BEGR 424 Molecular BiologyWilliam TerzaghiSpring, 2014
BEGR424- Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William TerzaghiOffice: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00, TR 1-2 or by appointmentPhone: (570) 408-4762Email: [email protected]
BEGR424- Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William TerzaghiOffice: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00, TR 1-2 or by appointmentPhone: (570) 408-4762Email: [email protected]
Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/BEGR424.html
General considerations
What do you hope to learn?
General considerations
What do you hope to learn?
Graduate courses
1. learning about current literature
General considerations
What do you hope to learn?
Graduate courses
1. learning about current literature
• Learning how to give presentations
General considerations
What do you hope to learn?
Graduate courses
1. learning about current literature
2. Learning current techniques
General considerations
What do you hope to learn?
Graduate courses
1. learning about current literature
2. Learning current techniques
• Using them!
Plan A
• Provide a genuine experience in using cell and molecular biology to learn about a fundamental problem in biology.
• Rather than following a set series of lectures, study a problem and see where it leads us.
• Lectures & presentations will relate to current status
• Some class time will be spent in lab & vice-versa
• we may need to come in at other times as well
Plan A
1.Pick a problem2.Design some experiments
Plan A
1.Pick a problem2.Design some experiments3.See where they lead us
Plan A
1.Pick a problem2.Design some experiments3.See where they lead us
Grading?Combination of papers and presentations
Plan AGrading?
Combination of papers and presentations•First presentation:10 points •Research presentation: 10 points •Final presentation: 15 points •Assignments: 5 points each•Poster: 10 points•Intermediate report 10 points•Final report: 30 points
Plan ATopics?
1.Cloning and analyzing oxalate decarboxylase and/or oxalate oxidase to see if they dissolve kidney stones in collaboration with Dr. VanWert2.Making vectors for Dr. Harms3.Cloning & sequencing antisense RNA4.Studying ncRNA5.Something else?
Plan AAssignments?
1.identify a gene and design primers2.presentation on new sequencing tech3.designing a protocol to verify your clone4.presentations on gene regulation5.presentation on applying mol bio
Other work1.draft of report on cloning & sequencing2.poster for symposium3.final gene report4.draft of formal report 5.formal report
Plan BStandard lecture course, except:1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives
Plan BStandard lecture course, except:1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives2.Last 4 labs will be an independent research project
Plan BStandard lecture course, except:1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives2.Last 4 labs will be an independent research project3.20% of grade will be “elective”• Paper• Talk• Research proposal• Poster• Exam
Plan B schedule- Spring 2014Date TOPIC
JAN 13 General Introduction15 Genome organization17 Cloning & libraries: why and how 20 DNA fingerprinting22 DNA sequencing24 Genome projects27 Studying proteins 29 Meiosis & recombination31 Recombination
FEB 3 Cell cycle5 Mitosis7 Exam 110 DNA replication12 Transcription 114 Transcription 217 Transcription 3
19 mRNA processing21 Post-transcriptional regulation24 Protein degradation26 Epigenetics28 Small RNA
MAR 3 Spring Recess5 Spring Recess7 Spring Recess10 RNomics12 Proteomics14 Exam 217 Protein synthesis 119 Protein synthesis 221 Membrane structure/Protein targeting 124 Protein targeting 226 Organelle genomes28 Mitochondrial genomes and RNA editing31 Nuclear:cytoplasmic genome interactions
APR 2 Elective4 Elective7 Elective9 Elective11 Elective14 Elective16 Elective18 Easter21 Easter23 Elective25 Elective28 Exam 330 Elective Last Class!
??? Final examination
Lab ScheduleDate TOPICJan 14 DNA extraction and analysis
21 BLAST, etc, primer design28 PCR
Feb 4 RNA extraction and analysis11 RT-PCR18 qRT-PCR25 cloning PCR fragments
Mar 4 Spring Recess11 DNA sequencing18 Induced gene expression25 Northern analysis
Apr 1 Independent project 8 Independent project15 Independent project22 Independent project
Genome Projects
Studying structure & function of genomes
Genome Projects
Studying structure & function of genomes
• Sequence first
Genome Projects
Studying structure & function of genomes
• Sequence first
• Then location and function of every part
Genome Projects
How much DNA is there?
