Beginning Greek for Beginning Greek for Bible StudyBible Study

Class #7Class #7

VerbsVerbs

Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa

kai; to; w=

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

No one who abides in Him sins; no one who sins has seen Him or knows Him.

pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

Little children, make sure no one deceives you; the one who practices righteousness is righteous, just as He is righteous;

Tekni,a( mhdei.j plana,tw u`ma/j\ o` poiw/n th.n dikaiosu,nhn di,kaio,j evstin( kaqw.j evkei/noj di,kaio,j evstin\

Exegetical ExampleExegetical Example

he one who practices sin is aof the devil; for the devil 1has sinned from the beginning. bThe Son of God cappeared for this purpose, dto destroy the works of the devil.

o` poiw/n th.n a`marti,an evk tou/ diabo,lou evsti,n( o[ti avpV avrch/j o` dia,boloj a`marta,neiÅ eivj tou/to evfanerw,qh o` ui`o.j tou/ qeou/( i[na lu,sh| ta. e;rga tou/ diabo,louÅ

No one who is 1aborn of God bpractices sin, because His seed abides in him; and he cannot sin, because he is 1born of God.

Pa/j o` gegennhme,noj evk tou/ qeou/ a`marti,an ouv poiei/( o[ti spe,rma auvtou/ evn auvtw/| me,nei( kai. ouv du,natai a`marta,nein( o[ti evk tou/ qeou/ gege,nnhtaiÅ

Introduction to Greek VerbsIntroduction to Greek Verbs

Greek Verbs have:Greek Verbs have: Tense – indicates the “type” of action, and Tense – indicates the “type” of action, and

sometimes the time as wellsometimes the time as well Voice – how the action affects the subjectVoice – how the action affects the subject Mood – the action’s relationship to realityMood – the action’s relationship to reality Person – who is the subjectPerson – who is the subject Number – is the subject one or more peopleNumber – is the subject one or more people

Agreement – verbs must agree with its Agreement – verbs must agree with its subject in person and numbersubject in person and number

A Basic Verb ChartA Basic Verb ChartPerson & Person & NumberNumber

GreekGreek TranslationTranslation

11stst singular singular avkou,w I hearI hear

22ndnd singular singular avkou,eij You hearYou hear

33rdrd singular singular avkou,ei He/she/it He/she/it hearshears

11stst plural plural avkou,omen

We hearWe hear

22ndnd plural plural avkou,ete You hearYou hear

33rdrd plural plural avkou,ousi

They hearThey hear

Verbal AspectVerbal Aspect

Aspect is perhaps the most difficult Aspect is perhaps the most difficult concept to understand with Greek verbs.concept to understand with Greek verbs.

Aspect refers to the type of action a verb is Aspect refers to the type of action a verb is describingdescribing

Unlike English, Greek is primarily Unlike English, Greek is primarily interested in the interested in the type type of action, and only of action, and only secondarily, the secondarily, the timetime of the action of the action

In Greek, the tense of a verb primarily In Greek, the tense of a verb primarily reveals the type of action, and only reveals the type of action, and only sometimes, the time of the actionsometimes, the time of the action

Verbal AspectVerbal Aspect

There are three aspects:There are three aspects: Undefined (external) – this type of verb simply Undefined (external) – this type of verb simply

states the action, without any further states the action, without any further indication about the type of actionindication about the type of action

Continuous (internal) – this type of verb Continuous (internal) – this type of verb means that the action is an ongoing processmeans that the action is an ongoing process

Perfective – this type of verb means that the Perfective – this type of verb means that the action has been completed in the past but has action has been completed in the past but has effects that carry into the presenteffects that carry into the present

Lexical (dictionary) FormsLexical (dictionary) Forms

In English, if you look up a verb in a In English, if you look up a verb in a dictionary, it is given in the infinitive form: dictionary, it is given in the infinitive form: “to run,” “to speak,” “to clean.”“to run,” “to speak,” “to clean.”

In Greek, the dictionary (lexical) form is In Greek, the dictionary (lexical) form is the first person singular, present the first person singular, present indicative:indicative: avkou,w – “I hear” le,gw – “I say”

Numbering SystemsNumbering Systems

Over the years, scholars have assigned Over the years, scholars have assigned numbers to Greek words. These numbers make numbers to Greek words. These numbers make it easy to look up Greek words, even for people it easy to look up Greek words, even for people who don’t know Greek.who don’t know Greek.The most common numbering system was The most common numbering system was developed by James Strong. They are known developed by James Strong. They are known as “Strong’s numbers.”as “Strong’s numbers.”Because Dr. Strong did not number every Greek Because Dr. Strong did not number every Greek word, a new numbering system was recently word, a new numbering system was recently developed by Ed Goodrick and John developed by Ed Goodrick and John Kohlenberger. This system is known as the GK Kohlenberger. This system is known as the GK numbering system.numbering system.

