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ObjectiveLearn about the evolution of the study of toxicology, and the basic things a CSI looks for in a toxicology report.
Poison“All substances are poisons.
There is none which is not. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy” Paracelsus (1495-1541), Swiss
physician and chemist
PoisonsMany of the most poisonous
chemicals can actually be helpful in small doses.
Arsenic is extremely dangerous, but is found naturally; like in water.
The most deadly poison One gram of botulin could kill more than a
million people.
This is the same thing that people inject into their face to “get rid” of wrinkles
Also used to cure migraines
Poison and Crime People have been killing each other with
poisons for centuries!
It became an art at one point, a job, or a hobby.
Back then they used many natural poisons.
At the time it was an untraceable way of killing someone.
Forensic Toxicology People began to figure out how to test
for poisons in dead people in the early 1800’s
This became known as Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of chemicals
or physical agents on living organisms
Elements of ToxicologyThere are six important things that
a forensic scientist looks for while doing a toxicology report.
1. The chemical or physical form of the substance.
2. Dosage or how much is in the body.
3. How it enters the body.
Elements of Toxicology4. The body weight and
physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex.
5. The time period of exposure.6. Whether other chemicals are
present in the body or in the dose.
Arsenic Arsenic metal won’t be absorbed in your
stomach so it is not very poisonous
Other compounds of arsenic are easily absorbed by your stomach and these will kill you quickly
Arsenic can also be part of a gas that can kill you if inhaled
Ways of being poisoned There is not just one way to poison
someone…remember it’s an art! Poisons can be swallowed, injected,
absorbed through the skin, or inhaled.
Toxins: Substance that cause injury to the heath of a living thing on contact or absorption
Check Point1. What are the six elements of
toxicology?
2. Is there only one way a person can be poisoned?
Textbook Work On pages 210 to 2131. Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity,
Synergism, and Antagonism2. What is LD50 and why is it important for people
to know?3. If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why
or why not?4. What is dioxin poisoning.5. Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you?6. How did they track down who poisoned Aleksandr
Litvinenko?
ObjectivesSolidify your history and terms of
toxicology and poison.
Learn about common modern causes of poisoning.
Textbook Work On pages 210 to 2131. Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity,
Synergism, and Antagonism2. What is LD50 and why is it important for people
to know?3. If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why
or why not?4. What is dioxin poisoning.5. Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you?6. How did they track down who poisoned Aleksandr
Litvinenko?
Lead Poisoning Lead compounds are not highly poisonous, but
chronic (long-term) exposure to lead is very harmful
Our body needs some metals in it (like iron). We do not need lead.
When we take in lead it takes the place of iron or other useful metals, but doesn’t do the same job as them
Lead Poisoning Lead poisoning can cause subtle brain damage,
affecting memory and thought processes.
The Romans loved lead! They used it in Make-up Cooking pots Plumbing Utensils And they even boiled their wine in it!
Downfall of the Romans Many people believe this long term
poisoning of themselves helped lead to their downfall.
This would never happen in modern times right?
Wrong Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas
Companies After becoming the leading expert in
analyzing trace amounts of lead after discovering how old the universe is, C.C. Patterson began fighting against lead in gasoline.
Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas Companies
The Gasoline companies hired and paid scientists to lie and say that since lead is naturally created on Earth that it is totally ok for humans to have in their bodies.
C.C. Patterson proved that lead is not meant to be anywhere near the surface of the Earth, where humans live.
Objectives Understand and explain the likeliness of
becoming poisoned by lead.
Begin to learn the dangers of alcohol poisoning.
C.C. Patterson Compared trace lead levels in top and
bottom ocean levels Compared trace lead deposits in ice
mountains on Antarctica to modern ice. Patterson won, and the government
outlawed the use of lead in all standard, consumer, automotive gasoline by 1986.
Lead Poisoning Now lead poisoning is most common from lead
paint.
It is most common in children.
Lead has a sweet taste. This is why both children and Romans love to eat it! Teething babies like to chew on sweet tasting lead
paint
Lead Poisoning Now paint (1978) and gasoline (1995)
are both lead free.
You cannot (legally) sell a house knowing that it has lead paint in it. Can test paint with chemicals to see if
it’s lead based. Is it better to use lead or steel shot in a
shotgun??
Lead Poisoning Summary How concerned should you be with
becoming poisoned from lead?
What is the most likely way to be poisoned from lead?
The Cold War Read the Case Study on page 219 of
the textbook.
