aoping s*'olicall charge archiec&re 5or &se in heir 3er
local po6er sr&ggles e sho&l consier he possi'ili ha he shi5 5ro* circ&lar *o&ns
an paios o enclose paio archiec&re in he a7io in he ae or*ai3e *a ha3e is roos
in he 6aning sa&s o5 &ic&ilco an he rise o5 Geoih&acan (lorance 2000) Ghe a7io
poliies *a ha3e leane greal on heir
connecions o cenral .e$ican po6ers o 7&si5 heir a&hori Darras (200C) so&ns a
noe o5 ca&ion a'o& he aa'ase here/ as he cera*ic ies 'e6een hese 6o areas are
apparenl less 6ell s&'saniae han is o5en clai*eB hese are 3ia'le hpoheses o
speci5icall es in he 5iel
arher o he 6es an separae 5ro* rens in he a7io ' he archaeologicall &nno6n
errior o5 os Alos o5 norheasern Jalisco are he easern slopes o5 he Sierra .are
Occienal S*all seenar agric&l&ral co**&niies 6ih si*ple ecorae cera*ic 3esselsan recang&lar resiences '&il irecl on he soil are 5o&n here an across *&ch o5
norh6esern .e$ico 5ro* earl in he ae or*ai3e perio (oser 2000) Ghe 5irs arri3al
o5 5ar*ers in he .alpaso alle c K00-400 has onl recenl 'een posie hro&gh
e3ience 5or lan clearance (=elson e al n) & in he acaecas an 5oc&se on he hillop sie o5 a @&e*aa 5ro* he halchih&ies sies
in he S&chil alle o5 norh6esern >acaecas s&ch as he cere*onial cener o5 Ala isa/alho&gh 'oh possess cerain si*ilariies in archiec&re an cera*ics =eiher sele*en
presens e$ensi3e e3ience 5or aci3i a ha i*e/ ho&gh o 'e clear *os research in hose
areas has 5oc&se on he laer
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alles o5 so&hern =aari (Hell 19!8/ 1980/ pp #-CB .o&n7o 19!0/ pp !4-8!/ 199#/ pp
28-#0B .o&n7o an San5or 200C) Ghe o*'s are 5o&n along 6ih s*all cere*onial
ceners 6ih *o&ns an open plaas (.o&n7o 2000/ p 90) Ghe iner3ening an ne6lpop&lae ih&alan an Go*alan Ri3er 3alles o5 he Jalisco coas are e&all ineresing
Ghere sha5- an-cha*'er o*'s o no appear o ha3e 'een par o5 he '&rial reperoire
/
alho&gh ce*eeries o5 pi '&rials 6ere (.eighan 19!2B .o&n7o 1982/ pp #2C#2!B 1989/
pp 20-22/ 2000/ p 91)
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oolaelco co*ple$ in cenral .e$ico (ee*an 199Ca) Alho&gh hese cera*ics are sillso*ei*es re5erre o &nhelp5&ll as a re-on-'&55 raiion/ here are ac&all 3ario&s
ecorai3e *ei&*s/ colors/ 3essel 5or*s/ an ne6 esigns ha co-occ&r across *os o5 heareas consiere
Ghe greaes conin&i in cera*ic esigns an archiec&re in his rans5or*aion lies in he
a7io/ 6hich so*e a&hors 'elie3e e$perience a pop&laion e$pansion (ra*'ila %a an
respo 200KB righ arr 1999) .a7or ceners recei3ing archaeological aenion in recen
ears incl&e %la&elas/ anaa e la irgen/ %erala
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recei3e s&saine aenion in recen ears/ an oler inerpreaions o5 he sie as line o
Geoih&acan conin&e o ha3e an in5l&ence on c&rren scholarship (espie Helle 198K) A5er
ecaes o5 &ngro&ne heories a'o& a @&e*aa/ his hillop sie an he s&rro&ning 3alleare 'eco*ing 'eer &nersoo Ghe sie 'elongs s&arel in he acaecas/oriene o6ar asrono*ical o'ser3aions a he Gropic o5 ancer (A3eni e al 1982B Helle
19!1) arher so&h in he .alpaso alle/ consr&cion a he 5ori5ie hillop cener o5 a
@&e*aa oo place pri*aril in his perio (=elson 199!) Oher ne6 cere*onial ceners
e*erge in he Jalisco highlans a
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.esoa*erica in general 5or *an ears
An inensi5icaion o5 reso&rce e$ploiaion can 'e e$plaine 6ihin a poliical reorganiaion
5ra*e6or as 6ell Ghe *&li&e o5 s*all &nsa'le poliies scra*'le 5or legii*iaion in hehighl 3olaile poliical en3iron*en/ an here 6as a greal increase e*an 5or e$oic
*aerials an inno3ai3e iconograph as ne6 s*'ols o5 a&hori (ee*an an hrisensen