Numbering SystemsNumbering Systems

Our textbook uses the GK system, as well Our textbook uses the GK system, as well as Dr. Mounce’s as Dr. Mounce’s Interlinear for the Rest of Interlinear for the Rest of UsUs..

However, the most common numbering However, the most common numbering system that the vast majority of books and system that the vast majority of books and resources use, is the Strong’s System.resources use, is the Strong’s System.

We’ll talk about how to use the numbering We’ll talk about how to use the numbering systems to look up words next time.systems to look up words next time.

Active and Passive VoiceActive and Passive VoicePerson & Person & NumberNumber

GreekGreek

ActiveActive

TranslationTranslation Greek Greek PassivePassive

TranslationTranslation

11stst singular singular lu,w I looseI loose lu,omailu,omai I am loosedI am loosed

22ndnd singular singular lu,eij You looseYou loose lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed

33rdrd singular singular lu,ei He/she/it He/she/it looseslooses

lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed

11stst plural plural lu,omen

We looseWe loose lu,omeqalu,omeqa We are loosedWe are loosed

22ndnd plural plural lu,ete You looseYou loose lu,esqelu,esqe You are loosedYou are loosed

33rdrd plural plural lu,ousi(n)

They looseThey loose lu,ontailu,ontai They are They are loosedloosed

Deponent VerbsDeponent Verbs

Sometimes, a Greek verb will have a Sometimes, a Greek verb will have a passive form, but will be active in passive form, but will be active in meaning. These are called deponent meaning. These are called deponent verbs.verbs.

Identifying a deponent verb is fairly easy. Identifying a deponent verb is fairly easy. Deponent verbs end in Deponent verbs end in omaiomai

Middle VoiceMiddle Voice

Unlike English, Greek also has a Middle voice. Unlike English, Greek also has a Middle voice.

The middle voice indicates that the action of the The middle voice indicates that the action of the verb in some way concerns the subject.verb in some way concerns the subject. Jesus answered nothing [in his defense].Jesus answered nothing [in his defense]. Mary has chosen [for herself] the good part.Mary has chosen [for herself] the good part. He (Ananias) kept back [for himself] some of the He (Ananias) kept back [for himself] some of the

price.price.

Often, the forms for the passive and middle Often, the forms for the passive and middle voices are identical, so context must dictate voices are identical, so context must dictate which voice is meant.which voice is meant.

Most middle voice verbs are deponents (75%)Most middle voice verbs are deponents (75%)

Subjects and VerbsSubjects and Verbs

A Greek sentence does not require an A Greek sentence does not require an expressed subject, since the subject can expressed subject, since the subject can often be “built into” the verb. For example:often be “built into” the verb. For example: evgw. le,gw evgw. le,gw = “I say”= “I say” le,gw le,gw = “I say”= “I say”

Greek also can drop the direct object if it Greek also can drop the direct object if it has already been expressedhas already been expressed

The Present IndicativeThe Present Indicative

The present indicative verb describes an The present indicative verb describes an action that generally occurs in the present action that generally occurs in the present from the speaker/writer’s point of viewfrom the speaker/writer’s point of view Tense = present, indicating continuous or Tense = present, indicating continuous or

undefined action. The present tense usually undefined action. The present tense usually (but not always) indicates action occurring at (but not always) indicates action occurring at the present time.the present time.

Mood – indicative, or a statement of factMood – indicative, or a statement of fact Voice – in the present tense, the middle and Voice – in the present tense, the middle and

passive voice forms are identicalpassive voice forms are identical

Uses of the Present IndicativeUses of the Present Indicative

Immediate action (instantaneous)Immediate action (instantaneous) My son, your sins are forgiven (Mark 2:5)My son, your sins are forgiven (Mark 2:5)

Ongoing action (progressive)Ongoing action (progressive) For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is For if I am praying in a tongue, my spirit is

praying (1 Cor. 14:14)praying (1 Cor. 14:14)

Repeated action (iterative)Repeated action (iterative) For often he falls into the fire (Matt. 17:15)For often he falls into the fire (Matt. 17:15)

Regular action (habitual)Regular action (habitual) I fast twice a week (Luke 18:12)I fast twice a week (Luke 18:12)

Uses of the Present IndicativeUses of the Present Indicative

A timeless fact (gnomic)A timeless fact (gnomic) God loves a cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7)God loves a cheerful giver (2 Cor. 9:7)

Past action (dramatic)Past action (dramatic) The next day, he saw Jesus coming toward The next day, he saw Jesus coming toward

him (John 1:29)him (John 1:29)

Future action (futuristic)Future action (futuristic) Yes, I am coming quickly (Rev. 22:20)Yes, I am coming quickly (Rev. 22:20)

The Future IndicativeThe Future Indicative

The future indicative describes action that The future indicative describes action that will occur in the future.will occur in the future.