SV40 has 5000 base pairs
E. coli has 5 x 106
Yeast has 2 x 107
Arabidopsis has 108
Rice has 5 x 108
Humans have 3 x 109
Soybeans have 3 x 109
Toads have 3 x 109
Salamanders have 8 x 1010
Lilies have 1011
Genome Projects
C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely
Genome Projects
C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely
Some phyla show little variation:
birds all have ~109 bp
Genome Projects
C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely
Some phyla show little variation:
birds all have ~109 bp
mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp
Genome Projects
C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely
Some phyla show little variation:
birds all have ~109 bp
mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp
Other phyla are all over:
insects and amphibians vary 100 x
Genome Projects
C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely
Some phyla show little variation:
birds all have ~109 bp
mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp
Other phyla are all over:
insects and amphibians vary 100 x
flowering plants vary 1000x
C-value paradox
One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy
2C chromosome numbers vary widely
Haplopappus has 2
C-value paradox
One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy
2C chromosome numbers vary widely
Haplopappus has 2
Arabidopsis has 10
C-value paradox
One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy
2C chromosome numbers vary widely
Haplopappus has 2
Arabidopsis has 10
Rice has 24
Humans have 46
Tobacco (hexaploid) has 72
Kiwifruit (octaploid) have 196
C-value paradox
Chromosome numbers vary
So does chromosome size!
C-value paradox
Chromosome numbers vary
So does chromosome size!
Reason = variation in amounts of repetitive DNA
C-value paradox
Chromosome numbers vary
So does chromosome size!
Reason = variation in amounts of repetitive DNA
first demonstrated using Cot curves
Cot curves
• denature (melt) DNA by heating
Cot curves
• denature (melt) DNA by heating
dissociates into two single strands
Cot curves
1. denature (melt) DNA by heating
2. Cool DNA
Cot curves
1. denature (melt) DNA by heating
2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal
Cot curves
1. denature (melt) DNA by heating
2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal
• hybridize
Cot curves
1. denature (melt) DNA by heating
2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal
• Hybridize: don't have to be the same strands
Cot curves
1. denature (melt) DNA by heating
2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal• Hybridize: don't have to be the same strands
3. Rate depends on [complementary strands]
Cot curves
1) denature DNA
2) cool DNA
3) at intervals measure
[single-stranded DNA]
Cot curves
viruses & bacteria show simple curves
Cot is inversely proportional to genome size
Cot curves
eucaryotes show 3 step curves
Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive”
Cot curves
eucaryotes show 3 step curves
Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive”Step 2 is intermediate: “moderately repetitive”
Cot curves
eucaryotes show 3 step curves
Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive”Step 2 is intermediate: “moderately repetitive”Step 3 is ”unique"
Molecular cloning
To identify the types of DNA sequences found within each class they must be cloned
Molecular cloning
To identify the types of DNA sequences found within each class they must be cloned
Force host to make millions of copies of a specific sequence
Molecular cloning
To identify the types of DNA sequences found within each class they must be cloned
Why?
To obtain enough copies of a specific sequence to work with!
typical genes are 1,000 bp cf haploid human genome is 3,000,000,000 bp
average gene is < 1/1,000,000 of total genome
Recombinant DNA
Arose from 2 key discoveries in the 1960's
1) Werner Arber: enzymes which cut DNA at specific sites
called "restriction enzymes” because restrict host range for certain bacteriophage
Recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites
bacterial” immune system”: destroy “non-self” DNA
Recombinant DNARestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sitesbacterial” immune system”: destroy “non-self” DNAmethylase recognizes same sequence & protects it by methylating it Restriction/modification systems
Recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes create unpaired "sticky ends” which anneal with any complementary sequence
Recombinant DNA
Arose from 2 key discoveries in the 1960's
1) restriction enzymes
2) Weiss: DNA ligase
-> enzyme which glues
DNA strands together
seals "nicks" in DNA backbone