Bell Work 04/07/15

• Wait for the Emancipation Proclamation bell work page. Complete it and turn it in to me.

Many women took an interest in the war effort. Women on both sides worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental hospitals.

Dorothea Dix Clara Barton

Clara Barton earned fame as a Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross.

Women in the War

• With many men gone to war, women took jobs in industry and on farms.

• Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine.

• Women held fundraisers to pay for war supplies.

Women in the War• Sojourner Truth

worked in Union hospitals.

• Sally Tompkins set up a Confederate hospital.

The War

Ends

The War Ends

• Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important?

• What plan did Grant have for ending the war with the South?

• After his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln have for the Union?

• Why was the Civil War a major turning point in American history?

The Union Victory at Gettysburg

Date

June 30 to July 2, 1863

Battle What Happened Results

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee surprised Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the Confederates drove the Union forces out of Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee’s forces attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line held. On the third day, Lee ordered General George Pickett to lead 15,000 men in a daring charge against the center of the Union line. The last attack led by Pickett is known as Pickett’s Charge. Row after row of Confederate soldiers were shot down.

Lee’s forces had to retreat. The Confederates would never invade the North again.

Gettysburg

• Lincoln returns to the site a year later to commemorate a cemetery for the dead soldiers. It is visited by millions every year.

The Gettysburg Address

“We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863

Battle of Vicksburg

Vicksburg, Mississippi, May 22 to July 4, 1863

Grant’s forces tried repeatedly to seize Vicksburg, located on a cliff above the Mississippi River. Finally, he marched inland and attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Grant’s forces lay siege to the city, and after 6 weeks, the Confederates surrender

Finally, the Confederates surrendered the city, giving the Union forces complete control of the Mississippi River.

Grant’s Plan for Ending the War

• Destroy the South’s ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an army destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment.

• Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain.

Grant’s Plan for Ending the War

• Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its “march to the sea,” destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns, homes, bridges, and factories.

Lincoln’s Hopes for the Union

“With malice toward none, with charity for all . . . let us strive . . . to bind up the nation’s wounds . . . to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address

The Civil War Ends

Lee and his army were trapped by Union troops at the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. He knew his troops would be slaughtered if he kept fighting. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant.

The Civil War EndsGrant offered generous terms of

surrender.– Soldiers were required to turn over their

rifles, but officers were allowed to keep their pistols.

– Soldiers who had horses could keep them.– Grant ordered that “each officer and man

will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authorities.”

The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

• The toll of the Civil War was immense. To this day no war has resulted in more American deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was huge—more than 11 times the entire amount spent by the federal government between 1789 and 1861.

• The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence. The Republican party grew stronger.

The Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

• No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. People began to think of the United States as one nation, instead of many states.

• The power of the federal government grew.• The war put an end to slavery in the United

States. Millions of African Americans gained their freedom.

• Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be free and equal.

The Civil WarC

ause

s

• Issue of slavery in the territories divides the North and South• Abolitionists want

slavery to end• South fears it will

lose power in the national government• Southern states

secede after Lincoln’s election• Confederates

bombard Fort Sumter

Th

e C

ivil

War

Eff

ect

s

• Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation• Northern economy

booms• South loses its

cotton trade with Britain• Total war destroys

the South’s economy• Hundreds of

thousands of Americans killed

Eff

ect

s T

od

ay

• Disagreements over states’ rights persist• African Americans

have equal protection under the Constitution• Millions of

Americans visit Civil War battlefields each year

5 days later…