18
With support from Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level Damage Assessment Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat Working Version October 2020 BEIRUT PORT EXPLOSIONS RESPONSE
With support from
Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level Damage AssessmentMunicipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat
Working Version
October 2020
BEIR
UT P
ORT
EXPL
OSIO
NS R
ESPO
NSE
Citation format: Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat (2020), Beirut: UN-Habitat Lebanon.Copyright © 2020 Municipality of Beirut and UN-Habitat. All rights reserved.Cover photo: © UN-Habitat (2020).
Engineering and construction companies:
PARTNERS
CREDITS
Academic institutions:
International non-governmental organisations:
UN-Habitat LebanonAuthors: Elie Mansour; Georges Abi Sleiman.GIS and IM: Christelle Bercachy.Data Analysis/Visualization and Report Production/Design Layout: Georges Abi Sleiman; Joseph Metni.Editor: Suzanne Maguire; Taina Christiansen
Municipality of BeirutHead of Engineering Department: Jihad Bekaii.Hani Diab el-Arab; Maroun Abi Najem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IntroductionPurpose of reportAdministrative boundaries and assessment zonesBackground and context
MethodologyZoningVisual inspection steps for surveyorsHabitability based on signs of damageWork progress milestones
FindingsCoding of buildings for damage and habitabilityAssessment findings
Next steps
Annex360 degree surveysResponding to requests for municipal assistanceRubble removalPhoto gallery
1
3
7
9
10
PURP
OSE
OF R
EPOR
TAD
MIN
ISTR
ATIV
E B
OUND
ARIE
S AN
D AS
SESS
MEN
T ZO
NES
Nabatiyeh
Chiyah
Municipality of Beirut
MazraaFoncière
Ras BeirutFoncière
Ain El-MraisseFoncière
Beirut Central District
Mina El-HosnFoncière Marfa’ Foncière
MdaouarFoncière
Rmeil FoncièreSaifiFoncièreZqaq El-BlatFoncière
BachouraFoncière
MsaitbéFoncière
AchrafiehFoncière
Furn Ech-Chebbak
Sinn El-Fil
Bourj Hammoud
Dekouané
Mkalles
South
Bekaa
MountLebanon
Beirut
Baalbek - Hermel
North
Akkar
Beirut El Metn
Baabda
Aley
Lebanon boundary Municipality of Beirut / Beirut GovernorateGovernorate
Zone 1
Zone 2
District Cadasters
Beirut continuously built-up area
Beirut River
Explosion site
Figure 1 Beirut Governorate within Lebanon Figure 3 Assessment zones within Beirut Municipality
Figure 2 Explosion site in Municipality of Beirut / Beirut Governorate, showing Beirut continuously built-up area
1
INTRODUCTIONPU
RPOS
E OF
REP
ORT
ADM
INIS
TRAT
IVE
BOU
NDAR
IES
AND
ASSE
SSM
ENT
ZONE
SThe Port of Beirut explosions of 4th August 2020, situated within the boundaries of the Municipality of Beirut (MoB), resulted in devastating loss of life, injury and the destruction of vast tracts of urban fabric within the municipality and beyond.
One of several initiatives undertaken in response by the MoB and the Governor of Beirut1 was a rapid visual survey at the building level. The survey covered all building types within a 2km radius of the blast, to gain an understanding of the extent of damage and particularly structural impacts, immediately identifying buildings or building elements at risk of collapse and in need of
The Port of Beirut is located within the boundaries of MoB, which is itself divided into 13 cadastres. The MoB spans just under 20 square kilometres in area, and is the heart of a larger continuously built up urban area reaching around 110 square kilometres in size (Figures 1 and 2).3
evacuation whilst also providing evidence for formulating early recovery measures.2
This report describes the method and early results of an ongoing survey initiated by the MoB and conducted through a collaboration between the engineering department within MoB and UN-Habitat Lebanon in its ongoing role of support to local authorities. Data was gathered via field surveyors from several volunteering engineering consultancy firms from immediately after the blast until 11 September 2020. This report will be updated with data from the remainder of the survey in due course.
Two zones within MoB were identified for assessment purposes, together covering around half the overall area of the municipality (Figure 3).
1 Lebanon is divided into eight governorates. The Municipality of Beirut acts also as an independent governorate.2 The approach is complementary to other assessments conducted at household level, notably the Multisectoral Needs Assessment of the Lebanese Red Cross undertaken in conjunction with the Lebanese Armed Forces, and may be triangulated with these in due course.3 UN-Habitat (forthcoming) “Beirut City Profile”. Beirut, UN-Habitat.
