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Zurich Open Repository andArchiveUniversity of ZurichMain
LibraryStrickhofstrasse 39CH-8057 Zurichwww.zora.uzh.ch
Year: 2011
Sinndimensionen der weißen Haut in der lateinischen Literatur
desMittelalters
Cardelle de Hartmann, Carmen
Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of
ZurichZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-49249Book
SectionPublished Version
Originally published at:Cardelle de Hartmann, Carmen (2011).
Sinndimensionen der weißen Haut in der lateinischen Literaturdes
Mittelalters. In: Bennewitz, I; Schindler, A. Farbe im Mittelalter.
Materialität – Medialität –Semantik. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag,
647-664.
-
Sonderdruck aus:
Farbe im Mittelalter
Materialität – Medialität – Semantik
Im Auftrag des Mediävistenverbandes
herausgegeben von
Ingrid Bennewitz und Andrea Schindler
unter Mitarbeit von
Karin Hanauska, Peter Hinkelmanns und Bettina Becker
Band II
Akademie Verlag
Berlin 2011
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"Z !rw´hykygy r wZßy ¨akn qZy Zy r lanZyZqhy ¤Znrankr q
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mZzZyZqhy ³hrZfny, BZbl;xgq or lyrZqhr "Zhnkyg wZr Z wZß ¨aknfarb
bZl´kfZg rw´hyn or Zy;ghy gprZqy, faqn krhg´ygZg Zy Zym poqZnZiy
bZq prZqyy ±oya "Zq l´qqn ZygqllqhafnlZh ¨ohqh´nzkyg r wZßy
¨aknfarb irmkny, allrZygq Vöyyy qZhZ ±xn akh akf ayr ±xn, akf
lZnrarZqh ky akßrlZnrarZqh ±raZnZoyybzZhya §y Zqm Fall l´n qZh Z
Zyfah !rw´hykyg Zyr hlly ¨aknfarb krhZ KoyyonanZoyy, Z qZ Zm ¤qr
wahrkfn, mZn wZnry ³ZyyZmyqZoyy akfa §yZqm ,kfqanz qoll r Frag
yahggaygy wry, wlh akßr;, Zyyr; ky Zynr;nxnklly Bzüg krh Z ºyykyg
Zyr wZßy ¨aknfarb hrgqnlln wry Voyynyky wlh Bknkygy akrh Zhr
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baynworny, Zym Zy großr ±Zl, or gar all Blgkrhgqhy wrya !q wZr hZr
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y VoynraqnZryy rglZh mZn r kyVly ¨aknblZbn wyZg µakma "Zq han joh
bZqhr mhr ,kfmrVqamVZn Zy r Forqhkyggfkyya] ,kf ry !rgbyZqq wZr
qhalb Vkrz am !y hZygwZqya"Z rqn Frag, Z qZh qnlln, Zqn, ob Z
¨ohqh´nzkyg r wZßy ¨akn Zy r ¤Z;
nrankr mZn Zym gqllqhafnlZhy ³höyhZnqZal VorrlZrna "aqq qZ bjahy
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qZyZy r mZzZyZqhy FahlZnrankr zahlrZh µzpn afür übrlZfrn, Zy hll
¨aknzk rlaygy: "Z Br´ky, Z Z ³oyy irlZhn, qolln krh ³oyyyqhknzmZnnl
ir;mZy or krh ³hmZyV irVn wry; VoqmnZqh ¸r´paran Voyyny Z
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] ³Zh Z ,kfq´nz ioy "ahay, ¸ë\(k %þâ, 2000, ¸Zoy, ¢3"þ%, 2007 ky
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648 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
"Z rwykyg Zqr ¢Znnl wZr krh Z !rw´hykyg Zy r VayoyZqnZqhy ky Zy
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kyVl rqhZyn, ky qkhn qhalb Z ¨Zlf Zyq ,rz;nq, r Zhr irqprZhn, krh Z
,ywykyg Zyq ³afnq wür j ³pkr ioy "kyVlhZnirqhwZyya "Z Frak w´qhn
amZn gwZqqyhafn Zhr ÜqZhn, abr qZh a, yZhn ykr ZkyVl Farb, qoyry Z
