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Towards Climate Resilient Development: Strengthening the Science-Policy-Institutional-
Finance Dialogue in Africa
Imasiku Nyambe and Belynda PetrieMarch 2011
Africa Adapt Symposium, Addis Ababa
Paper Overview• Climate responses in Africa are primarily adaptive
• Integrated development planning is a solution
• Climate finance is a means for adaptation
• Evidence needed for development and finance
• Governance and institutional arrangements
• International policy , domestic development and climate finance absorptive capacity
• Three demonstrative case studies
• Concluding remarks
Adaptive response to Climate Change
IPCC, 2007
FOR AFRICA
High dependence on rain fed agriculture
Global temperature increases more intense
Low levels of resilience
Small contribution to global GHGs
Climate Change is an additional development challenge
What is so critical for Africa:
HIV/AIDS prevalenceWater access & sanitation
Food security /droughts Floods & other extremesEducation
CC cross cuts and needs integrated planning & implementable policyCC impacts/worsens existing development challenges & poverty / Impacts MDGsRequires investment to build resilience
We NEED: A Coherent climate & development finance, which should include:
Publ
ic se
ctor
flow
sTreasury DonorDevelopment BanksClimate Funds
Priv
ate
Sect
or F
low
sInfrastructure financeProject FinanceCorporate InvestmentAsset-based finance
Com
mun
ity F
low
sPayment for servicesPayment for Eco-system ServicesMicro-financeLoans (housing etc)
Access = clear priorities & strategies; coherent financial planning & combined access of sources; climate risks in development & sector plans; governance and finance absorption capacity is a criteria for access
What Evidence do we have for CC development & finance?CC Risk Profile Map: key hotspots – sensitivity + exposure + adaptability (current conditions and recent history)
Regionally relevant evidence base to support policy and decision making and finance proposals needed:
• Sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity to CC – of sectors, systems and resources• Socio-economic impacts of CC• Likely impact of investment (socio-economic & environmental benefits of the action vs costs of business as usual approach
SADCZambia &
Mozambique
Governance & Institutions
Okavango Basin
Relevant Institutions: •Member States and relevant sector departments•River Basin Organisations•Community Based Organisations•Regional Economic Centre•Civil Society•Financiers (private, public)•Multilateral and/or National Implementing Entities for Climate Finance
Coherent institutions are key to integration of CC in development
Useful to locate these within a system – eg a river basin, within which CC ‘happens’
Robust governance additionally important
Climate Finance flows require compliant inst. arrangements AND robust governance structures
However
Finance architecture favours CC integrated development plans – increased regional climate finance absorptive capacity
Strong regionally relevant evidence base imperative with clear priorities
Negotiators in the political process need domestic development objectives and climate risks firmly in mind
On International policy, development & climate finance: What is happening?
Multilateral climate negotiations taking place whilst Africa considers how to adapt
African states participate (e.g. 53 Member States to Africa Negotiators Group)
Negotiations issues include Climate Finance; emission reduction targets; legally binding agreements & Long term Cooperative Action etc
Domestic Implications
Zambia case study: Climate Challenges
Temp↑ 1.3˚1960# hot days ↑ 11.8%Annual rainfall (↓ 2.3%/decade
1st
↑ Soil degradation↓ Soil moisture
↓ Wetland areas (dambos)↑ Heat stress
↓ River flow, groundwater
↓ Subsistence and commercial food production↑ Poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition
↓ Human health
Shift in cropping cycles↑ Pressure from pests & diseases↓ Crop yield (particularly maize)↑ Yield variability
↑ Harvesting of natural resources↑ Exploitation of forests / woodlands and wild foods for alternative income & food
Zambia : Development-based adaptation needs
• Promote natural systems resilience • “Socio-economic development = greater resilience”,• Consider alternate crops to maize / strengthen food security systems• Balance demand between water for energy (hydropower), water
for production (irrigation) and energy for industry (mining)
• Strengthen and focus water management strategies - flood & drought plans• Strengthened monitoring & information• Consider transboundary and national interests (Zambia = key Zambezi Basin beneficiary
• Institutional cooperation (IWRM) – bring in all stakeholders - clear institutional arrangements - water and disaster management through NWP 2010, NDPlans (FNDP: 2006-2010; SNDP:2011 -2015
Agric
ultu
re
Awar
enes
s
Catchment protectionEnvironment
Health education
Water harvestingSafe drinking water
Forestry Anim
al h usbandryW