How big is 1.7 millimeters? What should you do if you ever get hit
with someone else’s umbrella? Why?
Alcohol Alcohol is the most abused drug in America
About 40 percent of all traffic deaths are alcohol related
This is the justification for and focus of our DUI laws
DUI Laws DWI – Driving while intoxicated
OUI – Operating under the influence
OWI – Operating while intoxicated
MIP – Minor in possession
Alcohol Alcohol is a poison
It is measured by the amount of ethyl alcohol in the blood (BAC)
The legal limit is 0.08 percent
Alcohol Like all poisons too much, can kill you
Alcohol directly effects your brain functions Too much alcohol can cause parts of your body to
shut down.
Even after someone has stopped drinking their BAC can still rise
Alcohol Alcohol begins to effect peoples’ brain function
as soon as they drink it It is easily absorbed into the blood stream
The liver “filters” out about 90 percent of it First it changes it to acetaldehyde (a poison),
then to acetic acid, then finally to carbon dioxide and water.
BAC A person’s BAC depends on
their sex their body weight what they were drinking how fast they drank it their tolerance
BAC calculations What is the BAC of Johnny if he had 30 oz of
5.7% alcohol and weighs 157 pounds? 0.08%
What is the BAC if a 120 pound female had the same amount of alcohol? 0.12%
Bellringer Calculate the BAC of a male that weighs
160 pounds and had 20 ounces of 4.2% alcohol.
.04%
Reminder Your outline for your final paper is due
this Friday (5/2) This outline should have references too.
Questions What percent of car crash deaths
involve alcohol?
What is the legal BAC limit in the USA for a driver?
Field Sobriety Tests Police officers can conduct a field sobriety test if they
are suspicious that a driver is under the influence
Tests can include Walking a straight line Standing on one foot while counting Reciting the alphabet rapidly or counting from ten
backwards Touching a finger to the nose A nine-step heel-to-toe and turn Observation of eye twitching
Breathalyzers Modern breathalyzers are
small and very accurate
They either use infrared light or chemical fuel cells to figure out someone’s BAC
Breathalyzers If the police officer thinks the
breathalyzer is wrong they can bring you in for a direct blood test.
You can also refuse to take a breathalyzer test, but then you will be arrested and taken in for a blood test.
Drugs A natural or synthetic substance designed to
affect humans psychologically (mind) or physiologically (body).
They can affect the function or structure of living tissue through various chemical reactions.
When too much of a drug is taken it is considered a poison.
Manufacturing Most drugs are legitimately manufactured
by drug companies and are prescribed for particular medical problems.
Some people find the effects pleasurable which drives them to buy or produce illegally manufactured drugs.
Drug Abuse When drugs are taken strictly for pleasure they
are considered “drugs of abuse” or “illicit drugs”
All drugs that are restricted by the government are called “controlled substances”
The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is the lead agency for enforcement of federal drug laws.
Recreational Drug Use Causes dependency
Where one’s time and energy is spent getting the drugs needed to feel good
Can lead to theft, violence, or distributing for profits.
Can cause extreme mental and physical health problems.
Cost of Drug Abuse in America Illegal drugs: $181 billion per year Alcohol: $185 billion per year Tobacco: $193 billion per year
Total: $559 billion per year
Note: it is much easier to track legal drug expenses than illegal drug expenses
Cost of Drug Abuse in America About 30 percent of prisoners committed their
current offence while under the influence of drugs
About 675 people are killed in drug related crimes every year.
About one third of all incidents of domestic violence are drug related.
Checkpoint What is considered drug abuse?
How much money is lost every year in America due to illegal drug abuse?
Controlled Drugs About 75 percent of the evidence being
examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug-related Either the drugs themselves, or evidence
from drug-related crimes
As soon as a pharmaceutical company produces a new drug, it sends a sample to the FBI Crime Lab so they can develop tests to identify it.
Controlled Drugs There are five categories of controlled drugs.
Drugs fall into a category based on their legal use, and likeliness to be abused.
Penalties, and punishments for each drug is based on which category it is in.
Controlled Drugs Controlled drugs can be split into four widely used
classifications based on their pharmacological effects
Hallucinogens Stimulants Narcotics Depressants
Checkpoint What are the four classifications of
controlled drugs?
What are the punishments for illegal drug use based on?
HallucinogensHallucinogens are mostly
naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.
Marijuana The most widely used hallucinogen in the USA is
marijuana. (From cannabis plant)
The active ingredient in marijuana ranges from 1 to 10 percent.
