Bell WorkMonday 6/01

Look in your book beginning on page 841 and begin reading to find the answers

• 1. What were the three forces in Europe that helped set the stage for war?

• 2. Who were the members of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?

• 3. What single event set the stage for WWI?

The Great War

Chapter 29

Section 1-Marching Towards War

Rising Tensions in Europe• The Rise of Nationalism-

– Nationalism-A deep devotion to one’s own nation

• It can serve as a unifying force or the catalyst for fierce competition among others

– Ex. By the turn of the 20th century Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Italy, France and the Austria-Hungarian empire were engaged in a fierce rivalry

• Militarism-The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

Tangled Alliances

• Triple Alliance-Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy whose goal was to isolate France– Otto von Bismarck felt that

“As long as it is without allies, France poses no danger to us (Triple Alliance)”

Tangled Alliances

• Triple Entente-Britain’s alliance with France and Russia – Did not mean that Britain would

fight with them but it did ensure they would not fight against them

• By 1907 the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente were the strongest powers in Europe and would soon lead them into war

Crisis in the Balkans • In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and

Herzegovina thus creating tension in the region• June 28th, 1914 Gavrilo Princip assassinated the

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia.– Princip was Serbian so the Austrians sought to

punish Serbia• Harsh demands were placed on Serbia

• Russia soon sided with Serbia and soon the rest of Europe began to take sides as well

Bell WorkTuesday 5/13

Look in your book beginning on page 845 and begin reading to find the answers

• 1. Which countries comprised the Central Powers? Which countries comprised the Allies?

• 2. What were the characteristics of trench warfare?

• 3. What factors contributed to Russia’s war difficulties?

Section 2-Europe Plunges into War

The Great War Begins

• Following Austria’s declaration of war Russia began to mobilize against both Austria and Germany– Germany declared war on Russia

on Aug. 1st 1914 and on France two days later

• This caused Great Britain to declare war on Germany

– WWI had officially begun

The Great War Begins

• Nations Take Sides-– The Central Powers-

Germany, Austria-Hungary• Later Bulgaria and the

Ottoman Empire would join in an attempt to regain lost territories

– The Allied Powers-Great Britain, France and Russia

• Italy and Japan later joined as well

A Bloody Stalemate

• Western Front- The deadlocked region of Northern France fought over in WWI

• Schlieffen Plan-The Germany plan in which they would defeat France 1st then turn east to fight Russia – A quick defeat of France was vital

to the plan

A Bloody Stalemate • Failures of the Schlieffen Plan-

– Sept. 5th, 1914 Allied forces attacked the Germans northeast of Paris in the valley of the Marne River

• 600 taxicabs brought Allied re-enforcements to the front

– Sept.9th, the Germans retreated – The 1st Battle of the Marne left the

Schlieffen Plan in ruins b/c a quick victory no longer existed

A Bloody Stalemate

• Trench Warfare-Soldiers would fight from trenches often for pitifully small pieces of land– The space between the trenches was called “no

man’s land”– The trenches along the Western Front reached nearly

500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss border

• New Military Technologies- – Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, armored cars and

submarines were widely used for the 1st time in war

Battle on the Eastern Front

• The Eastern Front-The battlefield along the German and Russian border – Russians and Serbs

battled Germans and Austro-Hungarians for control of the Eastern front

Battle on the Eastern Front

• Russia Struggles-– By 1916 Russia’s lack of

industrialization was crippling their army

• They were short on supplies of guns, food, ammunition, boots and blankets

• German and Ottoman forces controlled many of the ports limiting supplies as well

• Russia’s one advantage was their population they could quickly replace soldiers who had been lost in war

Body Lice

Bell WorkMonday 5/19

Look in your book beginning on page 851 and begin reading to find the answers

• 1. What factors helped prompt the U.S. to join the war on the Allies side?

• 2. What role did women play in the war?

• 3. Why was the Second Battle of the Marne so important?

Section 3-A Global Conflict

War Affects the World

• The Gallipoli Campaign-– The campaign to capture the

Dardanelles sea straight and than take the city of Constantinople.