ater for sanitation
Land use planning
Soil & water conservation
Productive water
IWRMFish
eriesIndustry
Hydro-power
Following the IWRM Process: A Framework for CC in the SNDP
Information and Knowledge Management
Useful CC information is accessible at all levels, clearly translated into social impacts
Local knowledge is used as a platform to develop new climate information (applying the adaptive management framework)
Science is translated into knowledge and then into practice to develop and refine climate change adaptation responses, using the adaptive management framework
Institutional Agreements (MOUs) and policies are reviewed/developed to ensure flexibility in an uncertain climate and development future
Cross-sectoral, multi-level engagement, coordination and arrangements to manage climate and development impacts, in particular between resource and disaster management agenciesFacilitate and encourage private public partnerships and regulate that all developments (private and public sector) minimise and mitigate their climate, environmental and social impacts
Framework for CC in the SNDP cont’dInfrastructure Identify and manage the cross sectoral benefits of minimising climate impacts on systems
and structures
Climate proof new and existing projects and development, particularly against floods and droughts
Apply the principles of ecological, equity and economic impact in all project development and implementation including climate change adaptation projects
Strengthening resilience of natural systems
Climate proof all Zambia’s natural systems by restoring and regenerating natural systems balanceBuild capacity for climate impact resilience and adaptation in all communities
Introduce disaster risk reduction and preparedness systems in all communities located in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts
Governance Equitably mobilise and manage climate change funding for projects in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts
Implement decision making processes that ensure that all people (applying the EEE principle) and the environment are effectively resilient to climate change impacts, particularly in Zambia’s most vulnerable regions to climate variability and climate change impacts
Examples of Programmes in the Water Sector - SNDP
Example of Financing in the Water Sector - SNDP
GRZ putting in money ranging from 20.5 Billion Kwacha in 2011 to ZMK114.6 Billion by 2015 in the SNDP
Case study Mozambique: Climate Challenges
Cyclone power increasing (Webster et al, 2005)
Increased flood intensity
Loss of infrastructure
Economic loss Human health losses
Climate change – warmer oceans - cyclogenesis
Loss of crops Outbreaks of disease
Physical injury
Mozambique: Development-based adaptation needs
• Improve infrastructural capacity – rehabilitate and strengthen for climate resilience
• Improve public health systems• Strengthen water and disaster management strategies & systems• Institutional cohesion and clear institutional arrangements
- water and disaster management• Strengthened monitoring & information• Consider transboundary and national interests
Mozambique: Climate Change and Disaster Management
• Improve early warning systems – especially “last mile”• Upgrade emergency response planning - deal with emerging climate risks• Develop information systems – integrate climate hazards (cyclones, floods
and droughts) with status of social and infrastructural vulnerabilities - improved planning
• Government and private sector work together to kick-start adaptation• Develop a systematic institutional focus on climate change, by all key
ministries• Integrated DRR, less ad-hoc, project based approach• Monitor, evaluate and reform institutional response (accountability)
(INGC, 2009)
Case study: SADC WaterObjective: A regional climate change adaptation strategy for the water sector
When? Work in progress: due Mid 2011
SADC Multi Stakeholder Water Dialogue, Maun Oct 2011
How?Member State Country Studies, conducted in country and coordinated by SADCExpert analysis and Expert Group WorkshopsDraft Strategy reviewed at SADC Multi-Stakeholder Water DialogueUtilises regional evidence base
What?Considers extreme events and longer term more gradual climate change risks Incorporates sovereign interests and risks as well as regional risks (transboundary in nature)Includes investment requirements in the water sector to strengthen climate resilienceLinks international policy with local development issues
Concluding remarks
Climate finance absorptive capacity is currently low
Climate change is another development risk
Climate change challenges most existing development risks
Integrating climate change into African development plans, policy and implementation is critical: • Alleviate the risk – macro and socio-economic• Strengthen development• Access finance – locally and internationally• Strengthen climate resilience
Kuomboka Ceremony in Barotse Floodplain
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION