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Beijing May 2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 1 Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ion Heavy Ion Physics Physics (in VERY general terms) Heavy Ion Heavy Ion Physics at LHC Physics at LHC ALICE ALICE Collaboration Detector Performance
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Page 1: Beijing May 2005HI@LHC J. Schukraft1 Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ion Physics Heavy Ion Physics  (in VERY general terms) Heavy Ion Physics at LHC Heavy Ion.

Beijing May 2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 1

Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ions @ LHC

Heavy Ion PhysicsHeavy Ion Physics(in VERY general terms)

Heavy Ion Physics Heavy Ion Physics at LHCat LHC

ALICEALICECollaborationDetectorPerformance

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Pretty Messy Pretty Messy ……

NA35 streamer chamber picture, ca 1990

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Heavy Ion Collisions: What for ?Heavy Ion Collisions: What for ? T. D. LeeT. D. Lee

Two outstanding puzzles that confront us today:

I ) missing symmetries

QCD mass generation via broken chiral symmetry (mu,d 0)

II) unseen quarksconfinement

The resolution of these puzzles is probably tied to the structure of the vacuum.

… in most high energy physics experiments, the higher the energy, the smaller has been the spatial region we are able to examine.

In order to study the structure of the ‘vaccum’, we must turn to a different direction; we should investigate some bulk phenomena

by distributing high energy over a large volume.

Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol 47 (1975) 267Nucl. Phys. A553 (1993) 3c

Page 4: Beijing May 2005HI@LHC J. Schukraft1 Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ion Physics Heavy Ion Physics  (in VERY general terms) Heavy Ion Physics at LHC Heavy Ion.

Korea 2004 J. Schukraft4

Physics at Physics at LHCLHC

Common QuestionsCommon Questions generation of mass

elementary particles => Higgs => Atlas/CMS composite particles => QGP => Alice

missing symmetries SuperSymmetry: matter <=> forces => Atlas/CMS ChiralSymmetry: matter <=> vacuum => Alice CP Symmetry: matter <=> antimatter => LHCb

Different ApproachesDifferent Approaches ‘Concentrated Energy’ => new high mass particles

‘Distributed Energy’ => heat and melt matter & vacuum

‘Borrowed Energy’ => indirect effects of virtual high mass particles

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H.I. Physics@LHC: H.I. Physics@LHC: CaveatCaveat

long distance QCD is difficult to predictlong distance QCD is difficult to predict Theory well known, not so its consequences or manifestation HEP@LHC: Theory unknown, but each candidate makes precise predictions

the fate of 'expectations' at SPS and RHICthe fate of 'expectations' at SPS and RHIC some expectations turned out right:

SPS: strangeness enhancement RHIC: particle ratios, jet-quenching some turned out wrong:

SPS: large E-by-E fluctuations RHIC: multiplicity dN/dy a number of unexpected surprises:

SPS: J/Psi suppression RHIC: elliptic flow, 'HBT-puzzle'

lesson when preparing ALICE at LHClesson when preparing ALICE at LHC guided by theory and expectations, but stay open minded !

'conventional wisdom''conventional wisdom' soft physics: smooth extrapolation of SPS/RHIC necessary, but boring ???

hard physics: new domain at LHC

Predictions are notoriously difficult, Predictions are notoriously difficult, in particular if they concern the future..in particular if they concern the future..

BIG Step ahead: BIG Step ahead: SPSSPS RHICRHIC LHCLHC x 28x 28 x 12x 12

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X 2000X 2000

Hard Processes at the LHCHard Processes at the LHC Main novelty of the LHC: large hard cross sectionMain novelty of the LHC: large hard cross section

~2% at SPS

~50% at RHIC

~98% at LHC

Hard processes are extremely useful toolsHard processes are extremely useful tools probe matter at very early times (QGP) !!! hard processes can be calculated by pQCD -> predicted

tothard /K. Kajantie (QM02)

q

qQ

Pb

Pb

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Jets in ALICE |Jets in ALICE ||<0.9|<0.9

Reasonable rate up to ET ~300 GeV

2.8 102.8 1044

1.2 101.2 1055

8.1 108.1 1055

1.5 101.5 1077

4.9 104.9 101010

accepted accepted jets/monthjets/month

1.1 101.1 10-4-4200200

4.8 104.8 10-4-4150150

3.5 103.5 10-3-3100100

7.7 107.7 10-2-25050

3.5 103.5 102255

jets/eventjets/eventppt t jet >jet >

(GeV/c)(GeV/c)

Pb Pb rates:

ppL = 1030cm-2s-1

ideal energy for jet-quenching:ideal energy for jet-quenching: around 100 GeVaround 100 GeV

pQCD applicable jets measurable above soft background energy loss still relatively large effect

E/E ~ O(10%), decreasing with E !

