Being a Super Intern: Tips and Tricks for Cross-Cover

Gabrielle Berger, MDIntern Teaching ConferenceJuly 2020

Road Map• Triage common cross-cover calls

with a focus on practical skills for assessment and treatment

1. Altered mental status2. Nausea/vomiting3. Constipation4. Insomnia

It’s 9pmand the pager goes off…

Doctor, your patient is ALTERED!

Case 1

• 65 yo M with COPD, cirrhosis, and Afib admitted for new PE

• Started on heparin drip, nebs, and oxycodone with IV morphine for breakthrough pain

• RN holding evening meds because pt somnolent

Case 1: AMS

• WATCHER• Cr 2.1, BUN 75, Na 127, other labs normal • BP 100/60, HR 100s, RR 16, 92% on 4L

– CV: Irreg irreg, no LE edema – PULM: scattered wheezes, no crackles – NEURO: somnolent, arouses to voice, withdraws from

pain symmetrically, no clonus

What is the best next step?

A. Narcan 0.4mg IV x 1B. Stat CTA of the head, stroke protocolC. Stat chem 7 and ABGD. Start 2% saline at 30 cc/hrE. Start lactulose 30g po q4h

What is the best next step?

A. Narcan 0.4mg IV x 1B. Stat CTA of the head, stroke protocolC. Stat chem 7 and ABGD. Start 2% saline at 30 cc/hrE. Start lactulose 30g po q4h

M

Metabolic

Toxic

I

Infectious

S

Stroke

Seizure

T

Trauma

O

Hypoxia

Hypercarbia

Who has an approach to AMS?

HypoNa, hypoglycemia, uremia, hepatic enceph, steroids, EtOH/drugs, etc

Metabolic

✓ Chem 7, Ca, Utox, serum or

urine osms

✓ Asterixis

✓ Review meds + eMAR

Infectious

✓ Review VS, infectious workup

*Rarely need to do an LP

Stroke Seizures

✓ NCHCT, CTA head if focal deficit

✓ Call neuro

Trauma

✓ NCHCT

Oxygen:hypoxia or

hypercarbia

✓ ABG

✓ CXR

Evaluation for AMS

Case 1: AMS

• Na 128, Cr 2.3, Glc 123

• ABG 7.2/78/74 on 4L NC

• eMAR: morphine 4mg IV x1 at 6pm

• Treatment– Transferred to MICU for NIPPV– Morphine switched to hydromorphone

Case 2: AMS

• 87 yo F admitted for severe sepsis due to UTI

• Treated with ceftriaxone, awaiting SNF

• 9:15pm, RN pages you asking for a sleeping pill

• You call back and find out that pt “seems off”

Case 2: AMS

• VS: T 36.9, HR 80, BP 126/86, 98% RA

• GEN: picking at blankets, trying to sit up

• NEURO: thinks she’s at home, year is 1925, yelling at someone to get off the ceiling

Case 2: AMS

Now what?!?

Case 2: AMS à Delirium

Kalish, et al. Delirium in Older Persons: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Phys 2014; 90(3):150-8.

Case 2: Delirium

1. Manage pain, urinary retention, constipation2. Avoid opioids and sedating meds3. Prevent complications à ORCA Delirium PowerPlan

• Bedside commode, safety mat, sleep hygiene• Remove lines, tubes, restraints • Frequent reorientation

Case 2: Delirium

Kalish, et al. Delirium in Older Persons: Evaluation and Management. Am Fam Phys 2014; 90(3):150-8.

Meds à 2 options1. Haloperidol 0.5-1mg po/IV qHS (or BID)2. Quetiapine 25-50mg po qHS (or BID)

ü Start low, go slowü Check QTc!!!ü Increased mortality risk in pts with dementia

Case 2: Delirium

• 87 yo F awaiting SNF• Oxycodone 5-10mg q6h prn• Low UOP• I/O cath drains 1L of clear urine • She feels SO much better

(and promptly goes to sleep)!

Quick Take

• 78 yo M with metastatic lung CA admitted for pain

• You’re called for new onset seizure

• 5 min ago à witnessed GTC seizure lasting 60 sec while RN administering meds, now unresponsive

• O2 sat dropped to 70s, now low 90s on 2L

What is the best next step?

