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Bellringer #3 What do you already know about the
Protestant Reformation? Who was involved? When did it begin? What were some of the new ideas?
Write 1 paragraph!
The Protestant Reformation
Chapter 14 Sections 3 & 4
Essential Questions What were the characteristics of Northern
Renaissance (Christian) Humanism? What were the chief ideas of Lutheranism,
Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism? What role did politics play in the creation
and spread of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes of the Reformation Renaissance ideas
(humanism, glorification of the individual)
The Catholic Church after the Middle Ages was weaker (plague, political control)
Printing press (allowed information to spread faster, allowed lay people to read the Bible for themselves)
Northern Renaissance(Christian) Humanism
Taken from Italian Renaissance humanism’s study of the classics
Goal was to reform Christendom Desiderius Erasmus
Studied original Christian texts Handbook of the Christian Knight –
Christianity should show how to live, not be rules to get saved
Praise of Folly (1511) – criticized popes
Corruption of the Church
Renaissance Popes (1450 – 1520) Worried about Italian politics (Papal
States) Financial problems (buying art)
Pluralism Absenteeism Indulgences
Sell of salvation People wanted a more meaningful
religious experience
Martin Luther
Born in Germany (Nov. 10, 1483) Studied law until deciding to
become a monk Studied the Bible New idea – justification by faith Salvation was not through good
works, but through faith
Martin Luther Selling of indulgences angered Luther
Pope Leo X trying to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica
Johann Tetzel Ninety-Five Theses (October 31, 1517)
Wittenberg, Germany Attack on the church and the sell of
indulgences Printed copies spread throughout Germany
Pope Leo X excommunicates in Jan. 1521 Diet of Worms-Luther was made an
outlaw
Lutheranism Translated New Testament into German Salvation through faith alone (not through the
church) Bible is only source of religious truth Peasant’s War
Sided with rulers to keep peace
The Peace of Ausberg The division of Christianity was formally accepted
Bellringer #4 Explain what is meant by justification by
grace through faith alone. List three major areas of corruption within
the Catholic Church that led to the Reformation.
According to Erasmus, what should be the chief concerns of the Christian Church?
Swiss Reforms (Zwinglianism) Huldrych Zwingli (1484 –
1531) Like Lutheranism – salvation
through faith alone Different
Wanted a theocracy (church city-state) in Zurich
Zwingli’s forces defeated by Catholics
Swiss Reforms (Calvinism) John Calvin – born in France in
1509 Studied theology, law, and
humanism Wrote The Institutes of the
Christian Religion Predestination – belief that God is all
powerful and predestined those who were saved
Geneva – began to reform as a theocracy
English Religious Reform Henry VIII – wanted a male heir
Catherine of Aragon – daughter Mary
Nephew was Charles V of HRE
Asked pope for a divorce, pope denied
Henry turns to Parliament for help Act of Supremacy (1534) – King
became head of English church, not the pope
Church keeps most Catholic traditions
English Religious Reform Henry’s Wives
6 wives = 1 son Edward VI (sickly, dies in teens)
Protestant reforms put in changes to the Anglican Church
Mary (“Bloody Mary”) – Catholic, burned Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I – Protestant, Anglican Church Puritans – “purify” the English
church
Anabaptists Did not want states to have power over
religion Favored by middle and lower class Adult baptism, all members equal Separation of church and state
Would not hold political office or fight in the army
Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola Spread Catholicism
Council of Trent Re-affirmed traditional Catholic beliefs Ended selling of indulgences
Inquisition Censorship
Art Latin only language to read the Bible Baroque style – emotional