In English, we simply add a helping verb to In English, we simply add a helping verb to create the future (“will” or “shall”).create the future (“will” or “shall”).

In Greek, a different form of the word is In Greek, a different form of the word is used.used.

Uses of the Future IndicativeUses of the Future Indicative

Predictive (something that will happen in Predictive (something that will happen in the future)the future) He who began a good work in you will bring it He who began a good work in you will bring it

to completion (Phil. 1:6)to completion (Phil. 1:6)

Command (imperative)Command (imperative) You shall love the Lord your God (Matt. 22:37)You shall love the Lord your God (Matt. 22:37)

Gnomic (a generic event will occur)Gnomic (a generic event will occur) Man shall not live on bread alone (Matt. 4:4)Man shall not live on bread alone (Matt. 4:4)

The Past TensesThe Past Tenses

Aorist – undefined action that normally Aorist – undefined action that normally occurs in the pastoccurs in the past

Imperfect – continuous action that Imperfect – continuous action that normally occurs in the pastnormally occurs in the past

The Past TensesThe Past Tenses

Unlike the Present tense, which can refer Unlike the Present tense, which can refer either to continuous or undefined action, either to continuous or undefined action, the Imperfect the Imperfect alwaysalways refers to continuous refers to continuous action, and the Aorist action, and the Aorist alwaysalways indicates indicates undefined actionundefined action

Both the Aorist and Imperfect tenses Both the Aorist and Imperfect tenses usually usually refer to past action, but not always. refer to past action, but not always. Remember, time is secondary! Remember, time is secondary!

Uses of the Imperfect TenseUses of the Imperfect Tense

Ongoing action that happened in the past Ongoing action that happened in the past (Progressive)(Progressive) He was teaching his disciples (Mark 9:31)He was teaching his disciples (Mark 9:31)

Emphasize the beginning of the action Emphasize the beginning of the action (Inceptive)(Inceptive) Angels came and began to minister to him Angels came and began to minister to him

(Matt. 4:11)(Matt. 4:11)

Repeated action (iterative)Repeated action (iterative) The widow kept coming to the judge (Luke The widow kept coming to the judge (Luke

18:3)18:3)

Uses of the Imperfect TenseUses of the Imperfect Tense

Regular action (Customary)Regular action (Customary) Now at the feast, he used to release for them Now at the feast, he used to release for them

any one prisoner (Mark 15:6)any one prisoner (Mark 15:6)

Others: action that oneOthers: action that one Wishes to do (Voluntative)Wishes to do (Voluntative)

For I could wish that I myself were accursed (Rom. For I could wish that I myself were accursed (Rom. 9:3)9:3)

Tries to do (Conative)Tries to do (Conative)But John tried to deter him (Matt. 3:14)But John tried to deter him (Matt. 3:14)

Almost does (Tendential)Almost does (Tendential)

Uses of the Aorist TenseUses of the Aorist Tense

Looks at the action as a whole without further Looks at the action as a whole without further comment (constative)comment (constative) He got into the boat and went to the region of He got into the boat and went to the region of

Magadan (Matt. 15:39)Magadan (Matt. 15:39)

Emphasize beginning (ingressive)Emphasize beginning (ingressive) The king was angry (Matt. 22:7)The king was angry (Matt. 22:7)

Timeless truth (gnomic)Timeless truth (gnomic) The grass withers and the flower falls off (1 Pt. 1:24)The grass withers and the flower falls off (1 Pt. 1:24)

Future (proleptic)Future (proleptic) And those whom he justified he also glorified (Rom. And those whom he justified he also glorified (Rom.

8:30)8:30)

The Perfect IndicativeThe Perfect Indicative

The perfect tense refers to completed The perfect tense refers to completed action with present effects.action with present effects.

