BEGINNINGS TO 1763BEGINNINGS TO 1763

EXPLORATION & THE EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERACOLONIAL ERA

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, AND EUROPE – SECTION 1AND EUROPE – SECTION 1

► Ancient CulturesAncient Cultures arrived arrived about 22,000 years ago about 22,000 years ago via a land bridgevia a land bridge

► Earliest settlers were Earliest settlers were huntershunters

► Agriculture thrived Agriculture thrived starting about 5,000 starting about 5,000 years agoyears ago

► Some Natives remained Some Natives remained NomadicNomadic

► Maya, Aztec, and Inca Maya, Aztec, and Inca societies flourishedsocieties flourished

NATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400SNATIVE AMERICAS IN 1400S

► Native American Native American societies in North societies in North America were as America were as varied as the varied as the geographygeography

► The The Pueblo (SW) Pueblo (SW) and and Iroquois (NE) Iroquois (NE) were were two famous tribestwo famous tribes

► Most of the tribes in Most of the tribes in America had America had common religious common religious views, trade views, trade patterns & valuespatterns & values

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400STHE 1400S

► Long established, Long established, sophisticated societies sophisticated societies existed in Western existed in Western AfricaAfrica

► The The Kingdom of Songhai Kingdom of Songhai controlled trans-Sahara controlled trans-Sahara tradetrade

► Kingdom of Benin Kingdom of Benin and and Kongo Kongo were two famous were two famous dynastiesdynasties

► Village and family bonds Village and family bonds formed the basis of lifeformed the basis of life

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF THE 1400S1400S

► European villages European villages had a long tradition had a long tradition of of social hierarchy social hierarchy – – complete with nobles, complete with nobles, merchants & merchants & peasantspeasants

► Christianity Christianity played a played a critical role – religious critical role – religious leaders had powerleaders had power

► The Reformation The Reformation in in the early 1500s led to the early 1500s led to a split in the churcha split in the church

Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION EUROPEAN EXPLORATION

► The countries of The countries of Portugal, Spain, France Portugal, Spain, France and England explored and England explored in the late 1400s for in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and GloryGod, Gold, and Glory

► Improved mapmaking, Improved mapmaking, better sailboats, better sailboats, compasses, compasses, astrolabes, Prince astrolabes, Prince Henry– all led to better Henry– all led to better exploration exploration

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2SECTION 2

► Columbus crosses the Columbus crosses the Atlantic Atlantic in October of in October of 1492 and lands in San 1492 and lands in San Salvador (“Holy Salvador (“Holy Savior”)Savior”)

► He spent about 3 He spent about 3 months exploring months exploring Islands in the BahamasIslands in the Bahamas

► Europeans used Europeans used advanced weapons to advanced weapons to force locals into labor: force locals into labor: Plantation System Plantation System

► Disease devastated Disease devastated Native populationNative population

IMPACT OF COLUMBUSIMPACT OF COLUMBUS

On Africans-On Africans- Before Before slave trade ended in the slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million 1800s, 10 million Africans taken Africans taken

On Europeans-On Europeans- Biggest Biggest voluntary migration in voluntary migration in world historyworld history

On Trade-On Trade- Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange meant new meant new goods & products flowed goods & products flowed between continentsbetween continents

The Columbian Biological Exchange

SyphilisSmallpox MeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaThe Common Cold

Diseases:

New World to Old World:

Old World to New World:

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The Columbian Biological Exchange

TurkeysLlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

Horses CattlePigsSheepGoatsChickens

Animals:

New World to Old World:Old World to New World:

The Columbian Biological Exchange

Corn (Maize)Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)TobaccoPeanutsSquashPeppersTomatoesPumpkinsPineapplesCacao (Source of Chocolate)Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)PapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvocados

Rice WheatBarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcaneBananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisiesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

Plants:

New World to Old World:Old World to New World:

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRESPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE

► Spanish explorers Spanish explorers (Conquistadors)(Conquistadors) seized seized much of the Americasmuch of the Americas

► CortesCortes conquered the conquered the Aztecs in MexicoAztecs in Mexico

► PizzaroPizzaro conquered the conquered the Incas in Peru Incas in Peru

► Exploitation of local Exploitation of local populations was populations was significant – significant – Encomienda SystemEncomienda System