It decreases the user’s ability to concentrate, slows reactions, and impairs coordination.
LSD or Acid Derived from fungus that grows on grain.
As little as 0.000001 grams can cause visual and auditory hallucinations.
Liquid dried on edible paper.
Extremely dangerous drug that can cause psychosis, flashbacks, and impaired memory or attention span.
It can also cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus.
Objectives Know the different between the four
classifications of drugs.
Know the dangers of the four different classifications of drugs.
PCP - Phencyclidine Originally used as an intravenous anesthetic,
but it had bizarre side effects
Causes insensitivity to pain, feelings of super strength, rage, memory loss, and paranoia
Often mixed with other drugs
MDMA - Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Synthetic drug that stimulates the user and causes hallucinations
Causes psychological problems; confusion, depression, severe anxiety, paranoia – even weeks after use
Increases blood pressure and heart rate enough to kill you
Long term brain damage, ruining thought and memory
Ketamine – Special K
Legitimately used as an animal tranquilizer
Powerful hallucinogen – causes delirium, amnesia, depression, and long-term memory difficulties
Club drug found at raves – like MDMA, GHB, GBL, rohypnol, LSD,PCP, and methamphetamine
Checkpoint
What are five examples of hallucinogens?
What are some common side effects of hallucinogens?
Stimulants Stimulants act on the central nervous
system to make the user feel better and increase his or her energy
Once the user comes down from the high they become depressed, restless, and anxious
Amphetamines Called “uppers”
Synthetic drugs
Also methamphetamines : Speed or crank Crystal meth
Usually inhaled or smoked
Cocaine It is an alkaloid: bitter-tasting basic
organic compounds
Other alkaloids are nicotine, strychnine, caffeine, and morphine.
Alkaloids have powerful effects on living things.
Cocaine Comes from the coca leaf, and is grown almost
exclusively in the Amazon
500 pounds of leaves produce 1 pound of powder
Used to be mainly snorted
Now it is more popular to smoke the recrystallized freebase (crack, or crack-cocaine)
Crack Crack is highly addictive
Regular use can cause anxiety, insomnia, weight loss
Leads to paranoia and mental deterioration
Nicotine is also a habit-forming stimulant, but is not a controlled substance
Qat in Yemen Qat is a natural stimulant, it is a leaf that is chewed
and packed in the cheek
Yemen is addicted to it.
About 80 percent of the inhabitants are stoned everyday
Their President says it’s good for kids because it keeps them off of drugs.
Driving the nation to poverty with no end in sight.
Qat Video http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DbV8K8hiA
How has Qat ruin there society?
Outlines Please pass up your completed outlines
of your serial killer projects.
If you don’t have it now it is late. Get it to me ASAP so you don’t lose too many points.
Project Grading Remember each due date is part of your
final grade for the project.
If you don’t hand one part in it is a zero.
Missing Assignments Check your grades for missing
assignments.
If you’re absent, you missed work that needs to be made up!
Narcotics Narcotics are drugs that affect the central
nervous system by relieving pain
Mild narcotics are found in over the counter drugs like Tylenol, and Motrin
Illicit narcotics come from opium, harvested from a type of poppy flower
Opium Opium contains about 4 to 21 percent morphine
Morphine is used medically as a powerful painkiller.
Comes from milky fluid from the seeds of a bulb. 92% is supplied by Afghanistan
Opium Wars The British had nothing good to trade the Chinese
so they traded opium
Heroin Easily made from morphine and is highly
addictive
Overdoses can cause death; STDs are common among users (from sharing needles)
Also called horse or smack
Codeine Commercially prepared from morphine
Natural painkiller
Found is some over the counter drugs in Canada
Synthetic Narcotics or Opiates Often pills prescribed for pain, but also abused
Propoxyphene (Darvon) and oxycodone (Percocet)are two commonly abused prescription drugs
Methadone is used as a heroin substitute to wean addicts
Designer Drugs Designer drugs are drugs synthesized with
particular characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws
Fentanyl is 100 times stronger than morphine and sparked the “designer drug” age
China White – “Pure” form of heroin
Depressants Depressants, like other drugs, vary in
their strength
Cause slow brain function, lack of coordination, poor concentration, sluggishness, weight gain, depression, and addiction
Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol is a common depressant
Alcohol is not a controlled substance, but instead it’s a legal $40 billion dollar industry in America
This doesn’t mean that is totally beneficial – think of Yemen
Barbiturates Aka “Downers”
Highly addictive, withdrawal is difficult and dangerous.