• This would allow the allies to establish a supply line to Russia

• British, French, Australian and New Zealand troops began the campaign in February 1915

• In December the allies gave up the campaign after suffering 250,000 losses

War Affects the World

• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- Germany announced that their submarines would sink any ships in the water surrounding Britain without warning– After the cruise ship Lusitania was sunk

by a German U-boat leaving 1,198 passengers (128 of them American) dead the U.S. threatened action if the Germans continued to sink neutral ships

War Affects the World

• Americans Join the Fight-– Germany returned to unrestricted submarine

warfare in 1917– The Zimmerman Note- In February, 1917 the

U.S. intercepted a German telegram headed to Mexico

• Germany wanted Mexico to join their fight and in return they would help Mexico “reconquer” the lands they lost to the U.S.

• This led President Wilson to ask for a declaration of war against Germany on April 2nd, 1917

The Zimmerman Note

War Affects the Home Front

• Total War- Policy where all available resources nation possesses are dedicated to war– Governments would take control of the economy and

tell the factories what to produce

• Rationing-System where the amount of goods one could purchase were limited during war time

• Propaganda-One-sided information designed to keep up moral and support for the war.

Allies Win the War• Russia Withdraws-

– Czar Nicholas stepped down to due to civil unrest in March 1917

– By mid 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed or taken prisoner.

• As a result the Russian Army refused to fight any longer

– Vladimir Lenin came to power and desired to end Russia’s involvement in the war.

• Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk establishing a truce between Russia and Germany

Allies Win the War

• The Central Powers Collapse-– July 1918 the Allied forces and Germany clashed

in the Second Battle of the Marne • 350 tanks rolled through the German line

• Nearly 2 million new American troops arrived to help advance towards Germany

– Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans surrendered 1st

– November 9th, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down and Germany officially became a republic.

Allies Win the War

• Armistice-A signed agreement to stop fighting

– WWI officially ended on November 11th, 1918

The Legacy of the War

• The Effects of WWI on Europe – New technologies were used and for

the 1st time the world was engaged in a global conflict

– 8.5 million soldiers died, and another 21 million soldiers were wounded

– Europe’s economy was in ruins • War damage was estimated around

$338 billion

Bell WorkTuesday 5/20

Look in your book beginning on page 858 and begin reading to find the answers

• 1. What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

• 2. What was the “war guilt” clause in the Treaty of Versailles?

• 3. Why did the U.S. reject the Treaty of Versailles?

Section 4-A Flawed Peace

The Allies Meet and Debate

• January 18th,1919 delegates representing 32 nations met to discuss the terms of peace at the Palace of Versailles– The Big Four held most of the

decision making power• Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.,

Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy

The Allies Meet and Debate

• Fourteen Points-A series of proposals drawn up by Woodrow Wilson in order to outline long lasting peace with Europe

The Allies Meet and Debate• Wilson’s Fourteen Points

– No secret treaties– Freedom of Seas– Lower tariffs to increase trade– Reduce militaries– No more colonizing– New boundaries for countries– League of Nations

• All countries could peacefully settle disagreements

• Like a modern UN• Many countries not happy

because did not punish Germany

The Allies Meet and Debate

• Self-Determination-The people could decide for themselves what kind of government they wanted to live under

The Allies Meet and Debate

• The Treaty of Versailles-An agreement designed to bring peace among the nations, and punish Germany – As a result Germany lost all of it’s war

making powers

– Wilson’s 14 points were adopted

– The League of Nations was created but the U.S doesn’t join

• Its goal was to keep peace among the nations

A Troubled Treaty

• A total of five treaties were signed by the allied powers – This created feelings of bitterness and betrayal

among the losing nations

• New Nations Created After WWI-– Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

were recognized as independent nations – The Ottomans lost all of their territory except

modern day Turkey

A Troubled Treaty• End Results of WWI-

– The Treaty of Versailles could not guarantee lasting peace

• The U.S. ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles in favor of an isolationist approach

– The War Guilt Clause left Germany extremely bitter

• Germany received the harshest punishment including 33 billion dollars in reparations owed to the allied powers

– Africa and Asia were upset with the way the Allies disregarded their calls for independence