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Heavy Quarks & Heavy Quarks & QuarkoniaQuarkonia

copious heavy quark productioncopious heavy quark production charm @ LHC ~ strange @ SPS

hard production => 'tracer' of QGP dynamics (statistical hardonization ?) 2 mc ~ saturation scale => change in production ? jet-quenching with heavy quarks visible in inclusive spectra ?

Y dY d/dy LHC ~ 20 x RHIC/dy LHC ~ 20 x RHIC Y will probably need higher Lumi at RHIC even at LHC Y'' is difficult

Y productionY production

RHICRHIC LHCLHC

R. Vogt, hep-ph/0205330

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Initial Initial ConditionsConditions

<0.2<0.2~0.5~0.5~1~10 0 (fm/c)(fm/c)

4-104-101.5-4.01.5-4.0<1<1QGP QGP (fm/c)(fm/c)

2x102x1044(?)(?)7x107x1033101033VVff(fm(fm33))

15-4015-403.5-7.53.5-7.52.52.5 (GeV/fm(GeV/fm33))0=1fm0=1fm

22-8 x10-8 x1033700700-1500-1500430430dNdNchch/dy/dy

550055002002001717ss1/21/2(GeV) (GeV)

LHCLHCRHICRHICSPSSPSCentral collisionsCentral collisions

my pre-RHIC guess (QM2001)my pre-RHIC guess (QM2001) still expect conditions to be significantly different only LHC will give the final answer on dn/dy!

Significant gain in Significant gain in , V, , V, x 10x 10 SPS -> LHC SPS -> LHC

x 3-5x 3-5 RHIC -> LHC RHIC -> LHC

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The Soft StuffThe Soft Stuff changes in expansion dynamics & freeze-out ARE expectedchanges in expansion dynamics & freeze-out ARE expected

thermal freeze-out temperature ? how will charm fit into particle ratios ? Event-by-Event fluctuations ?

measurement accuracy ~ #particles will elliptic flow continue to rise ? will the measured transverse HBT volume (finally) increase ?

Biggest surprise Biggest surprise would be none..would be none..

Freeze-out Hyper surfaceFreeze-out Hyper surface

SPSSPS LHCLHC

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Chinese Participation in Heavy IonsChinese Participation in Heavy Ions AGS/SPS program: from the very start ….

EMU01(1986): 3 Institutes, 4 people (Beijing IHEP, Shanxi NU, Wuhan CCNU) E815(1986): (Beijing IHEP, Shanxi NU, Wuhan CCNU) EMU12 (1991): 3 Inst., 20 people (Beijing IHEP, Hunan, Shanxi NU, Wuhan CCNU) E863 (1990): (Wuhan CCNU)

RHIC program via the first collider…. PHENIX: 1 Institute, ~ 5 people

CIAE Beijing (muon detectors) STAR: 6 Institutes, ~ 50 people

USTC, Tsinghua U,. Shanghai INR (SINR), IHEP Beijing, Wuhan CCNU, IMP Lanzhou (MRPC-TOF detector)

LHC program to the ultimate machine (?) ALICE (since 1993 !): 3 Institutes, ~ 30 people

CIAE Beijing, Wuhan CCNU, Wuhan CCUST, …. successful R&D on large area PIN diodes, PHOS electronics & mechanics

large activity in theory at home: CIAE (event generators LUCIAE,JPCIAE, PACIEA), Wuhan CCNU, ….. and abroad: T.D. Lee, X.N. Wang, ….

Quark Matter 2007

In

Shanghai !

Page 12: Beijing May 2005HI@LHC J. Schukraft1 Heavy Ions @ LHC Heavy Ion Physics Heavy Ion Physics  (in VERY general terms) Heavy Ion Physics at LHC Heavy Ion.

