Bengkel 1 Guide

8/13/2019 Bengkel 1 Guide

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Embedded SQL........................................................................................ 3

1.1 Objectives................................................................................................................................ 3

1.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 31.2.1 Embedded SQL statements.............................................................................................. 3

1.2.2 PRO*C.............................................................................................................................. 3

1.2.3 Steps in executing PRO*C program.................................................................................. 4

1.2.4 List of embedded SQL statements supported by Pro*C................................................... 5

Chapter 2 Configuring Visual Studio 2008 and Pro*c........................................................................ 7

2.1 Objectives................................................................................................................................ 7

2.2 prerequisites ........................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Configuration steps ................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.1 Specifying the Location of the Pro*C/C++ Executable..................................................... 7

2.3.2 Specifying the Location of the Pro*C/C++ Header Files.................................................... 9

2.3.3 Specifying the Location of the Pro*C/C++ Library folder................................................ 10

2.3.4 Setting Custom Build for .pc extension.......................................................................... 12

2.3.5 Setting the Visual Studio to recognize .pc as C/C++ code............................................... 15

2.3.6 Connect to Oracle database........................................................................................... 16

Chapter 3 Introduction to Embedded SQL Programming............................................................... 21

3.1 Objectives.............................................................................................................................. 21

3.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 21

3.2.1 Embedded SQL syntax.................................................................................................... 21

3.2.2 Host Variables................................................................................................................ 21

3.2.3 Connect to database...................................................................................................... 22

3.2.4 Using SELECT statement................................................................................................. 22

3.2.5 Using INSERT Statements............................................................................................... 23

3.2.6 Error Handling using WHENEVER statement.................................................................. 23

3.2.7 WHENEVER statement - Actions.................................................................................... 24

3.3 Sample Program Revisited..................................................................................................... 25

Chapter 4 Creating a sample menu driven console database-application...................................... 27

4.1 Objectives.............................................................................................................................. 27


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4.2 Database Table Creation ....................................................................................................... 27

4.3 Program Development.......................................................................................................... 28

4.4 Exercise ................................................................................................................................. 38


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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SQL

1.1 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Understand the term embedded SQL and Pre-compiler Understand how a Pro*C program work

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.2.1 EMBEDDED SQLSTATEMENTS

The term embedded SQL refers to SQL statements placed within an application program.

As it houses the SQL statements, the application program is called a host program and the

language which it is written is called host language.

Oracles embedded SQL environment is called Pro*C

There are two types of Embedded SQL statements available in Oracle which are:

Executable statements Results in calls to the runtime library SQLLIB

Used to connect to Oracle, to define, query and manipulate Oracle data, to controlaccess to Oracle data, and to process transactions

Directives Do not result in calls to SQLLIB and do not operate on Oracle data Used to declare Oracle objects, communications areas, and SQL variables

1.2.2 PRO*C

PRO*C is a precompiler for C and C++. You can embed SQL statements in your code and thenrun the precompiler (the command isproc) on your source and out comes a new source file

that you can compile as usual.


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Pre-compilers are tools that allow you to embed SQL statements in the High Level Language

source code. Pre-compilers accept SQL statement, translate the SQL statements into runtime

calls, and generate application source code.