A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG

What is the best next step?

A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG

Quick Take – continued

• Patient is postictal but protecting airway, awaiting MRI

• RN pages that patient is having another GTC

What is the best next step now?

A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG

What is the best next step now?

A. Lorazepam 2mg IV x 1 nowB. Phenytoin load 20mg/kg IV x 1 nowC. Levetiracetam 1g IV x 1 nowD. Observe, order MRI brain w/ contrast E. Stat ABG

Acute seizure management

• For seizure <1-2 min that breaks spontaneously àobserve

• For seizure >1-2 min or recurrent, give lorazepam 2mg IV x1

• For ongoing seizures, give phenytoin load OR levetiracetam

Altered Mental StatusTake Home Points

1. Use a framework (MISTO) to organize the DDx

2. Treat delirium with environmental modifications, meds as last resort (haloperidol or quetiapine)

3. Use lorazepam for active seizure, phenytoin OR levetiracetam for recurrent seizure

Doctor, your patient is CONSTIPATED

Case 3

• 66 yo M admitted with LLE cellulitis and volume overload

• HD4: you get paged at 11 pm for mild abdominal discomfort, no BM since admission

• You’re admitting another patient in the ED…

What next?

A. Docusate 200mg po BIDB. Bisacodyl 10mg PR x 1C. Senna 17mg po qHSD. Tap water enemaE. Get more information

What next?

A. Docusate 200mg po BIDB. Bisacodyl 10mg PR x 1C. Senna 17mg po qHSD. Tap water enemaE. Get more information

Case 3

What’s the minimum amount of info you need by phone to evaluate constipation?

Last night…

Admit in ER

Admit in ER

Code

FOOD

Sleep?

Signout

6pm

“Teaching”

12 am

Write notes

6am

Patient wants to leave AMA

CHEST PAINSurgery recs

Foley fell outNausea

HeadachePharmacy—clarify dose

NG tube fell outPatient still wants to leave AMA

Can’t sleepCan you sign these orders?

ConstipationIV fell out

Can’t wake up

Patient did leave AMA“What’s the plan?”

DeliriumLow K Pt fell out of

bedAbdominal pain

Still can’t sleep

Case 3: constipation

1. Symptoms of a more serious condition?– New fever, VS changes– Risk factors for obstruction

2. If not, usually ok to treat empirically – Start from above or below?

Case 3: constipationWhat’s your goal?

• BM now! • By morning

• Sometime this month

SlowDays

Moderate24 hrs

FastMin-Hrs

Stool softenersDocusate = placebo!

Metamucil (bulking)

PEG: Miralax, GolytelyLactulose(osmotic)

Senna, bisacodyl PO (stimulant)

Bisacodyl PR, enemas(stimulant)

Magnesium Citrate(saline laxative)

Case 3: constipation

Case 4

• 38 yo M with sickle cell dz admitted for vasoocclusivecrisis

• PMH includes ventral hernia with intermittent SBO

• Using PCA, scheduled senna and bisacodyl

• HD6: new abdominal discomfort and constipation, no improvement with bisacodyl PR or tap water enema

What is the best next step?

A. Methylnaltrexone 12mg SC x 1B. Naloxone 5mg po x 1C. Place NG tube, give GoLytely gtt at 50cc/hrD. Gastrograffin enema x 1, repeat x 1 if no BM

What is the best next step?

A. Methylnaltrexone 12mg SC x 1B. Naloxone 5mg po x 1C. Place NG tube, give GoLytely gtt at 50cc/hrD. Gastrograffin enema x 1, repeat x 1 if no BM

Treatment Indication Clinical Pearls

Methylnaltrexone Opioid-induced ileus or constipation • Cancer, sickle cell

• Opioid antagonist• Does not cross blood-brain

barrier à NO withdrawal

PEG (GoLytely) gtt DIOS in CF patients • Need to place NG tube

Gastrograffinenema Impaction

• Can causes electrolyte shifts (Mg, Phos)

• Check lytes BID

Options for really bad constipation

ConstipationTake home Points

1. You do NOT need to do a bedside evaluation for every patient with constipation

2. Choose a therapy based on how quickly you want results

Doctor, your patient is NAUSEATED

Your 27th page of the night

RE: Pt KS – he’s vomiting. Again. From: Imoverit, RN

Case 5: Pt KS

• 51 yo M with pancreatitis

• Admitted 3 days ago to the MICU à treated with IVFs and bowel rest

• Transferred to floor today

• Still NPO, VS stable, but nauseated

What do you do next?

