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John Wycliffe(circa 1330-84)
• English philosopher, theologian, and religious reformer-a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation
• translated the Bible into English
Wycliffe’s beliefs
• believed in a direct relationship between humanity and God
-no need of priestly mediation• believed Christians could govern
themselves without the aid of popes and prelates
Additional beliefs of John Wycliffe
• denounced as unscriptural many beliefs and practices of the church
• held that the clergy should strive to imitate evangelical poverty
• disavowed serfdom and warfare
Jan Hus(circa 1372-1415)
• Bohemian religious leader• attempted to reform the Roman
Catholic Church• was accused of heresy by the
Council of Constance
“In the truth of the Gospel which I have written,
taught, and prospered, I die willingly and joyfully.”
- Jan Hus
Savonarola, Girolamo (1452-98)
• Italian preacher and reformer• zealously attempted to uproot
corruption in the church• was executed by hanging for
heresy
Johann Tetzel(1465?-1519)
• Dominican friar entrusted by the Holy See with the proclamation of indulgences-proceeds were used to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome
• taught that devout Christians did not need a pope
• believed the adoration of saints and relics and church abuses of the indulgence system as unscriptural
Zwingli’s teachings
Zwingli was wounded 10th October 1531 at Kappel am Albis while acting as chaplain and standard-bearer for the Protestant forces.
Martin Luther(1483-1546)
• German theologian and religious reformer
• started the Protestant Reformation
Luther nailed his 95 Theses condemning the selling of indulgences to the door of the church at Wittenberg in October 1517.
“I cannot go against my conscience. Here I stand.
I cannot do otherwise. God help me.”
- Martin Luther
Other changes made by Luther included:
• simplified religious services and rituals
• allowed priests to marry
Impact of Luther’s Reforms
• many towns seized Church property and set up independent churches
• some German princes seized Church lands and stopped the flow of Church taxes to Rome
Peasants’ Revolt of 1524
An armed rebellion by peasants of southern Germany -
• protested efforts by nobles to increase their feudal dues
• demanded the right to choose their own priests
• wanted wood cutting and hunting rights in the lords’ forests
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
• launched a military campaign in 1547 to force Lutheran princes back into the Roman Catholic Church-war resulted in a draw
Diet of Augsburg(1555)
• officially recognized the split within Christianity by allowing each German prince to choose whether their lands would be Roman Catholic or Lutheran