Oracle supports pre-compilers for the following High Level Language

C/C++ COBOL Fortran Pascal PL/I Ada

1.2.3 STEPS IN EXECUTING PRO*CPROGRAM


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1.2.4 LIST OF EMBEDDED SQLSTATEMENTS SUPPORTED BY PRO*C

Declarative Statements

EXEC SQL ARRAYLEN To use host arrays with PL/SQL

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION

EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

To declare host variables

EXEC SQL DECLARE To name Oracle objects

EXEC SQL INCLUDE To copy in files

EXEC SQL TYPE To equivalence datatypes

EXEC SQL VAR To equivalence variables

EXEC SQL WHENEVER To handle runtime errors

Executable Statements

EXEC SQL ALLOCATE To define and control Oracle data

EXEC SQL ALTER

EXEC SQL ANALYZE

EXEC SQL AUDIT

EXEC SQL COMMENT

EXEC SQL CONNECT

EXEC SQL CREATE

EXEC SQL DROP

EXEC SQL GRANT

EXEC SQL NOAUDIT

EXEC SQL RENAME

EXEC SQL REVOKE

EXEC SQL TRUNCATE

EXEC SQL CLOSE

EXEC SQL DELETE To query and manipulate Oracle data

EXEC SQL EXPLAIN PLAN

EXEC SQL FETCH

EXEC SQL INSERT

EXEC SQL LOCK TABLE


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EXEC SQL OPEN

EXEC SQL SELECT

EXEC SQL UPDATE

EXEC SQL COMMIT To process transactions

EXEC SQL ROLLBACK

EXEC SQL SAVEPOINT

EXEC SQL SET TRANSACTION

EXEC SQL DESCRIBE To use dynamic SQL

EXEC SQL EXECUTE

EXEC SQL PREPARE

EXEC SQL ALTER SESSION To control sessions

EXEC SQL SET ROLE

EXEC SQL EXECUTE

END-EXEC

To embed PL/SQL blocks


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CHAPTER 2 CONFIGURING VISUAL STUDIO 2008AND PRO*C

2.1 OBJECTIVES


Configure Visual Studio 2008 with Pro*C Know how to code to connect to Oracle database

2.2 PREREQUISITES

Before starting this chapter, students are expected to have knowledge in the following

SQL development and syntax Usage of Visual Studio 2008 Oracle Client 10g and Visual Studio 2008 installed in the computer

2.3 CONFIGURATION STEPS

2.3.1 SPECIFYING THE LOCATION OF THE PRO*C/C++EXECUTABLE

1. Start up Visual Studio 2008 2.

Go to Tools> Options. The Options window will open.

3. Expands Projects and Solutionstab in the left panel.4. Select VC++ Directories.

a. On the right panel, select Executable filesfrom Show directories For.b. Then click the new line button (new folder icon) to create a new linec. Click the browse button (button with three dots) and select the folder

ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\bin directory. For example :

D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\bin

d. Note: you should search for the directory in your computer where Oracle isinstalled

5. Click OK.


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3

4

4a

4b

4c


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2.3.2 SPECIFYING THE LOCATION OF THE PRO*C/C++HEADER FILES

1. Go to Tools> Options.2. Expands Projects and Solutionstab in the left panel.3. Select VC++ Directories.

a. On the right panel, select Include Filesfrom Show directories For.b. Then click the new line button (new folder icon) to create a new line c. Click the browse button (button with three dots) and select the folder

ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\precomp\public directory. For example :

D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\precomp\public

d. Note: you should search for the directory in your computer where Oracle isinstalled

4. Click OK.

2

3

3a

3b

3c


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2.3.3 SPECIFYING THE LOCATION OF THE PRO*C/C++LIBRARY FOLDER

Pro*C/C++ applications must link with the library file orasql10.lib to be able to execute.

1. Create a new empty Win32 console application project2. Right click on project, select Properties.

3. Expand Configuration Propertiestab in the left panel.4. Expand Linker. Select General.5. On the right panel, click the browse button (button with 3 dots) in Additional Library

Directories.6. Add a new line (folder icon) and browse for the oraclesql10.lib7. It can found be in ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\precomp\lib.


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8. Then, on the left panel, click Input which located under Linkermenu.a. Select Additional Dependencies.b. Then type in orasql10.lib.

9. ClickOK.

3

4

5

8

8b


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5. After fill the form above, click Add Build Rule.6. Set the rule as shown in the screen capture below.

a. Command Line: proc code=cpp $(InputName)b. Display Name: ProCc. Outputs: $(ProfDir)\$(InputName).cpp

7. Click OK.proc is the command to compile the .pc file.

code=cppspecifies what file extension will it produces. Default is .c files.

$(InputName)is the file name.

6a

6b

6c


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8. Make sure to tick the rule that you created to each project that you want to use proccommand.


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2.3.5 SETTING THE VISUAL STUDIO TO RECOGNIZE .PC AS C/C++CODE

1. Go to Tools > Options2. Expend Text Editor tab in the left panel3. Select File Extension4. Under Extension, typepc and click Add5. Click OK to finish

2

3

4

5


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2.3.6 CONNECT TO ORACLE DATABASE

Setting of the Workpace and Project Properties are done.

Lets create a simple application to try to connect to the Oracle database.

We assume you already have the Oracle userId, password, server IP address and databasename

given by the faculty.

