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Bellringer 10/8
•How are living things different from non-living things?
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Bellringer 10/9
• Without using your notes, name as many levels of organization as you can from smallest to largest.
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ALL LIFE PROCESSES ARE CARRIED OUT BY CELLS WHETHER THE
ORGANISM HAS ONLY ONE CELL OR MANY CELLS.
UNIT 2 PART 1: THE CELL
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THE CELL THEORY
• All organisms are made of one or more cells and the products of those cells.
• All cells carry on life activities.
• New cells only come from other living cells by the process of cell division.
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Organization
Organisms can have only one cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular).
In multicellular organisms the cells are specialized and can not live on their own.
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Organization2
Each cell carries out only some of the necessary life functions and depends on all the other types of cells.
This requires organization and energy.
ORGANIZATION
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• Biosphere• Ecosystem• Community• Population• Organism• Organ systems• Organs• Tissues• Cells• Molecules• Atoms
Levels of Organization
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Parts of a Cell:
• CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE• NUCLEAR MEMBRANE• NUCLEUS• NUCLEOLUS• CYTOPLASM• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM• RIBOSOME• GOLGI BODY• VACUOLE• MITOCHONDRIA• MICROTUBULES• MICROFILAMENTS• CILIA AND FLAGELLA
THESE ARE ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS:
- LYSOSOME- CENTRIOLES
THESE ARE ONLY IN PLANT CELLS AND SOME BACTERIA:
- PLASTIDS (CHLOROPLAST)- CELL WALL
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Plasma (cell) Membrane• The plasma membrane
separates the cell from its environment.
• It regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell.
• Maintains homeostasis• Homeostasis –
maintaining a constant internal environment.
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• A fluid-mosaic of phospholipids and proteins.
• Phospholipids form a thin, double layer that is a barrier to many other molecules.
Cell Membrane Structure
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• Proteins float within the lipid bilayer & perform a variety of jobs:a.Transport channelsb.Enzymesc.Receptorsd.Identity markerse.Adhesivesf.Cytoskeleton
Bellringer 10/15
• Predict what would happen over time if I sprayed perfume in one corner of the room.
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Diffusion• The movement of
molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low.
• The difference between the high and low concentrations is called the concentration gradient.
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• Diffusion is a type of passive transport: it does not cost the cell any energy.– Ex: perfume
• Some molecules get help across: facilitated diffusion
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Osmosis• Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane
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Active Transport
• Active transport uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient from low to high
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Nucleus & Nucleolus
• The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
• The nucleus controls all activities of the cell.
• The nucleus contains chromosomes that are made of DNA.
• The nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes needed for protein synthesis.
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Nuclear Membrane• The nucleus is encased by a double membrane.• The nuclear membrane is full of pores that let
RNA and ribosomes pass through it.• The membrane forms the ER, lysosomes &
golgi body.
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Cytoplasm• The jellylike stuff inside
the cell
• It acts as a solvent
• Many biochemical reactions take place here
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Bellringer 10/19
• What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Membrane bound, fluid-filled canals that form a continuous
network with one extremely large enclosed space
• Manufactures, processes, and transports molecules used in and out of the cell
• Rough ER hasribosomes on it
• Smooth ER has noribosomes
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Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis
• Made of RNA from nucleolus
• May be on Rough ER or free in cytoplasm
• Not surrounded by a membrane
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Golgi Bodies• Form from bubbles off of
the ER (like a lava lamp)
• Bubbles join into flattened sacs, making a ‘stack of sacs’
• Synthesize, package & secrete cellular products for use in the cell or export
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Lysosomes• Formed from the Golgi body, this membrane
bound sack contains digestive enzymes, like a stomach. Food Vacuole
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Vacuole
• Membrane bound space that contains– Food– Water– Waste
• Contractile vacuole pumps water out of the cell
V
V
CV
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Mitochondria• Site of aerobic
cellular respiration– Provides energy for
the cell to use– Converts energy
stored in food to ATP
• Double membrane bound organelle– Outer smooth– Inner folded
• Bacteria-like structure
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MICROTUBULES AND MICROFILAMENTS
• MICROTUBULES – Long, hollow cylindrical
structures– Cell skeleton– Found in centrioles, cilia,
flagella
• MICROFILAMENTS– Threadlike strands– Cytoplasmic streaming
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Centrioles
• Two found in animal cell cytoplasm near the nucleus
• Function in cell division
• Make spindle fibers• Cylinder of 9 triplets
of microtubules
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Cilia & Flagella
• Used in locomotion & feeding– Flagella: 1 long
whip– Cilia: Many
small hairs
• Similar in structure to centrioles
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Chloroplast• Site of photosynthesis
– Captures light energy– Makes food (sugar)
• Double membrane bound organelle similar to mitochondria– Inner membranes are
arranged into stacks called grana
– Grana contain Chlorophyll
• Bacteria-like structure
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CELL WALL
• FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS AND BACTERIA
• FOR SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
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