BellchallengeBellchallenge

calorie – the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 10C

Calorie – used on food labels in kilocalorie or 1,000 calories.

Read the information on page 221. Explain the difference between a calorie and a Calorie.

IAN 41

Cellular RespirationReverse of photosynthesis

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

•Glycolysis (in cytoplasm) glucose is broken down into pyruvate, ATP is produced, and electrons are carried into the electron transport chain via NADH

•Krebs cycle (in mitochondrion) pyruvate enters, ATP is produced and more electrons are carried into the electron transport chain via NADH and FADH

•Electron transport chain all e- from other steps used to generate ATP.

•cellular respiration- process of producing energy through the conversion of glucose for consumers

•3 steps

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis• Occurs in cytoplasm• Breaks one molecule of

glucose in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound)

• Pay 2 ATP• Forms 4 ATP total• Forms 2 NADH (e- carrier)

GlycolysisGlycolysis

• Figure 9-3

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

2 Pyruvic acidWhat does glycolysis break down?

A molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

NAD+ is an electron carrier in this process. What is an electron carrier?

a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and

transfer them along with most of their energy to

another molecule.

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH

1st stage in cellular respiration

Where does it occur?

Cytoplasm

Where in 9-3 does it show the cell using energy to start glysolysis?

During the breakdown of glucose

• Next step based on presence of oxygen

• Aerobic- oxygen present• Anaerobic- no oxygen

present• Fermentation (anaerobic

respiration)

•Anaerobic (no oxygen)- 2 types of fermentationlactic acid or alcholoic

•Alcohol and yogurt are made by fermentation

Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+

Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle

GlycolysisKrebs Cycle

Electron Transport

Chain

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2

MitochondrionCytoplasm

Glucose

Krebs Cycle • Aerobic (in oxygen)

• Occurs in matrix (mitochondria)

• Aka citric acid cycle

• 2 pyruvic acids (pyruvates) broken down into CO2

• produce – 1 ATP– 4 NADH

– 1 FADH2

9-6 The Krebs Cycle9-6 The Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrion

Citric Acid Production

Where does this cycle take place?

Mitochondiral matrix

How many ATP molecules are generated for every one turn of the Krebs cycle?

OneWhere is most of the chemical

energy in pyruvic acid

transferred to as a result of

the cycle?

Transferred to the electron carriers, NAD+ and FAD, producing ____ NADHs and ____ FADH2

2 C

1O

3H

Why is the Krebs cycle also known as the citric acid cycle?

b/c citric acid is the 1st cmpd. formed

Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain

GlycolysisKrebs Cycle

Electron Transport

Chain

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2

MitochondrionCytoplasm

Glucose

e- transport Chain

• 3rd stage

• Occurs in inner membrane (mitochondria)

• Uses e- to convert ADP to ATP

• ATP synthase- enzyme used to form ATP

9-7 Electron Transport Chain

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

Channel

Intermembrane Space

Inner Membrane

Matrix

What does the third stage of respiration take place? Inner mitochondrial membrance

Where is the intermembrane space?

b/w the outer membrane and the inner membrane

-2 to start glycolysis

+6 end of glycolysis

+6 from 2NADH (Krebs)

+2 from ATP (ETC)

+18 from 6NADH (ETC)

+4 from 2FADH2 (ETC)

34 ATP net (36 total made)

Net ATP (total)

Fermentation Lab(use How to Write a Lab Report HO)

I.I. Purpose:Purpose: To observe the products of a different type of anaerobic respiration

II.II. Research:Research: Answers to bellringer (in paragraph form)III.III. Hypothesis:Hypothesis: Answer the following- Do you believe that

different products will be produced in fermentation if you use an artificial sugar instead of real sugar? Why?

IV.IV. Materials:Materials: on paperV.V. Procedure: Procedure: on paperVI.VI. Data :Data :

identify independent, dependant, and control variables Create data table Write brief summary of data table

VII.VII. Conclusion: Conclusion: State if hypothesis was correct or incorrect (why?) Answer Think it over questions

Cellular Respiration QuestionsCellular Respiration Questions1. What are the three main stages of cellular

respiration?Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

2. Where does the glucose used in respiration come from?by breaking down carbohydrates such as starch

3. How do you know that this series of reactions occurs in the presence of oxygen?b/c fermentation would occur if O was not present

4. What does glycolysis supply to the Krebs cycle and to the electron transport chain?Pyruvic acid to KC; high energy electrons via NADH to ETC

5. What stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?Krebs Cycle and ETC

6. What is not present in an anaerobic reaction that is present in an aerobic reaction?

Oxygen

7. What is produced in your muscles during rapid exercise when your body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues?

Lactic acid

8. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? How are they different?

Both provide energy to cells in the absence of O.

Alcoholic- produces alcohol, CO2 and NAD+

Lactic – produces lactic acid and NAD+

9. When oxygen is present, what does the cell do with all the high-energy electrons in the electron carriers made in the Krebs cycle?– The high energy electrons can be used to generate

huge amounts of ATP.

10. Figure 9-10 How is the equation for photosynthesis different from the equation from cellular respiration?– Reactants in photosynthesis are the products in the

equation for cellular respiration, and the products in the equation for photosynthesis are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration.

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding11. What is the role of ATP synthase in

cellular respiration? to use energy from H+ ions to convert ADP into ATP

12. How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis?2 ATP molecules per glucose molecules

Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding13. When runners begin a race, how do their

bodies obtain energy?

ATP from muscles

14. Why do runners breathe heavily after a race?

b/c they need extra O to get rid of lactic acid that has built up in their muscles

15. How long does stored glycogen usually last before your body begins to break down other stored molecules?

15 or 20 minutes

Comparing Photosynthesis and Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

16. Draw figure 9-10 page 232

Check for UnderstandingCheck for Understanding17. Exactly how is the equation for

photosynthesis different from the equation for cellular respiration?Reactants in photosynthesis are the products in the equation for cellular respiration

the products for photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.

Can be considered to be opposite processes

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

18. What happens during the Krebs cycle?– Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a

series of energy extracting reactions.

19. What does the electron transport chain use to convert ADP into ATP?– The high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle

20. Complete the flowchart:

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

KrebsCycle

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

ElectronTransportChain

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

ElectronTransportChain

21. What is the pathway that begins the process of releasing energy from glucose and other food compounds?  – Glycolysis

22. When one molecule of glucose is broken in half during glycolysis, what is produced?– Two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3 carbon compound

23. What are the two main types of fermentation?– Alcoholic and latic acid