1. Right click Source Files in Project Solutions2. Select Add> New Item

3. Select c++ file and enter the following name for file name TestConnection.pc


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* connection to database is successful

* this is not needed in the system*/

cout


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* Description: The main calling function

******************************************************************************/

intmain()

{

/*connect to database*/

fnConnectDB();

/*close database connection*/

fnCloseDBConnection();

cout


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10.Right click Source Filesin Project Solutions11.Click Add > Existing Item

12.Browse and add the TestConnection.cppfrom your project folder in you workspace.13.Compile and execute our project. You should get the following output if there is no errors.


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3.2.3 CONNECT TO DATABASE

Pro*C/C++ program must connect to the database before querying or manipulating data.

CONNECT statement can be used to establish a connection between the application program

and database.

EXEC SQL CONNECT :username IDENTIFIED BY :password ;

where username and password are char or VARCHAR host variables.

Or,

EXEC SQL CONNECT :usr_pwd;

where the host variable usr_pwd contains your username and password separated by a slash

character (/).

3.2.4 USING SELECTSTATEMENT

SELECT, returning single row:EXEC SQL select ename

into :acname from emp

where empno = 7369 ;

SELECT, returning no rows:EXEC SQL select ename

into :acname from emp

where empno = 9999;

SELECT, returning many rows:EXEC SQL select ename

into :acname from emp;

Error handling

Use whenever not found clause

Use Host Array to store

the values


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3.2.5 USING INSERT STATEMENTS

The values can be those of constants, host variables, SQL expressions, SQL functions such as

USER and SYSDATE, or user-defined PL/SQL functions.

Example:

EXEC SQL

INSERT INTO emp (empno, ename, sal, deptno)

VALUES (:emp_number, :emp_name, :salary,

:dept_number);

Using sub query:

EXEC SQL

INSERT INTO emp2 (empno, ename, sal, deptno)

SELECT empno, ename, sal, deptno FROM emp

WHERE job= CLERK);

Using UPDATE and DELETE statments

Example UPDATE statement:

EXEC SQL UPDATE emp

SET sal = :salary, comm = :commission

WHERE empno = :emp_number;

Example DELETE statement:

EXEC SQL DELETE FROM emp

WHERE deptno = :dept_number ;

3.2.6 ERROR HANDLING USING WHENEVERSTATEMENT

WHENEVER statement is used to do automatic checking and error handling

Syntax:

EXEC SQL WHENEVER ;

{ [SQLWARNING] |

[SQLERROR] |

[NOT FOUND]


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}

{ [CONTINUE] |

[DO function_call() | break ]

[goto statement_label] |

[STOP]

}

3.2.7 WHENEVERSTATEMENT -ACTIONS

CONTINUE Continue with next statement if possible

DO {|break|continue} Control transferred to function, at end of routine - control returns to statement

following the failed SQL statement

break - Will break from the loop in which the failed SQL statement is present andtransfer control to statement following loop

GOTO Control transferred to labeled statement

STOP Execution of Program stops, uncommitted work rolled back Generates exit() call

example

void main()

{

//Some piece of code

EXEC SQL DECLARE emp_cursor FOR SELECT

empno,ename FROM emp;

EXEC SQL OPEN emp_cursor;

EXEC SQL WHENEVER NOT FOUND DO break;


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WHILE(1)

{

EXEC SQL FETCH EMP_CURSOR INTO

:EMP_NUMBER,:EMP_NAME;

...

}

EXEC SQL CLOSE EMP_CURSOR;

}

3.3 SAMPLE PROGRAM REVISITED

Lets have a closer look on the previous sample program created in Chapter 2

#include

#include

Includes all the file that

contains the functions for the

execution of the program

voidfnConnectDB()

{

/*host variable declaration*/

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;

charconnection_name[128];EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

/*copy the connection string to host variable*/

strcpy_s(connection_name, "id/pswd@netService");

/*redirect to display error if database error occurs*/

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO

sql_error("do_connect():CONNECT");

EXEC SQL CONNECT :connection_name;

cout


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CHAPTER 4 CREATING A SAMPLE MENU DRIVEN CONSOLE DATABASE-

APPLICATION

4.1 OBJECTIVES


Understand the basic syntax for embedded SQL programming Able to create a simple menu driven Embedded SQL console application