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]80)a6 Zk y B´ry ky y BagwohyhZny Zm ¢Znnlalnr qZh ¨yy, Körprpflg,
]903, ppa35–49a
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© A
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ioy r ºankr ggb;y Farb; ek7bëbþ% hZyggy müqq krh bqoyr ¸flg rrZhn
wry ky Vöyy qo;wohl y Körpr alq akh Z ³l haraVnrZqZrya ]0 !Zy ¨akn,
Z mZn ek7bëbk bzZh;yn wZr, Zqn myah yZhn ykr hll, qoyry akh maVlloq
ky qnrahlya "arakf wZqnbyfallq Z h´kfZg rwykyg q ,jVnZiq 7ë"ëbþ% Zy
Zqm Zkqammyhayg hZya§y BqhrZbkygy hohgqnllnr ¸rqöylZhVZny wZr
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bZl´kfZg rw´hyna]] "Z BqhrZbkyg ioy ,lZgy alq wZßh´knZg qnhn Zm
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Fraky ky KZrhym´yyr –qlnyr alq Bakry r ³oyy akqgqnzn warya "Zq wZr
abr Zy y mZr bVayyny ±xnyyZhn akqrüVlZh gqagn, akh Zy KoynraqnZrkyg
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akh Zhr ±Zyn wZßa]3 §yqbqoyr Zqn zkbmrVy, aqq Z hkn glgynlZh
ayzknrffy µüVführkyg q ,kqrkVq „blakqBlkn“ akf Zy wZß ¨akn, Z Z ,ry
bl´klZh qhZmmry l´qqn ky Zy ¢rVmal r,lZgy w´r, Zyr hZqnorZqhy
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ornhographZa‘, pa 5–23)a
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650 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
ky krqprüyglZh mZn Zym pjoranZiy Uynrnoy akf y yZry ,l bzogy
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„¢Zqhkyg“ mpfkyy wkr,wZl KoyirnZny (Zy ³payZy) or §yZoq (Zy ,mrZVa)
kynr y orfahry warya Ürar yZr ,l Zqn Zy ³payZy h´kfZg hlZh rbZykygy
mZn FamZlZy jüZqhr ,b;qnammkyg (e37ü`(%3%) Zyggaygya]4
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ykr akfaq gqllqhafnlZh ³höyhZnqZal, qoyry akh akf Z lZnrarZqh
±raZnZoya BrZnq Zyr ¤ZbqZhnkyg r ,ynZV han Z qhöy Frak Zy wZß ¨akn,
h´kfZg mZn Zym rön;lZhy ³hZmmra]5 "Zq Zqn akh qo bZ y ,knory, Z Zm
¢Znnlalnr Zy r ³hkl gl;qy ky alq orbZl Zyny, bZ rgZl, ¨oraz, ¹iZa
"Z BzZhkyg zwZqhy wZßr ¨aknky ³höyhZn Zqn qo yg, aqq mayhr
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"Zhnr ³nZlmZnnl Zy, Z Z ¨akn mZn ¢Zlh, ³hy, ¤ZlZy,¢armor or !lfybZy
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Zm Folgyy bzZha]6 ¸hZlargyrZkq ky r qogyayyn ³riZkq aknkq zk rgZl,
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/þäeî(3 /37ë"! þ" ek7bëbk Ýëb3 `" ek7þbëbk këk (³rkZkq aknkq, a
±hZlo / ¨agy, pa 60)a ,kh ¸orphyrZkq ghn Zy qZym ¨oraz;Kommy;nar
akf Zq Bknkyg ioy ek7bëbþ% bZ rgZl Zy: àk7b3(ë% kþ"`â 73âë7` `"
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ek7bëbþ% ´äµâ/ë `" ek7bëbk Ýëb3 (a BarabZyo n ala, pa 74)a
]7 ,yré, Énk, ]949, ppa 3]–38, qnlln bZ ek7bëbþ% Zy qpzZfZqhr
Bknkyg alq bZ kähþ%(ªZß Zm Ügyqanz zk ³hwarz) fqna àk7bëbþ% bzZhyn
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]8 ¹a, ¸oyna, 2,5,37a]9 ,rna „ayZklkq“, „ayZkq“, „ayor“, ¢¤ª 2,
¢üyhy ]999, ppa ]57–]59a20 ,rna „yZialZq“, „yZikq“, ºÜ¢¤a Kopyhagy
]965, ppa ]28]–]282a ªZ Z "krhqZhn r Bl;
g Zy r "anybayV ëh(k(µ 3^ k"ë7 ¢`¸"% zZgn, bknn äke"`þ% Zy r µgl