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12ALICE Set-upALICE Set-up

HMPID

Muon Arm

TRD

PHOS

PMD

ITS

TOF

TPC

Size: 16 x 26 meters

Weight: 10,000 tons

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ALICE CollaborationALICE Collaboration

UKPORTUGAL

JINR

GERMANY

SWEDENCZECH REP.

HUNGARYNORWAY

SLOVAKIAPOLANDNETHERLANDS

GREECE

DENMARKFINLAND

SWITZERLAND

RUSSIA CERN

FRANCE

MEXICOCROATIA ROMANIA

CHINA

USAARMENIA

UKRAINE

INDIA

ITALYS. KOREA

~ 1000 Members

(63% from CERN MS)

~30 Countries

~90 Institutes

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

ALICE Collaboration statistics

LoI

MoU

TP

TRD

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ALICE Design PhilosophyALICE Design Philosophy General Purpose Heavy Ion DetectorGeneral Purpose Heavy Ion Detector

one single dedicated HI expt at LHC ATLAS/CMS will participate, but priority is pp physics AGS/SPS: several (6-8) 'special purpose expts' RHIC: 2 large multipurpose + 2 small special purpose expts

cover essentially all known observables of interestcover essentially all known observables of interest comprehensive study of hadrons at midrapidity

large acceptance, excellent tracking and PID state-of-the-art measurement of direct photons

excellent resolution & granularity EM calo (small but performing !) dedicated & complementary systems for di-electrons and di-muons cover the complete spectrum: from soft (10's of MeV) to hard (100's of GeV)

stay open for changes & surprisesstay open for changes & surprises high throughput DAQ system + powerful online intelligence ('PC farm‘, HLT)

flexible & scalable: minimum design prejudice on what will be most interesting

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The ALICEThe ALICE Magnet: Magnet:

ready for the experiment to move in!ready for the experiment to move in!

still largest magnetstill largest magnet magnet volume: 12 m long, 12 m high 0.5 T solenoidal field

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ALICE ALICE R&DR&D

Inner Tracking System (ITS)Inner Tracking System (ITS) Silicon Pixels (RD19) Silicon Drift (INFN/SDI) Silicon Strips (double sided) low mass, high density interconnects low mass support/cooling

TPC TPC gas mixtures (RD32) new r/o plane structures advanced digital electronics low mass field cage

em calorimeterem calorimeter new scint. crystals (RD18)

PIDPID Pestov Spark counters Parallel Plate Chambers Multigap RPC's (LAA) low cost PM's solid photocathode RICH (RD26)

DAQ & ComputingDAQ & Computing scalable architectures with COTS high perf. storage media GRID computing

miscmisc micro-channel plates rad hard quartz fiber calo. VLSI electronics

1990-1998:Strong, well organized, well funded R&D activity

• R&D made effective use of long (frustrating) wait for LHC• was vital for all LHC experiments to meet LHC challenge !

??

?

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Time of Flight DetectorsTime of Flight Detectors aim: state-of-the-art TOF at ~1/10 current price ! aim: state-of-the-art TOF at ~1/10 current price !

requirements: area > 150 m2, channels ~ 150,000, resolution < 100 ps existing solution: scintillator + PM, cost > 120 MSF !

R&D on cheaper fast PM's in Russia failed to deliver

gas TOF counters + VLSI FEEgas TOF counters + VLSI FEE Pestov Spark Counter (PSC)

100 m gap, > 5 kV HV, 12 bar, sophisticated gas < 50 ps, some 'tails' (?), but only (!) ~ 1/5 cost technology & materials VERY challenging

Parallel Plate Chamber (PPC) 1.2 mm gap, 1 bar, simple gas & materials 1/10 cost, but only = 250 ps unstable operation, small signal

Multigap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) breakthrough end 1998 after > 5 years of R&D ! many small gaps (10x250 m), 1 bar, simple gas & materials ~ 1/10 cost, < 100 ps , simple construction & operation,..