A. Evaluate the patientB. Ondansetron 8mg po x1, finish ED admissionC. Ondansetron 8mg IV q8h prn nauseaD. Lorazepam 1mg IV q6h prn nauseaE. Find a bathroom and hide

What do you do next?

A. Evaluate the patientB. Ondansetron 8mg po x1, finish ED admissionC. Ondansetron 8mg IV q8h prn nauseaD. Lorazepam 1mg IV q6h prn nauseaE. Find a bathroom and hide

The emesis ladder

Ondansetron8mg IV q8h

Metoclopramide5-10mg IV q6h

Prochlorperazine 5-10mg IV q6h

Promethazine6.25-25mg po/PR q6h

Side Effects

Avoid IV if possible; start low!

Case 5: NauseaMedication Side effects

Ondansetron

• Antiserotonin• QTc prolongation

Metoclopramide Prochlorperazine

• Antidopamine• Dystonic rxns à treat

with IV benedryl

Diphenhydramine Promethazine

• Antihistamine • Sedating effect, can

cause a high

Case 6

• 84 yo F admitted for CAP• PMH includes HTN, HLD, DM, and CVA• Overnight develops new onset nausea and NB/NB

emesis• Afebrile, BP 90/54, HR 108, O2 sat 95% RA• Oriented, complains of epigastric discomfort

Case 6: Next steps• On evaluation à tired appearing, mildly diaphoretic • Afebrile, BP 88/54, HR 108, O2 sat 95% RA on 2L

Case 6: NauseaWhen to evaluate in person?

• CAD risk factors • Worried about

atypical ACS presentation?

MI

• Mental status changes

• Headache, blurry vision

CNS• Coffee ground

emesis• Hematemesis• New onset abd pain

GI

Case 6: nausea

• You call your senior and activate the STEMI pager

• Pt goes for emergent PCI and is transferred to the CCU

• Everyone thinks you’re the best intern EVER!

NauseaTake home Points

1. Don’t need to do a bedside evaluation for every patient with nausea

2. HOWEVER, consider the possibility of a more serious illness (MI, CNS disease, GIB)

3. Avoid IV benedryl and phenergan

Doctor, your patient CAN’T SLEEP

Case 7

• 2am: 67th page of the night • 49 yo M with LLE cellulitis• H/o anxiety, depression• Requesting home zolpidem 10mg

qHS

RE: Pt TD – can’t sleep. Pls order zolpidem. From: Marla, RN.

What next?

A. Order trazodone 25mg po qHSB. Order diphenhydramine 25mg po x1C. Order temazepam 15mg po qHSD. Order zolpidem 10mg po qHSE. Evaluate the patient

Home med!

Case 7: Approach to insomnia

Environmental factors• Turn off lights, treat pain, minimize VS o/n, reschedule meds

Is there concern for delirium?• Needs further assessment and workup

Is this a chronic problem?• Order home meds!

Case 7: treating insomnia

• Melatonin 1-5mg po qHS• Trazodone 25-50mg po qHS– Antidepressant at higher doses– Good for short-term use only

Avoid benzos and diphenhydramine,especially in the elderly

Take Home PointsInsomnia

• Trazodone 25-50mg po qHS is useful in the hospital

• AVOID zolpidem UNLESS patient takes it at home

• Reschedule meds and VS during the day

Conclusions

• You are all super interns!• Use a framework for AMS • Constipation can often be triaged

over the phone• Consider risk factors for MI or GIB

when assessing nausea• Melatonin or trazodone for sleep

Thank you!

• Evaluation please!