Uses of the perfect tense:Uses of the perfect tense: Emphasize the completion (Consummative)Emphasize the completion (Consummative)

I have fought the good fight, I have finished the I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race (2 Tim. 4:7)race (2 Tim. 4:7)

Emphasize the resulting state of the action Emphasize the resulting state of the action (Intensive)(Intensive)

Man, your sins are forgiven you (Luke 5:20)Man, your sins are forgiven you (Luke 5:20)

HomeworkHomework

Read chapter 19 in Read chapter 19 in Greek for the Rest of Greek for the Rest of UsUs (Green book) (Green book)

Do the exercises at the end of chapter 18 Do the exercises at the end of chapter 18 (Greek book)(Greek book)

Catch up and review as neededCatch up and review as needed

Advanced ClassAdvanced Class

Class #7Class #7

More on verbs!More on verbs!

Review of DeclensionsReview of Declensions

11stst declension – stem ends in alpha or eta declension – stem ends in alpha or eta

22ndnd declension – stem ends in omicron declension – stem ends in omicron

33rdrd declension – stem ends in a consonant declension – stem ends in a consonant

The good news: there are only three The good news: there are only three declensions!declensions!

Declension and GenderDeclension and Gender

mascmasc femfem neutneut

Nom sgNom sg jj -- nn

Gen sgGen sg uu jj uu

Dat sgDat sg ii ii ii

Acc sgAcc sg nn nn nn

Masc/femMasc/fem neutneut

jj --

ojoj ojoj

ii ii

a a // n n --

1st and 2nd declension 3rd declension

Declension and GenderDeclension and Gender

mascmasc femfem neutneut

Nom plNom pl ii ii aa

Gen plGen pl wnwn wnwn wnwn

Dat plDat pl ijij ijij ijij

Acc plAcc pl ujuj jj aa

Masc/femMasc/fem neutneut

ejej aa

wnwn wnwn

sisi((nn)) sisi((nn))

ajaj aa

1st and 2nd declension 3rd declension

The ArticleThe Article

22 11 22

MasculineMasculine FeminineFeminine neuterneuter

Nom sgNom sg o`o` h`h` to,to,

Gen sgGen sg tou/tou/ th/jth/j tou/tou/

Dat sgDat sg tw|tw| th|/th|/ tw|tw|

Acc sgAcc sg to,nto,n th,nth,n to,to,

Nom plNom pl oi`oi` ai`ai` ta,ta,

Gen plGen pl tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n tw/ntw/n

Dat plDat pl toi/jtoi/j tai/jtai/j toi/jtoi/j

Acc plAcc pl tou,jtou,j ta,jta,j ta,ta,

The Greek verbThe Greek verb

Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Aorist, Perfect)Perfect) Tense signifies verbal aspectTense signifies verbal aspect Tense sometimes can signify verbal timeTense sometimes can signify verbal time

Voice (Active, Middle, Passive)Voice (Active, Middle, Passive)Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Infinitive, Participle)Infinitive, Participle)Person (1Person (1stst, 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd))Number (Singular, Plural)Number (Singular, Plural)

How to Build a VerbHow to Build a Verb

StemStem

Connecting vowelConnecting vowel

Personal endingsPersonal endings

lu + o men

+

Present Active IndicativePresent Active Indicative

Describes an action that normally occurs Describes an action that normally occurs in the present, either continuous or in the present, either continuous or undefined.undefined.

Present tense stem + connecting vowel + Present tense stem + connecting vowel + primary active personal endingsprimary active personal endings

Present Active IndicativePresent Active IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber

GreekGreek

ActiveActive

TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting vowelvowel

Personal Personal endingending

11stst singular singular lu,w I looseI loose oo22ndnd singular singular lu,eij You looseYou loose ee jj

33rdrd singular singular lu,ei He/she/it He/she/it looseslooses

ee ii

11stst plural plural lu,omen

We looseWe loose oo menmen

22ndnd plural plural lu,ete You looseYou loose ee tete

33rdrd plural plural lu,ousi(n)

They looseThey loose oo nsinsi

Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting

VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings

11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm

Present Present activeactive

presentpresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive

lu,wlu,w

Present Passive IndicativePresent Passive IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber

Greek Greek PassivePassive

TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting VowelVowel

endingsendings

11stst singularsingular

lu,omalu,omaii

I am loosedI am loosed oo maimai

22ndnd singularsingular

lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed ee saisai

33rdrd singularsingular

lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed

ee taitai

11stst plural plural lu,omelu,omeqaqa

We are loosedWe are loosed oo meqameqa

22ndnd plural plural lu,esqlu,esqee

You are loosedYou are loosed ee sqesqe

33rdrd plural plural lu,ontalu,ontaii

They are They are loosedloosed

oo ntaintai

Present Middle IndicativePresent Middle IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber