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Completed Prototype 28 module MRPC TOF Tray installed in STAR Oct. ‘ 02 in place of existing central trigger barrel tray

NeighborCTB Tray

EMCRails

FEE

MRPC design developed at CERN, built in China

Prototype Tray Constructionat Rice University

28 MRPC Detectors;24 made atUSTC

The STAR Barrel TOF The STAR Barrel TOF MRPC Prototype MRPC Prototype

50 ps, 2 meter path

Strong team including 6Chinese Institutions in place

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Tracking ChallengeTracking Challenge

NA49 ALICE 'worst case' scenario:

dN/dych = 8000

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drift gas90% Ne - 10%CO2

Field Cage

TPTPCC

largest everlargest ever 88 m3, 570 k channels

HV membrane (25 m)

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stable hadrons (stable hadrons (, K, p): 100 MeV < p < 5 GeV, K, p): 100 MeV < p < 5 GeV dE/dx in silicon (ITS) and gas (TPC) + Time-of-Flight (TOF) + Cerenkov (RICH) dE/dx relativistic rise under study => extend PID to several 10 GeV ??

decay topology (Kdecay topology (K00, K, K++, K, K--, , )) still under study, but expect K and decays up to at least 10 GeV

leptons (e, leptons (e, ), photons, ), photons, 00

electrons in TRD: p > 1 GeV muons: p > 5 GeV 0 in PHOS: 1 < p < 80 GeV

Particle IdentificationParticle Identification

0 1 2 3 4 5 p (GeV/c)

1 10 100 p (GeV/c)

TRD e / PHOS /

TPC + ITS (dE/dx)

/K

/K

/K

K/p

K/p

K/p

e /

e /

HMPID (RICH)

TOF

Alice uses ~ all known techniques!

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Photons Photons

PhysicsPhysics thermal radiation from QGP (‘background radiation of mini-bang’)

photon rate ~ T4 => huge boost at LHC expected hard physics: photon-jet correlations particle spectra ( 0,

Detector: PHOSDetector: PHOS LHC: high particle density + large combinatorial background for 0,

high granularity => dense material + large distance from vertex good resolution => scintillation crystals

compromise: acceptance

CERN Press release in 2000 on ‘Evidence for new state of matter’‘It is expected that the present "proof by circumstantial evidence" for the existence of a quark-gluon plasma in high energy heavy ion collisions will be further substantiated by more direct measurements (e.g. electromagnetic signals which are emitted directly from the quarks in the QGP) which will become possible at the much higher collision energies and fireball temperatures provided by RHIC at Brookhaven and later the LHC at CERN.’

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for photons, neutral mesons and -jet tagging

PbW04: Very dense: X0 < 0.9 cmGood energy resolution (after 6 years R&D):stochastic 2.7%/E1/2

noise 2.5%/Econstant 1.3%

Photon SpectrometerPhoton Spectrometer

PbW04 crystal

single arm em calorimetersingle arm em calorimeter dense, high granularity crystals

novel material: PbW04

~ 18 k channels, ~ 8 m2

cooled to -25o

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PHOSPHOS mass production of crystals ongoing (> 50% available)

Apatity, Russia

Electronics production just started ! R&D, design & production in China

first module ready end 2005

PHOS FEE card

Collaboration:-Russia, Norway, Czech, France- CHINA: CIAE, CCNU, HUST

2004

Crystal Light yield vs batch number

PHOS mechanics

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Dimuon SpectrometerDimuon Spectrometer Study the production of the J/Study the production of the J/, , ', ', , , ' and ' and

'’ decaying in 2 muons, '’ decaying in 2 muons, 2.4 <2.4 < < 4 < 4 Resolution of 70 MeV at the J/Resolution of 70 MeV at the J/ and 100 MeV and 100 MeV

at the at the

Dipole Magnet: bending power 3Tm

Complex absorber/small angle shield system to minimize background(90 cm from vertex)

RPC Trigger Chambers

5 stations of high granularity pad tracking chambers, over 800k channels

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Muon AbsorbersMuon Absorbers ~ 100 tons (W, Fe, C, concrete, ..)~ 100 tons (W, Fe, C, concrete, ..)

W produced in China (AT&M, Beijing, ~ 500 k$)

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Muon MagnetMuon Magnet Dipole Magnet Dipole Magnet

0.7 T and 3 Tm 4 MW power, 800 tons World’s 2nd largest warm dipole

Progress:Progress: final assembly & test by June

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ALICE DC III

Computing Phase Computing Phase TransitionTransition

Online:Online: storing up to 1.2 Gbyte/s storing up to 1.2 Gbyte/s whole WWW in few hours on tape ! ~ 10 x RHIC !