2
BACK
GROU
ND A
ND C
ONTE
XT
The Port of Beirut explosions took place in close proximity to the city centre with its historic core, vibrant commercial districts and dense urban neighbourhoods, many of which are vulnerable. It resulted in over 200 deaths, 6,500 injured and 7 missing. The blast caused material damage to an estimated 77,000 apartments located across 10,000 buildings within a 3km radius of the blast, impacting around 300,000 people.4 The entry point to more than 70% of Lebanon’s imports, the port blast has also affected the availability of goods in the country.
In the aftermath of the incident, there was a spontaneous proliferation of public and private actors and associated initiatives seeking to respond to needs on the ground, which underscored the need for an efficient and rationalised response. With support from local and international entities, the municipalities remain at the centre of supporting public safety whilst working towards inclusive post-disaster planning for urban recovery. In this context, a building-level damage assessment was initiated to provide an evidence basis for guiding action, alongside rubble management efforts already ongoing on the ground. The MoB requested the support of UN-Habitat in conducting this assessment, aiming to come up with a general overview of the damages affected MoB’s neighbourhoods and to identify the most affected zones and buildings therein.
77,000DAMAGED HOUSING
UNITS
300,000 RESIDENTS AFFECTED
212DEAD
7 MISSING
6,500 INJURED
© UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020)© UN-Habitat (2020)
ZONI
NG
4 Shelter sector dashboard (12 September 2020).
3
METHODOLOGYZO
NING
Zone 1: Mdawar, Rmeil, Saifi, Achrafieh 1, Beirut Central District, Marfaa, Zokak el Blat, Bachoura and Minet el Hosn.
As shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4, the affected areas within the MoB were divided into two broad zones for assessment purposes:
© MoB (2020)© MoB (2020)
Figure 4 Geographical distribution of zones for the buildings assessment
0 550 1100 m225Zone 1 Zone 2Explosion site
Ras Beyrouth Foncière
Msaitbé Foncière
Zqaq El-Blat Foncière
Bachoura Foncière
Mazraa Foncière
Saifi Foncière
Rmeil Foncière
Achrafieh Foncière
Bourj Hammoud
Marfa’ FoncièreMina El-Hosn FoncièreAain El-Mraisse Foncière
Mdaouar Foncière
Beirut Central District
Sinn El-Fil
The field assessments were launched on the 5th of August. Assessment of Zone 1 was completed on the 31st of August, while that for Zone 2 is still ongoing.
Cadasters
Zone 2: Ras Beirut, Mazraa, Msaytbeh, Ain el Mraysseh and Achrafieh 2.
4
1
6
2
5
3
4 WORK
PRO
GRES
S M
ILES
TONE
SBased on the Applied Technology Council’s Field Manual (ATC-20-1),5 the following visual inspection steps were adopted by surveyors:
Examine the building’s exterior envelope. Examine the ground and the pavement around the structure for fissures, bulged ground, or signs of slope movement.Enter the building whenever the structure is not clearly visible from the outside, and in the case of suspected or confirmed problems that are non-structural (e.g. collapsed ceiling or damaged partitions). However, do not enter the building if the structure is obviously unsound. Assess the structure using the visual signs of damage criteria.Complete a Rapid Assessment Form (REF). Add any instances of restrictions placed on the use of the structure to the REF. Questionable buildings should be flagged for a detailed assessment. Explain the significance of inhabitable or uninhabitable structures to the building occupants if present. Where
1.2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VISU
AL IN
SPEC
TION
STE
PS FO
R SU
RVEY
ORS buildings including buildings’ common areas appear
unsafe, advise residents to vacate immediately without causing panic whilst also expediting notice of unsafety to the municipality for taking action including in the form of serving evacuation notices. The municipality then refers cases to the High Relief Council also to humanitarian agencies working on the ground to assist evacuated residents.
Surveying was conducted using the Geopal mobile application.
Total or partial collapse of the building. Major damage and deformation/deviation from the vertical axis of load-bearing structure.Severe damage to the beam-column joints. Neighbouring structure in danger of collapse onto building.The load-bearing elements show any deformation. Floor panels displaced away from original supports. Load-bearing shear walls show any out-of-plane deformation.Significant cracks (>2mm) in load-bearing elements made of reinforced concrete. Significant cracks (>2mm) in load-bearing walls. Hairline cracks in load-bearing masonry walls, where the cracking covers more than 30 per cent of the wall area.Diagonal cracking or crumbling of the material in the walls between the windows or doors or similar elements of construction.Damage, significant distortion or collapse of the roof.Slight damage, partial or complete sliding of the roof.Large items that could fall and cause harm, including glass, detached air conditioner units, water tanks, cladding, plaster, balconies.
Slight cracks in render (plaster) of the wall and/or ceiling.
