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Bell Ringer:
1. Look at the map on page 63. Which European country was the most active in exploring the Americas?
2. Which American empires existed at the time of European exploration?
Chapter 2, Section 1Spain Claims an Empire
KEY TERMS
Treaty of Tordesillas – the 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them and moved the Line of Demarcation further west
Missionary – a person sent by the Church to preach, teach, and convert native peoples to Christianity
Mercantilism – an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade
Amerigo Vespucci – Italian sailor; sailed in 1501 to find a sea route to Asia. A German mapmaker named America for him.
Conquistador – a Spaniard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century
Hernando Cortés – conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico
Montezuma – Aztec emperor Francisco Pizarro – conquistador who conquered the Inca in Peru
Spain and Portugal Compete
Pope Alexander VI & the Line of Demarcation What lands could Spain and Portugal claim?
Why was King John of Portugalunhappy? What was the solution?
What were the three goals duringthis “Age of Exploration?”1. Spread Christianity
Missionaries
2. Expand their empires3. Become rich
Study Guide Questions
1. Explain why Brazilians speak Portuguese today while other South Americans speak Spanish. The Line of Demarcation gave Brazil to Portugal. Latin American
countries on the other side of the Line went to Spanish-speaking Spain.2. Which nation was given claim over Africa and India?
Portugal
3. Did the agreement with the Pope give Portugal the right to claim lands in Europe? No. The agreement applied to non-Christian lands.
4. Did the knowledge gained from explorations affect Spanish and Portuguese attitudes about the Line of Demarcation? Neither nation found the division of the world satisfactory.
Questions, continued
5. Why did European global exploration take place when it did, and not at some other period in history? The Renaissance spirit of curiosity led to interest in
travel and to scientific discoveries. New technology allowed for longer and riskier voyages.
Mercantilism
The main goal of mercantilism was to increase the money in a country’s treasury by creating a favorable balance of trade.
How did the colonies help nations enrich their treasuries? Provided mines that produced gold and silver Produced goods (like crops) that could be traded for gold and
silver Served as a market for the home country
Europeans Explore Foreign Lands
Amerigo Vespucci – Italian sailor Knew “Asia” wasn’t Asia – how? Sailed in 1499
Vasco Núñez de Balboa – Spanish sailor Led an expedition in 1513 through Panama and
reached the Pacific Ocean. He claimed the oceanand surrounding lands for Spain
Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese sailor Left Spain in 1519 with the goal of sailing around
South America to reach Asia What happened to Magellan?
Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Magellan’s Route
Study Guide Questions
6. What were the main contributions of Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan as explorers? Vespucci – was 1st to realize that the Americas were
not Asia Balboa – reached the Pacific by crossing Panama Magellan – led an expedition that traveled around the
world
The Invasion of Mexico
Role of conquistadors? They explored the Americas and claimed the land
for Spain
Hernando Cortés Landed on the Central American
coast with 508 men in 1519 What people does he encounter?
Why are those people afraid? They believe Cortés had been
sent by the god Quetzalcoatl
What do they do?
Spanish conquistadors vs. Aztecs
The Spanish continue to explore – with whom do they form an alliance?
What happens when they reach the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán? Montezuma welcomed
the Spaniards Cortes takes Montezuma
captive Aztecs fight back (1520)
La Noche Triste May 1521- Spanish go back to
Tenochtitlán…who or what was the “invisible ally?”
Fall of the Aztecs
What happens to the Aztec capital(Tenochtitlán)?
Spanish build Mexico City Demolished Tenochtitlán, rename it Mexico City Replaced Aztec temples with
Catholic churches
Conquest of the Incan Empire
Incan Empire located in modern-day Peru Had many natural resources, like gold and silver Francisco Pizzaro
Spanish conquistador Led expedition of 180 men
Like the Aztec, the Inca feared the Spanishmight be gods. Incan emperor, Atahualpa,
ordered his troops not to fight. Spanish took advantage and killed thousands
of Incas, captured & killed AtahualpaWith his death, the Incan empire collapsed.Spanish controlled the land and renamed it Peru
Reasons for Spanish Victories
How did the great Aztec and Incan empires fall?1. Spread of diseases killed millions of Native
Americans and weakened their resistance to conquest
2. Spanish were excellent soldiers and sailors. Had superior weapons, like guns, which helped them defeat the larger armies of the Native Americans
3. Spain made alliances with Native Americans who were enemies of the Aztecs and Incas
4. Spanish conquistadors acted brutally toward the Native Americans under their control
Other Spanish Explorers
After victories in Central and South America, Spanish focused on North America Rumors of cities of gold motivated them
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Estevancio Their claim to fame?
1539-1542 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Traveled through present-day Arizona Hernando de Soto
Explored the southeast and Florida Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Sailed up the California coast