200#/ pp 14K-149B %ollar an ah&e 1999) I has 'een arg&e ha copper *eall&rg *ae
is 5irs appearance in .esoa*erica hro&gh irec ineracion 6ih *eall&rgiss 5ro*
norh6esern So&h A*erica Ghe ne6 echnolog 6as &se o *ae 'ells/ rings/ neeles/ an
6eeers hro&gh los-6a$ casing an col 6oring (;osler 1994/ pp 44-8K) Ghe onl
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#0 J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109
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rans5or*aion/ '& i 6as precee ' poliical inensi5icaion/ *aing he pic&re *ore
co*plicae han si*ple response o cli*aic si*&l&s
er si*ilar social isr&pions occ&rre in cenral .e$ico a ha i*e/ associae 6ih he 5all
o5 Geoih&acan an he appearance o5 ne6 cera*ics an archiec&re &ring he oolaelcophase (recenl he s&'7ec o5 n&*ero&s s&ies in Ho6alsi an Hrisin ?raha* 200!B Solar
al3ere 200C) A gro6ing n&*'er o5 researchers ha3e propose ha hose changes parl
5ollo6 he phsical *o3e*en o5 pop&laions o& o5 a so&rce area near he a7io an ino he
highlans (eg/ ee*an an hrisensen 200#B rani55 19!2/ 1999/ 200KB aro 200KB ;ers
1989/ 200KB .asache an o'ean 1989B .asache e al 2002B .ichele e al 200KB =elsonan rier 200KB %arees ?&ino 2004)/ 6ih a 3arie o5 inerpreaions o5 he process So*e
researchers spea o5 hichi*ecs as he *igrans in &esion (eg/ rani55 200KB ;ers 1989B
Ji*ene .oreno 19K9)/ 6hile hrisensen an I see he* as islocae 5ar*ers (ee*an an
hrisensen 200#) Regarless/ hese *igraions 5ollo6e earlier lassic perio rae an
co**&nicaion ro&es ha ha line he a7io 6ih 'oh cenral Jalisco an cenral .e$ico
Ghis correspons 3er 6ell o a reinerpreaion o5 he ehnohisoric e3ience ha arg&es ha
=ah&al speaers enere cenral .e$ico prior o he %osclassic perio (ee*an anhrisensen 200#/ pp 120-12!B see also he e'ae 'e6een Dain an ich*an P2000Q an
Ha&5*an an J&seson P200!Q)/ an a *ore recen s& ha arg&es ha =ah&al- speaing
co**&niies 6ere in place in he .e&ial alle o5 6esern ;ialgo ' he Ch cen&r AD
(hrisensen an ee*an 200K) Oher scholars ha3e arg&e ha an *igraions ino he area
i no occ&r &nil he
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#1 J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109
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cener an aci3e in3ol3e*en ' G&la in isan areas along he norhern li*is o5 seenis*
A5er c AD 1100/ 6ih a 5e6 e$cepions along he 'orer 6ih .ichoacan (eg/ ?orensein
e al 198KB ;ealan an ;ernane 1999B righ arr 1999/ p 84)/ seenar pop&laions in?&ana7&ao eiher isappeare or 'eca*e &nrecognia'le (asanea ope e al 1988/ 1989)/
in spie o5 paleocli*aological e3ience o5 6eer coniions an a reco3er 5ro* he
acaecas (Helle 19!1) an
raiocar'on aes 5ro* cerain secors o5 a @&e*aa (Ji*ene es an Darling 2000B
Gro*'ol 1990) *ae i clear ha alho&gh occ&paion conin&e ino he
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J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109 #
2
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5
*erchans eicae o *o3ing goos 'e6een .esoa*erica an he So&h6es are poins o5grea e'ae (see oser 1999B Helle 2000)/ '& rae an conac occ&rre in so*e 5or* aie
' he rise o5 coasal co**&niies ro* he Go*alan alle on he Jalisco coas norh o
Sinaloa e*erge he Aalan co*ple$ (elran .eina 2004)/ a er* gi3en o a sring o5 o6ns
sharing 3er si*ilar cera*ics an in 3er reg&lar conac 6ih one anoher
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J Archaeol Res (2010) 18:41-109 #
#
^ Springer
hacalilla in so&hern =aari is irece o6ar clari5ing his i3erse econo*ic aci3i
Aalan-sle cera*ics e$ene inlan &p he Rio Saniago or Rio A*eca all he 6a o
he ag&na hapala (on 19!1B iser 1949B .eighan an ooe 19C8) an pres&*a'l
