BELLRINGER1. What are functional groups?

2. Which functional groups are found on amino acids?

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Carbohydratesenergy

molecules

Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon,

Hydrogen, and Oxygen- at a 1:2:1 ratio….

carbo - hydrate

C H2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

C6H12O6(CH2O)x

Function:– Fast energy (short term energy) – Provides structural materials in cells (like cell

walls, receptors) – Energy storage

Subunit / Building block / Monomer:

MONOSACCHARIDES!!!!

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

Sugars

• Most names for sugars end in -ose

• Classified by number of carbons– 6C = hexose (glucose)– 5C = pentose (ribose)– 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Glucose

H

OH

HO

O H

HHO

H

Ribose

CH2OH

Glyceraldehyde

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

O

C

C

C6 5 3

Sugar structure

Carbs can be found in linear and ring form

Carbohydrates include:

Simple sugars (monosaccharides: such as glucose, ribose, and deoxyribose)

Short chain sugars

(disaccharides: such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose)

Complex carbs (polysaccharides: such as starches, cellulose, and glycogen),

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

Glucose

Building sugars

• Dehydration synthesis

glycosidic linkage

|glucose

|glucose

monosaccharides disaccharide

|maltose

H2O

A glycosidic link occurs when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration

synthesis.

Polysaccharides are produced by adding more monosaccharides to the chain.

Polysaccharides

• Starch– Is a polymer consisting

entirely of glucose monomers

– Is the major storage form of glucose in plants

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that has its glucose monomers joined together in alternating 'flip-flopped‘

form.

Cellulose is found in plant cell walls.

Changes in the bond configuration cause changes in the final shape and function of the molecules.

0.5 m

Plants make glucose through the photosynthesis processes, and store it in long chains of

starch primarily in their roots.

Animals in turn eat plant materials and products.

Digestion is a process of hydrolysis where the starch is broken down into the various monosaccharides. A major product is glucose, which can be used

immediately in body cells for metabolism to make energy.

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals which is analogous to the starch in plants. Glycogen is synthesized and stored mainly in the liver and the muscles

The glucose that is not used immediately, is converted in the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage.

Any glucose in excess of the needs for energy and storage as glycogen is converted to fat.

• Chitin is another polysaccharide.– Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods– Also found in the cell walls of fungus

(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.

O

CH2OH

OHHH OH

H

NH

CCH3

O

H

H

(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form.

(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical

thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.

OH

Lipids: Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids

Lipid Functionslong term energy storage

InsulationWaterproofing

Hormone Production

Fats, Oils, and Waxes • Structure:

– Fats, Oils and Waxes are made of a Glycerol molecule (3-Carbon alcohol) + fatty acid chain(s)

• fatty acid chain = long Hydrogen/Carbon “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group head

dehydration synthesis

H2O

enzyme

• Long Fatty Acid Tail– non-polar – Hydrophobic (repels water)

Types of Fats• Triglyceride- fat with 3 tails

– 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol– ester linkage = between OH & COOH…links a

glycerol to fatty acids. hydroxyl carboxyl

Saturated fatty acids• All single bonds along the tail (not including the end functional group)

• No C=C double bonds– long, straight chain– most animal fats – solid at room temp.

• contributes to cardiovascular disease = plaque deposits

Unsaturated fatty acid tail• C=C double bonds in the fatty acids

– plant & fish fats – vegetable oils– liquid at room temperature

• the kinks made by doublebonded Carbon prevent the molecules from packing tightly together

Saturated vs. unsaturatedsaturated unsaturated

Phospholipids- (makes up most of cell plasma

membranes) • Structure:

– Made of 2 fatty acid chains, a glycerol molecule + PO4 (phosphate group)

• The PO4 is negatively charged

Phospholipids• Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

– split “personality”– fatty acid tails =

– PO4 head =

interaction with H2O is complex & very important! This end “repelled by water”

This end “attracted to water”

hydrophobichydrophillic (has negative charge, therefore attracted to

polar molecules, such as water)

Phospholipids in water

• Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H2O

• Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O

– can self-assemble into “bubbles” • can also form a phospholipid bilayer

bilayer

water

water

Why is this important?• Phospholipids create a barrier in water

– they make cell membranes!– There is a watery environment inside and outside the

cell

Steroids• Structure:

– 4 fused Carbon rings + One Functional Group• different steroids have different functional groups • Important: different structure = different function

– Examples of steroids: cholesterol, sex hormones (testosterone and

estrogen)

cholesterol

From Cholesterol Sex Hormones• What a big difference a few atoms can make!

LIPIDS

• All Lipids are INSOLUBLE in water! Because of their non-polar components