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST AND WESTERN AMERICAAND WESTERN AMERICA

► Mid-1500s, Spain explored Mid-1500s, Spain explored much of what is today the much of what is today the SW & West of the USASW & West of the USA

► New Mexico settled by New Mexico settled by Spanish priest who Spanish priest who converted Natives converted Natives (Pueblos) (Pueblos)

► Texas area had 30 Texas area had 30 expeditions in 16expeditions in 16thth century century

► California was site of California was site of numerous numerous missions missions California

Missions

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – EARLY BRITISH COLONIES – SECTION 3SECTION 3

► Beginning in the early Beginning in the early 1600s, the English 1600s, the English established colonies established colonies along the eastern coast along the eastern coast of North Americaof North America

► 1607: Jamestown1607: Jamestown was was first to be settledfirst to be settled

► John Smith led this John Smith led this group of settlersgroup of settlers

► Colony struggled at Colony struggled at first, then was saved by first, then was saved by Tobacco cropTobacco crop

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND”ENGLAND”

► The 16The 16thth century century Reformation caused a Reformation caused a split in the Christian split in the Christian Church; Catholics and Church; Catholics and ProtestantsProtestants

► One extreme group of One extreme group of Protestant reformers – Protestant reformers – the the PuritansPuritans sought to sought to cleanse or “purify” cleanse or “purify” their religion of all their religion of all traces of Catholicism traces of Catholicism

PURITAN, OR “PILGRIM”

COLONISTS MEET COLONISTS MEET RESISTANCERESISTANCE

► New England Colonists New England Colonists (Puritans) soon (Puritans) soon conflicted with the conflicted with the Native Americans over Native Americans over land & religionland & religion

► King Philip’s War King Philip’s War was was fought in 1675 between fought in 1675 between the Natives and the Natives and Puritans ending a year Puritans ending a year later with many dead later with many dead and the Natives and the Natives retreatingretreating

SETTLING THE MIDDLE SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIESCOLONIES

► Dominated by Dutch Dominated by Dutch and Quaker settlers, and Quaker settlers, the Middle Colonies the Middle Colonies were founded in the were founded in the mid-1600smid-1600s

► William PennWilliam Penn led led Quakers as they Quakers as they colonized colonized Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania and DelawareDelaware

ENGLAND’S COLONIES ENGLAND’S COLONIES PROSPERPROSPER

► Throughout the 1600s Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, more British and 1700s, more British Colonies were Colonies were establishedestablished

► By 1752, the English By 1752, the English Crown had assumed Crown had assumed more & more more & more responsibility for the 13 responsibility for the 13 coloniescolonies

► Mercantilism & Mercantilism & Navigation ActsNavigation Acts were were two such ways that the two such ways that the English government English government controlled the coloniescontrolled the colonies

King George III

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

MERCANTILISM

NAVIGATION ACTSNAVIGATION ACTS► 1651- England’s 1651- England’s

Parliament passed a Parliament passed a series of laws known as series of laws known as the the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

► These laws restricted the These laws restricted the colonies shipping & tradecolonies shipping & trade

► Ships, destinations, Ships, destinations, crews, goods: All strictly crews, goods: All strictly regulated by the English regulated by the English

► The colonies were The colonies were developing a spirit of developing a spirit of self-determination. self-determination. Therefore, they were Therefore, they were NOT happy with these NOT happy with these restrictionsrestrictions

THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – THE COLONIES COME OF AGE – SECTION 4SECTION 4

► New England, Middle New England, Middle Colonies, and the South Colonies, and the South – all developed distinct – all developed distinct economies and societieseconomies and societies

► In the South, rural In the South, rural PlantationsPlantations with a single with a single cash crop were commoncash crop were common

► Small Southern farmers Small Southern farmers (Germans, Scots, Irish) (Germans, Scots, Irish) and African slaves made and African slaves made up the majority of up the majority of people people