'eon/ as *an ha3e relae he ela'orae Aalan iconograph o he .i$eca-%&e'la ar
sle o5 he cenral highlans (
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Ghe e*ergence o5 he %&repecha (Garascan) e*pire in he %osclassic perio is a *a7or process
ha has recei3e *&ch *ore archaeological aenion recenlB i is he onl area in 6esern.e$ico 6here a 'reao6n ino
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Ghe archaeological recor 5or he perio o5 sae 5or*aion is *ore co*ple$ han *igh 'e
gleane 5ro* he sor ol in he Relacionan has recenl 'een s&**arie in eail (%ollar2008) %erhaps he single o*inan hrea hro&gho& his perio is o5 ehnic an ling&isic
conin&i 5ro* he or*ai3e perio h&pic&aro or o*a Ala pop&laions hro&gh he
%osclassic Ghe co*peing o6ns o5 he acaecas Ghe arg&e ha pop&laions 6ere *o3ing o& o5 he a7io a ha
i*e (.ichele e al 200K)/ an he ineracion 'e6een prior pop&laions an ne6co*ers co&l
ha3e pro3oe signi5ican isr&pions Ghere *a 6ell ha3e 'een =ah&al speaers 5ro* he
a7io *o3ing in on %&repecha speaers a ha i*e/ alho&gh he 6ere *ore &icl a'sor'eino he pop&laion an i no ha3e he i*pac ha earlier *igrans ha in cenral .e$ico or
cenral Jalisco Inernal pop&laion *o3e*en appears *ore 5&na*enalB he large pop&laions
o5 he .alpais le5 he area laer in he %osclassic (Arna&l an a&gere Hal5on 1998B .igeon
1998)/ an anoher large cl&ser o5 sele*en locae closer o he %ac&aro asin *a ha3e
'een shor-li3e as 6ell (%ollar 2008)
Ghe cera*ic se&ence in he %ac&aro asin oes no align 6ih ha o5 he >acap& pro7ec
a criical poins an is *ore eaile 5or he perio o5 Garascan sae 5or*aion in he
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.ichoacan ae %osclassic (AD 1#K0-1K22)
Ghe oc&*enar e3ience has long porrae he Garascan e*pire as poliicall cenralierelai3e o he .e$ica e*pire Ghe Garascan 6ere r&le ' a hereiar ing/ an a proli5eraion
o5 lesser no'les hel speci5ic posiions 6ihin a specialie an hierarchical '&rea&crac
.a7or research in he ae %osclassic has aresse his pic&re o5 a cenralie sae hro&gh
consieraions o5 he role o5 ieni 6ihin he e*pire/ he egree o 6hich he sae e$ene
is reach o3er he econo*/ an he saeLs relaionships 6ih poliies o he eas an 6es
.an o5 hese opics inerrelae
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or e$a*ple/ %ollar an ah&e (1999) conrase '&rial o55erings 5ro*
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Ghe easern slopes o5 he Sierra .are Occienal 6ere colonie ' agric&l&ral pop&laions a
a laer ae han oher regions an e$perience a 'rie5 5lorescence in he
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AcknowledgmentsI e$press * appreciaion o ?ar ein*an an Do&glas %rice 5or heir in3iaion o 6rie his aricle
an 5or heir paience ina =icholas help5&ll g&ie *e hro&gh he eiorial process Space oes no allo6 *e o haneach o5 he regionLs researchers 6ho gracio&sl pro3ie 3iaes an liss o5 heir p&'licaions/ '& all 6ere o5 grea help Ias heir 5orgi3eness 5or hose 6ors ha 6ere le5 o& 5or reasons o5 space Da3i ?ro3e/ en =elson/ ;elen %ollar/ anhe anon*o&s re3ie6ers i an e$cellen 7o' o5 ieni5ing 6eanesses or i*'alances in he presenaion/ an I hope ha Iha3e respone e55eci3el o heir co**ens Special hans go o Achi* elge*ann 5or sharing his e$ising 'i'liographo5 norh6es .e$ico/ o .elissa ogan 5or her ar caalog 'i'liograph/ o Angeles Ola arrienos an ;elen %ollar 5orheir liss o5 aricles in 6o har-o-5in 7o&rnals/ an o ernano ?onale 5or sharing Ana .aria respoLs 'i'liograph o5he a7io region An errors re*ain * o6n
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?o*e ?asel&*/ (200!) onchas caracoles en el anig&o occiene e .e$ico: &n ensao e anropologia si*'olica
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