Offline:Offline: 18 MegaSI2000 18 MegaSI2000 100,000 PC's in 2000 (500 Mhz) ~ 100 x RHIC !!

The Problem:

The Answer:

cheap mass market componentscheap mass market components Industry & Moore's law

The Challenge:

make 100,000 mice do the make 100,000 mice do the

work of one elephantwork of one elephant

new computing paradigm: The GRID

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Yerevan

CERN

Saclay

Lyon

Dubna

Capetown, ZA

Birmingham

Cagliari

NIKHEF

GSI

Catania

BolognaTorino

Padova

IRB

Kolkata, India

OSU/OSCLBL/NERSC

Merida

Bari

The CORE GRID functionality existsThe CORE GRID functionality exists Distributed production in action for the PPRDistributed production in action for the PPR

ALICE GRID is there: ALICE GRID is there: ALIENALIEN

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Production StatusProduction StatusTotal jobs per site

42%

15%

17%

5%

6%

1%

8%

2%4% 0%0%0%

0%

0%

CERN

Torino

LBL

Lyon

Catania

OSC

FZK

Padova

CNAF

GSI

Utrecht

Zagreb

Budapest

Prague

ALICE Productions

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2001-02 2002-02 2002-03 2002-04

CP

U

22773 jobs,~12CPUh/job,

~1GB output/jobup to 450 concurrent jobs

0.5 operators !

Number of concurrent jobs

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

2001-02 2002-02 2002-03 2002-04

Production round

#of

job

s

Series1

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Heavy Heavy QuarksQuarks

Hadronic charm: D -> KHadronic charm: D -> K uses sec. vertex & PID acceptance to ~ 0 pt => tot

full kinematic reconstruction => 'quark quenching'

under study: D*, D, Bc, b, ...

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Short Term Upgrade PlansShort Term Upgrade Plans Initial detector largely finished & in place by 2007Initial detector largely finished & in place by 2007

exception: TRD coverage only 60% financed

New detectors under discussionNew detectors under discussion based on recent physics results (RHIC) and theory developments since 1990 pixel trigger electronics (~ few 100 k$)

allows better study of pp min bias events PID for large momenta (5 – 20 GeV) (~ few M $)

based on Cherencov radiation (aerogel, gas radiator ?) large em calorimeter for jet physics (~ 10 M $)

~ 200 m2 high granularity, shashlik type sampling calorimeter interested groups in US, Italy, France, …

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Past-Present-Past-Present-FutureFuture

RHIC

LHC: will open the next chapter in HI physics

significant step over & above existing facilities

THETHE place to do frontline research after 2007

AGS/SPS: 1986 – 1994AGS/SPS: 1986 – 1994 existence & properties of hadronic phase

chemical & thermal freeze-out, collective flow,…

SPS: 1994 – 2003SPS: 1994 – 2003 ‘compelling evidence for new state of matter with many properties predicted for QGP’

J/ suppression (deconfinement ?) low mass lepton pairs (chiral restoration ?)

RHIC: 2000 - ?RHIC: 2000 - ? compelling evidence -> establishing the QGP ?

parton flow, parton energy loss however: soft ~ semihard; lifetime hadron ~ parton phase

LHC: 2007 - ??LHC: 2007 - ?? (semi)hard >> soft, lifetime parton >> hadron phase precision spectroscopy of ‘ideal plasma ‘QGP

heavy quarks (c,b), Jets, Y, thermal photons

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SummarSummaryy

LHC is the LHC is the ultimate machineultimate machine for Heavy Ion Collisions for Heavy Ion Collisions very significant step beyond RHIC excellent conditions for experiment & theory (QCD) not only latest, but possibly last HIC at the energy frontier

ALICE is a powerful ALICE is a powerful next generation detectornext generation detector first truly general purpose HI experiment

addresses most relevant observables: from super-soft to ultra-hard many evolutionary developments

SSD, SDD, TPC, em cal, … some big advances in technology

electronics, pixels, TOF, computing

Heavy Ion Community can look forward toeventually

exploit this unique combination !


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