Uninhabitable / Requires evacuation
Habitable / Does not require evacuation
Based on visual signs of damage, buildings were divided into those that were uninhabitable requiring evacuation and those that remain habitable.
HABI
TABI
LITY
BAS
ED O
N SI
GNS
OF D
AMAG
E Damage limited to windows, doors and non-structural items (that are not at risk of falling onto inhabitants).Slight cracks in walls (load bearing and/or non-load bearing), and slight separation between load-bearing and non-load bearing elements.Hairline non-diagonal cracks in horizontal reinforced concrete structural beams.Hairline cracks in load-bearing masonry walls, where the cracking covers less than 30 per cent of the wall area.
© UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020)
5 http://www.atcouncil.org/pdfs/ATC45Rapid.pdf
5
WOR
K PR
OGRE
SS M
ILES
TONE
S
7/08/2020
5/08/2020
12/08/2020
Ongoing
6/08/2020 UN-Habitat engagement in refining and impoving surveys and digitizing data.UK SarAid engagement in rescue missions and assessments.
International rescue teams’ engagement: France, Switzerland, Italy, Czech Republic, Netherlands, Germany.
Rafik Khoury & partners, M1 Group, Erga group and independent engineers’ engagement in surveys.
Training on conducting surveys by UK SarAid and UN-Habitat.
Departure of all international teams.
8/08/2020
15/08/2020
Figure 5 Damage assessment progress
Division of areas affected by the blast into Zones 1 and 2.MoB engineering team mobilization.Survey template produced.Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners) Consultants, Laceco, Advanced Construction Technology Services, Notre Dame University engagement in surveys.
Number ofassessments collected
Cumula�venumber of assessments
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
8/8/
2020
8/9/
2020
8/10
/202
0
8/11
/202
0
8/12
/202
0
8/13
/202
0
8/14
/202
0
8/15
/202
0
8/16
/202
0
8/17
/202
0
8/18
/202
0
8/19
/202
0
8/20
/202
0
8/21
/202
0
8/22
/202
0
8/23
/202
0
8/24
/202
0
8/25
/202
0
8/26
/202
0
8/27
/202
0
8/28
/202
0
8/29
/202
0
8/30
/202
0
128128
91 187219
406586
784
180 198444 388
1,616
324
1,940
479
2,419
434
2,853
567
3,420
533
3,953
183 183 183 184 185 126 122 120 128
4,1364,319
4,502 4,5024,686
4,8714,997 5,119
5,2395,3675,367
1,228
Zone 1 completed / Zone 2 started
Number of assessments collected
Cumulative number of assessments
10 6
© UN-Habitat (2020)
CODI
NG O
F BUI
LDIN
GS FO
R DA
MAG
E AN
D HA
BITA
BILI
TY
7
CODI
NG O
F BUI
LDIN
GS FO
R DA
MAG
E AN
D HA
BITA
BILI
TYFINDINGS
Safe / minor damageBuildings that were subjected to minor defects, such as broken glass. Buildings that were not affected at all also fall under this category.
© UN-Habitat (2020)
Restricted use Buildings that were subjected to considerable damages in their architectural components (falling architectural elements that might affect public safety).
© UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020).
Unsafe / evacuate Buildings that are structurally unsound and require evacuation.
© UN-Habitat (2020)
Total collapse6Buildings that had experienced total structural failure.
© UN-Habitat (2020)
Unclassified Buildings that are not yet visually surveyed.
© UN-Habitat (2020).
?6 The category “Total collapse” was added to the ATC1-20 coding list by the Municipality of Beirut in coordination with the Order of Engineers and Architects and Khatib & Alami to adapt the assessment categories to building conditions observed post-Beirut Port explosions.
8
Ras
Beyr
outh
Fon
cièr
e
Msa
itbé
Fonc
ière
Zqaq
El-B
lat F
onci
ère B
acho
ura
Fonc
ière
Maz
raa
Fonc
ière
Saifi
Fon
cièr
eRm
eil F
onci
ère
Ach
rafie
h Fo
nciè
re
Bour
j Ham
mou
d
Mar
fa’ F
onci
ère
Min
a El
-Hos
n Fo
nciè
re
Aai
n El
-Mra
isse
Fon
cièr
eM
daou
ar F
onci
ère
Beiru
t Cen
tral
Dis
tric
t
Sinn
El-F
il
ASSE
SSM
ENT
FIND
INGS
Figu
re 6
Det
aile
d m
ap s
how
ing
dam
age
cate
gorie
s of
ass
esse
d pl
ots
as a
t 5 S
epte
mbe
r 202
0.