Greek Greek PassivePassive

TranslationTranslation Connecting Connecting VowelVowel

endingsendings

11stst singularsingular

lu,omalu,omaii

I am loosedI am loosed oo maimai

22ndnd singularsingular

lu,h|lu,h| You are loosedYou are loosed ee saisai

33rdrd singularsingular

lu,etailu,etai He/she/it is He/she/it is loosedloosed

ee taitai

11stst plural plural lu,omelu,omeqaqa

We are loosedWe are loosed oo meqameqa

22ndnd plural plural lu,esqlu,esqee

You are loosedYou are loosed ee sqesqe

33rdrd plural plural lu,ontalu,ontaii

They are They are loosedloosed

oo ntaintai

Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting

VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings

11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm

Present Present activeactive

presentpresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive

lu,wlu,w

Present Present middle / middle / passivepassive

PresentPresent o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive

lu,omlu,omaiai

Future TenseFuture Tense

The future tense refers to action that will The future tense refers to action that will take place in the future.take place in the future.

Formation of the future active indicative:Formation of the future active indicative:Future active stem + tense formative (Future active stem + tense formative (ss) + ) +

connecting vowel + primary active endingsconnecting vowel + primary active endings

lulu + + ss + + oo + + menmen = = lu,somenlu,somen

Future Active IndicativeFuture Active IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber

Greek Greek ActiveActive

TranslationTranslation Tense Tense formativeformative

Connecting Connecting VowelVowel

endingsendings

11stst singularsingular

lu,swlu,sw I will looseI will loose ss oo

22ndnd singularsingular

lu,seijlu,seij You will looseYou will loose ss ee jj

33rdrd singularsingular

lu,seilu,sei He/she/it will He/she/it will looseloose

ss ee ii

11stst plural plural lu,somlu,somenen

We will looseWe will loose ss oo menmen

22ndnd plural plural lu,setelu,sete You will looseYou will loose ss ee tete33rdrd plural plural lu,souslu,sous

iiThey will looseThey will loose ss oo nsinsi

Future Middle IndicativeFuture Middle IndicativePerson & Person & NumberNumber

Greek ActiveGreek Active TranslationTranslation Tense Tense formativeformative

Connecting Connecting VowelVowel

endingsendings

11stst singularsingular

poreu,soporeu,somaimai

I will goI will go ss oo maimai

22ndnd singularsingular

poreu,sh|poreu,sh| You will goYou will go ss ee saisai

33rdrd singularsingular

poreu,setporeu,setaiai

He/she/it He/she/it will gowill go

ss ee taitai

11stst plural plural poreu,soporeu,someqameqa

We will goWe will go ss oo meqameqa

22ndnd plural plural poreu,sesporeu,sesqeqe

You will goYou will go ss ee sqesqe

33rdrd plural plural poreu,sonporeu,sontaitai

They will They will gogo

ss oo ntaintai

Future of Future of eivmi, eivmi, (mid dep)(mid dep)

Person & Person & NumberNumber

Greek ActiveGreek Active TranslationTranslation

11stst singularsingular

e;somaie;somai I will beI will be

22ndnd singularsingular

e;sh|e;sh| You will beYou will be

33rdrd singularsingular

e;staie;stai He/she/it He/she/it will bewill be

11stst plural plural evso,meqevso,meqaa

We will beWe will be

22ndnd plural plural e;sesqee;sesqe You will beYou will be

33rdrd plural plural e;sontaie;sontai They will They will bebe

Master Verb ChartMaster Verb ChartTenseTense Aug/RedupAug/Redup Tense stemTense stem Tense formTense form Connecting Connecting

VowelVowelPersonal Personal EndingsEndings

11stst sing sing paradigmparadigm

Present Present activeactive

PresentPresent oo / / ee Primary Primary activeactive

lu,wlu,w

Present Present middle / middle / passivepassive

PresentPresent o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive

lu,omlu,omaiai

Future Future activeactive

Future Future activeactive

ss o o // e e Primary Primary activeactive

lu,swlu,sw

Future Future middlemiddle

Future Future activeactive

ss o o // e e Primary Primary middle / middle / passivepassive

poreu,soporeu,somaimai

HomeworkHomework

Read chapters 17, 20-22 in Read chapters 17, 20-22 in Basics of Basics of Biblical GreekBiblical Greek (blue book) (blue book)

Do the workbook exercises for chapters Do the workbook exercises for chapters 15-16, 18-19.15-16, 18-19.

Memorize your charts!Memorize your charts!

Catch up on vocabulary!Catch up on vocabulary!