4.2 DATABASE TABLE CREATION

Create the following database tables by executing the sql queries in your oracle

create table customer(

cu_id number(4) constraints cu_pk primary key,

cu_name varchar2(50) constraints cu_name_null not null,

cu_contact varchar2(15) constraints cu_contact_null not null,

cu_status varchar(15) constraints cu_status_null not null

);

create table book(

bo_id number(5) constraints bo_pk primary key,

bo_name varchar2(100) constraints bo_name_null not null,

bo_price number(7,2) constraints bo_price_null not null

);

create table rental_book(

rb_id number(4) constraints rb_pk primary key,

cu_id number(4) constraints rb_fk1 references customer(cu_id) constraints rb_fk1_null

not null,

bo_id number(5) constraints rb_fk2 references book(bo_id) constraints rb_fk2_null not

null,

ev_id number(4) constraints rb_fk3 references event(ev_id),rb_rentaldate date constraints rb_rentaldate_null not null,

rb_returndate date constraints rb_returndate_null not null,

rb_price number(7,2) constraints rb_price_null not null

);

create table event(


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/* Function declarations */

voidfnConnectDB();

voidfnCloseDBConnection();

voidsql_error(char*);

voidfnMainMenu();

voidfnViewCustomer();voidfnEditCustomer();

voidfnAddCustomer();

/*****************************************************************************

*

* End of Functions.h

******************************************************************************

/

/******************************************************************************

* Filename : Functions.pc

* Author : FTMK, UTeM

* Description : Contains the functions required for opening or closing database

* connections.

* Modification Log:

******************************************************************************

/

/* Include files */#include

#include

#include

/* Declaration of functions and constants used */

#include"Functions.h"

usingnamespacestd;

/*****************************************************************************

*

* Function: fnConnectDB

* Description: Connect to Oracle 10g Database

******************************************************************************

/

voidfnConnectDB()


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{

/*host variable declaration*/


charconnection_name[128];

EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

/*copy the connection string to host variable*/strcpy_s(connection_name, "/@");

/*redirect to display error if database error occurs*/

EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR DO sql_error("do_connect():CONNECT");

EXEC SQL CONNECT :connection_name;

/*********/

/* this code is to print the connection statement to verify the connection

* is successful. Uncomment this if you want to verify whether the

* connection to database is successful* this is not needed in the system*/

//printf("Connected to database.\n");

cout


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{

charmessage_buffer[512];

size_t buffer_size;

size_t message_length;

/* Turn off the call to sql_error() to avoid a possible infinite loop */EXEC SQL WHENEVER SQLERROR CONTINUE;

cout


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usingnamespacestd;

/*****************************************************************************

*

* Function: fnViewCustomer

* Description: Page to add new customer

******************************************************************************

/

voidfnViewCustomer()

{


intcustomer_id;charname[25],contact[15];

charstatus[20];

EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;

inttotalCustomer=0;

fnConnectDB();

system("cls");

cout


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cout


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cin>>cu_id;

cin.clear();

cin.ignore(numeric_limits::max(),'\n');

EXEC SQL SELECT * INTO :customer_id,:name,:contact,:status FROM CUSTOMER WHERE

CU_ID = :cu_id;

cout


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cin.ignore(numeric_limits::max(),'\n');

cin.get();

system("cls");

fnCloseDBConnection();

fnMainMenu();

}

/*****************************************************************************

*

* End of Customer.pc

******************************************************************************

/

/*****************************************************************************

*

* Filename : Main.cpp

* Author : FTMK, UTeM

* Description : Contains the functions required for main module of the system

* Modification Log:

******************************************************************************

/

/* Include files */#include

#include



usingnamespacestd;

/*****************************************************************************

*

* Function: fnMainMenu

* Description: Menu for the customer

******************************************************************************

/

voidfnMainMenu()

{


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intchooice = 0;

cout


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intmain()

{

fnMainMenu();

return0;

}

/*****************************************************************************

*

* End of DBFunctions.c

******************************************************************************

/

2. Change the database connection userid, password and host String in Function.pc3.

Compile all the .pc files and add the generated .cpp files into the project source.

4. Execute the program and observe the output.5. Try to add a Customer.6. Display all the customers in the system.7. Edit Customer 1001 and change all his information.8. File does not have header guard. So you need to type codes like example below to avoid conflict

before you include .

#defineSQLCA_STORAGE_CLASS extern

4.4 EXERCISE

In the sample program given above, the add book and view books modules are not

implemented.

1. Create a Books.pcfile and implement necessary functions to add book and view book2. Call the functions u created in Book.pcin Main.pcsfn in enufunction

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