Most are prescribed to reduce anxiety and help the user sleep.
Examples Phenobarbital Nembutal Seconal Meprobamate – Miltown Methaqualone –Quaaludes Benzodiazepines – Tranquilizers such as
Librium and Valium
Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f2o4
UQBuS8
Video Questions What is the added benefit of putting drug
abusers in jail instead of leaving them on the streets?
Why take out all stages of the drug dealing process instead of just the top or bottom members?
BellringerWhat are the punishments for
drug possession based on?
Legal use of drug, and likeliness for abuse
ObjectivesExpress your opinion on legal
drug use in America.Learn examples of and the
difference between spot tests and confirmatory tests.
Reminders If you didn’t hand in your outline on
Friday I need it ASAP.
I still need serial killers from some of you.
The poster sketch is due 5/16
Drug Summary Questions1. What are the four different types of controlled
substances?2. Give three examples of each type of controlled
substance.3. What are four common side effects of each type
of controlled substance.4. Why does drug abuse lead to other crimes?
Give at least two examples.5. How much money does America lose every
year due to illicit drug use?6. How often is drug related evidence being
processed in a crime lab?
“The drug made me do it” defense If you commit a crime while on drugs can you
blame the drug and get away with it?
Read the case study on page 180 of the textbook. Can you blame a drug for your behavior or crime
you committed? Why or why not? Write a paragraph
Your Opinion. Most people in Yemen enjoy chewing Qat leaves
and getting high instead of doing anything productive after lunch.
If the government made marijuana legal do you think America would be endangered of a similar problem?
Why or why not? Write a well argued paragraph stating your
opinion. Your paragraph should include at least three
comprehensive arguments. The more the merrier.
Bellringer What are the four classifications of drugs?
Stimulants Depressants Narcotics Hallucinogens
Objectives Know the difference between a spot test
and a confirmatory test.
Understand how spectrometry is used to figure out what a mystery substance is.
Spot TestsA spot test is a chemical
reaction that occurs when a particular substance is added to an unknown.
Color Reactions Color reactions for spot tests on drugs
are an easy and quick method used to detect the presence of certain substances
Easy to conduct in the field These tests are not conclusive
Need more testing for a positive result A negative result means the drug isn’t there
Color Reactions Different drugs require different
chemicals to be mixed with them to produce a color reaction.Drugs Color
Marijuana Blue-violet
LSD Blue-violet
Amphetamines Red-orange to brown
Cocaine Blue and flaky
Heroin Purple
Barbiturates violet
Testing for Marijuana A police officer thinks she smells marijuana in a car
she pulled over. Then she sees a plastic baggie with some plant-like material in it.
The driver claims it is just some cooking spices, but the officer still takes it.
The color test is used for marijuana Marijuana becomes purple when mixed with
Duquenois-Levine (D-L)
Spectrophotometry Every compound produces a different
electromagnetic wavelength spectrum Like the DNA of compounds (drugs)
Forensic scientists compare the spectrum of a substance found at a crime scene to a known sample to figure out what drug it is.
Breaking Light Like paint light mixes together so in order
to look at each piece of light we need to break it up.
Break light up with a prism which disperses the light into its component colors.
Once the light is split we can analyze its spectrum.
Spectrometry Demos What does sun light look light?
What does fluorescent light look like?
What do the different tubes look like?
How could we identify the different tubes if the labels were peeled off?
Spectroscopy Videos Cocaine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjhTllPiwBk
Heroin http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U0dH9ml9Tc Everything ever
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ERmRPf1Ls0
Legalization Project Page 203 of the textbook. Work in pairs. Use laptops, notes, or textbook to find
sources. Can be typed or handwritten
Outline Pick which drug(s) you want to talk
about and why (Introduction) Find three different ideas with sources
that support the legalization of the drug(s) you picked
Find three different ideas with sources that do not support the legalization of the drug(s) you picked
Bellringer What are penalties and punishments for
drugs based off of?
Its actual medical use and its likeliness to be abused
Mr. Johnson came home late Tuesday night and found his front door wide open. Upon entering, he realized that his house had been robbed!! Four white powders were found at the crime scene. As the detective in charge, you need to determine if these powders are related to the robbery. What do you think these powders could be??
The case of the “white powder”
Investigation You and your group will use two different
liquids to identify which white powders are drugs.
Water Vinegar Iodine
A
B
C
D