Vaca
nt
Unsu
rvey
ed la
nd
Unsa
fe /
evac
uate
Safe
/ m
inor
dam
age
Rest
riced
use
Uncl
assi
fied
Tota
l col
laps
e
Expl
osio
n si
te0
550
1100
m22
5
9
Figure 8 Radius of impact of explosion Figure 9 Schematic section AA
Explosion siteHigh impact Low impact
Assessed area Port areaBeirut Governorate boundary
Safe / minor damage66.4%
Restricted use4.7%
Total collapse0.1%
Unsafe / evacuate2.0%
Unclassified21.8%
Vacant plot5.1%
Building Damage Category
Safe / minor damage
Vacant plot
Unclassified
Unsafe / evacuate
Total collapse
Restricted use
Total
Assessment Count
6,822
524
2,236
208
7
483
10,280
Assessment %
66.4
5.1
21.8
2.0
0.1
4.7
100
Table 1 Number of assessed buildings by category Figure 7 Percentage of assessed buildings by category
9% 91%
Ongoing claims Processed claims
Red (unsafe/evacuate) Yellow (restriced use) Green (inspected)
No decision takenTotal collapse
Land
MazraaFoncière
Ras BeirutFoncière
Ain El-MraisseFoncière
Beirut Central District
Mina El-HosnFoncière Marfa’ Foncière
MdaouarFoncière
Rmeil FoncièreSaifiFoncière
Zqaq El-BlatFoncière
BachouraFoncière
MsaitbéFoncière Achrafieh
Foncière
0 1100 2200 m550
© UN-Habitat (2020)
NEXT STEPSThe findings of the Beirut Municipality Rapid Building-level Damage Assessment serves to inform the ongoing blast response, recovery and reconstruction of the impacted areas. The data is intended to contribute to guiding the prioritization of interventions, highlighting the most affected areas within Beirut administrative boundaries and pinpointing structurally unsound buildings and the households whose shelters and livelihoods have been impacted as a result. The assessment can be used in complement to other assessments, and notably the household level Multisectoral Needs Assessment of the Lebanese Red Cross undertaken in conjunction with the Lebanese Armed Forces and may be triangulated with these in due course. Data from the assessment can be accessed through the Municipality of Beirut by contacting: [email protected] or +961 71 028 977.
10
ANNEXOther municipal services and related initiatives undertaken in response to the blast are outlined below.
On a daily basis, the Engineering Department at the MoB and UN-Habitat received requests for assistance or ‘claims’ from residents affected by the Beirut Port blast. As per the availability of resources, 92% of received claims have been addressed, with 8% are still ongoing. Claims pertain to issues such as electric hazards, water disconnection, dangerous and at risk of collapse building elements, among others. Upon receipt of a claim, municipal engineers are immediately mobilized to investigate and respond to the reported threat.
Figure 10 Claims by cadasters
Claims No threat Threat iden�fied
and addressed
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
188
46
6154
31
16153 3 34 2 21
115
23 17 2013 11 6 4 6 7 5 8 33 1 1 1 12
180
200
Threat identified and addressedNo threatClaims
8% 92%
Ongoing claims Processed claims
8% 92%
Ongoing claims Processed claims
ONGOINGPROCESSED
RESP
ONDI
NG TO
REQ
UEST
S FO
R M
UNIC
IPAL
ASS
ISTA
NCE
PHOT
O G
ALLE
RYRU
BBLE
REM
OVAL
360
DEGR
EE S
URVE
YS MoB worked with XYZ Survey Lebanon to produce 360-degree street view surveys along Gemmayzeh and Mar Mekhayel streets for the purpose of serving as a
360 Survey completed by XYZ Survey Lebanon
reference in highlighting the amount of damage caused by the explosion and to visually measure the rehabilitation efforts at a later stage.
11
PHOT
O G
ALLE
RYRU
BBLE
REM
OVAL The MoB supported UN-Habitat with its rubble and debris removal initiative which took place accross all
public domains surrounding the affected buildings in collaboration with several unions of municipalities, municipalities, private contractors, and both local and international NGOs. The rubble was later disposed of in plot Mdawar 1343 owned by the MoB in Karantina area.
MIXED RUBBLE
84% 16%GLASS
© MoB (2020)
© MoB (2020)© UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020)© MoB (2020)
12
© UN-Habitat (2020). © UN-Habitat (2020).
© MoB (2020) © MoB (2020)
© MoB (2020)© MoB (2020)
© MoB (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
© UN-Habitat (2020) © UN-Habitat (2020)
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAME: [email protected] T: +961 1 985484www.unhabitat.org/Lebanon
A better quality of life for all in an urbanizing world
MUNICIPALITY OF BEIRUTE: [email protected] T: +961 1 987979www.beirut.gov.lb
@BEIRUTMUNICIPALITY
@CITY.OF.BEIRUT
@CITYOFBEIRUT
@UNHABITATLB