Southern Plantation

THE MIDDLE PASSAGETHE MIDDLE PASSAGE► During the 17During the 17thth

century, Africans century, Africans endured a endured a transatlantic crossing transatlantic crossing from Africa to the from Africa to the North American North American ColoniesColonies

► Cruelty characterized Cruelty characterized the months long the months long journey – 13% died journey – 13% died on route on route

AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF AFRICANS MAINTAIN PARTS OF THEIR CULTURETHEIR CULTURE

► Despite enslavement, Despite enslavement, Africans coped with the Africans coped with the horrors of slavery via horrors of slavery via music, dance, and music, dance, and storytellingstorytelling

► Slaves also resisted their Slaves also resisted their position of subservience position of subservience by faking illness, by faking illness, breaking tools, or work breaking tools, or work slowdowns slowdowns

► Others were more radical Others were more radical and tried escape & revoltand tried escape & revolt

NORTHERN COLONIES NORTHERN COLONIES COMMERCE THRIVESCOMMERCE THRIVES

► The development of The development of cities, expansion of cities, expansion of trade, and diverse trade, and diverse economies gradually economies gradually made the North made the North radically different from radically different from the Souththe South

► Philly was the 2Philly was the 2ndnd largest largest British portBritish port

► Farming differed from Farming differed from the South: smaller, the South: smaller, more diverse crops in more diverse crops in NorthNorth

LIBERTY BELL

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE GREAT AWAKENINGGREAT AWAKENING

► 1700s: An intellectual 1700s: An intellectual movement known as the movement known as the EnlightenmentEnlightenment began in began in Europe and a religious Europe and a religious movement known as the movement known as the Great AwakeningGreat Awakening started in the Coloniesstarted in the Colonies

► The Enlightenment The Enlightenment emphasized reason, emphasized reason, science, and science, and observation and led to observation and led to the discovery of natural the discovery of natural lawslaws

► Copernicus, Galileo, Copernicus, Galileo, Franklin and Newton Franklin and Newton were key figureswere key figures

RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: THE GREAT AWAKENINGAWAKENING

► A series of religious A series of religious revivals aimed at revivals aimed at restoring devotion & restoring devotion & piety swept through the piety swept through the colonies in the mid-colonies in the mid-1700s1700s

► Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was a was a Puritan priest from New Puritan priest from New England who was England who was instrumental in the instrumental in the movementmovement

► Fire & Brimstone style Fire & Brimstone style of worship; large, of worship; large, emotionally charged emotionally charged crowdscrowds

► Like the Enlightenment Like the Enlightenment the movement stressed the movement stressed the importance of the the importance of the individualindividual

FRENCH AND INDIAN WARFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR► Competition in North Competition in North

America led to a war America led to a war (1754-1763) between (1754-1763) between old rivals old rivals France and France and EnglandEngland

► The French in North The French in North America were America were tradesmen (furs) not tradesmen (furs) not long-term inhabitantslong-term inhabitants

► Ohio River valley was Ohio River valley was the site of the conflictthe site of the conflict

► The Colonists supported The Colonists supported the British while the the British while the Natives supported the Natives supported the FrenchFrench

FRENCH INDIAN WAR BY NAT YOUNGBLOOD

BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD BRITAIN DEFEATS AN OLD ENEMYENEMY

► While the French had While the French had early victories, the British early victories, the British led by led by William Pitt and William Pitt and George WashingtonGeorge Washington eventually defeated the eventually defeated the FrenchFrench

► Treaty of Paris ends the Treaty of Paris ends the war in 1763war in 1763

► Brits claim most of North Brits claim most of North America including Florida America including Florida (from French ally Spain) & (from French ally Spain) & CanadaCanada

► Native Americans also Native Americans also realized a French loss was realized a French loss was a Native American lossa Native American loss

WILLIAM PITT ON A COIN

PROCLAMATION LINE OF PROCLAMATION LINE OF 17631763

► To avoid further costly To avoid further costly conflicts with Native conflicts with Native Americans, the British Americans, the British government prohibited government prohibited colonists from settling colonists from settling west of the west of the Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains

► The Proclamation The Proclamation established a line along established a line along the Appalachian that the Appalachian that colonists could not colonists could not cross (They did cross (They did anyway)anyway)