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Zy Zkqammyhayg mZn m myqh;
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³ZyyZmyqZoyy r wZßy ¨akn 65]
³hyq, q !lfybZyq or q ¢armorq irglZhya22 ÜlgynlZh fZyn qZh Z
¸r´zZ;qZrkyg, aqq Zy ronr ¨akh akf r wZßy ¨akn lZgn or aqq Zq Zyy
roqarony³hZmmr or Ürkynoy han; Zy Zqm Fall Zqn r rglZh mZn µoqy ky
¤ZlZy b;lZbn23a ,kh arZy folgy mZnnlalnrlZh ,knory aynZVy
orbZlrya24
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Ü;qZhnqfarb, Z yZhn lZglZh akf Z ´kßr ³höyhZn hZywZqya ªyy akf r
wZßy¨akn Zy roqaronr ¨akh lZgn, Vayy Zq iom yanürlZhy ±Zyn or ioy r
³hmZyVVommy, q Vayy abr akh akf Zyyr !monZoyy hZykny, akf Zory or
³hama §y raynZVy ¤Znrankr Vommn qhalb Z krh ³hühnryhZn roqZg ¨akn
alq ZZhy r³ZnnqamVZn ior allm Zy wZblZhy ¸ornr´nq iora25 ,yfayg q
5a Jahrhkyrnq l´qqn !yyo;Zkq Z prqoyZfZzZrn rkyZa, Z qZnnqam
³hühnryhZn, Z wZß ¨akn mZn Zymroqarony ³hlZr bVy:
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k"qþ` ^ëb`â â3(þâ /k7bë"` b` ^keë`F26
§m 5a Jahrhkyrn fZyn qZh Zy BZqpZl, Zy m Z ron Farb r ³hühnryhZn
akfy ªaygy Zyq KöyZgq rqhZyn, ky zwar bZ ³ZoyZkq ,pollZyarZq, r
KöyZg ±h;orZh qhZlrn: … äke"`k eþ"ë%! qþk` /(3/ëþ% ë7%/`e"k
ëþü`7käë (þh3(` %þ^^þ7bë"þ(Æ7kâqþ` îþ7e ëääë e(`h(3 e3ä3(`â 737 ë(k
%`b ü`(`eþ7bëk ^keë"a27a µahwZy übryZmmnZq ³nll faqn wörnlZh für Z
³hZlrkyg ioy FrZrZh Barbaroqqa: … äke"`k eþ"ë%`" qþk` ëþü`7ëäë
(þh3(` %þ^^þ7bk"þ(! `þâqþ` ëääë e(`h(3 e3ä3(`â 737 ë(k! %`b
ü`(`eþ7bëk
^keë"a28 "Zq wörnlZh Übryahm qoll yZhn lZglZh alq ZZhy mayglyr
qprah;lZhy ÜwaynhZn or Zyq grZygy §ynrqqq ay Zyr wahrhZnqgnrky
BqhrZ;bkyg gknn wrya µahwZy mag bZ ³ZoyZkq ,pollZyarZq Zyy lgayny
qprah;
lZhy Körpr wZr q akf Z Z´hy bzogya ,kh âk(â3(`þ% bknn faqn
akqqhlZßlZh „akq¢armor“a
22 Zk Zqr ¢naphorZV Zy r lanZyZqhy ky iolVqqprahlZhy ¤Znrankr
zwZqhy ]000 ky]600 qZh ¸ozzZ, &oZZ, ]976, ppa 37–76a
23 ¤anzV, "Z ek(âë7k `(3"ëek ]974/75, pa ]7], brZygn mhrr Blg,
ioryhmlZh akq r aynZVy¤Znrankra §hr Zahl lZß qZh problmloq irmhry;
allZy Zy y ‚&armZya Bkraya‘ fZyn qZhr rglZh r ÜqZhnqfarby mZn
µoqy ky ¤ZlZy mhrmalq: &B ]82, 3,2; &B ]64,3,3;
&B]74,3,]; &B 67,5a,6; &B 92,58,3a ³Zh akh ,yma 8a
24 ,yré, Énk, ]949, ppa 324–325; ¢kry, ¤a pak, 2005, argkmynZrn
ggy Zy §ynrprnanZoyr aynZVy ±xn, Z Zm wZßrony KolorZn r
FrakybqhrZbkygy Zy grll VoynraqnZry³hmZyVpraxZq rVyyy wZlla "Z Zy
Zqm Zkqammyhayg h´kfZg irwyny ¸arnZzZpZy^þ%þ% ky %þ^^þ%þ% (igla za
Ba ¹iZ, ,morq, 3,3,5–6: àk7bëbk ek7b3(`â (3%`3 %þ^^þ%k (þh3(` Ck7"`
^þë"Æ 7ëþ`3 äþe`" ë7 3(` (þh3() mZyy, aqq aq ron Blkn kynr r wZßy
¨akn für Zyy ro;qarony ³hZmmr qorgna
25 ,yré, Énk, ]949, pa 326a26 &"¤§§ (opkqa 6), pa 3]]a27
lZba §, pa 2, ³a 2, Za 24a28 ‚Üqna FrZrZZ lZba §‘, apa 86, pa
343a
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652 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
lZhy ,kqrkV für Zyy ´hylZhy ³ahirhaln gfkyy haby; mZn m
³ZoyZkq;ZZnan, aq ioy mayhm ¤qr rVayyn wry Voyyn, zog r akh Zy
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§nalZy rrkygyhanna or allm zZgn Zq Übryahm, aqq Zy gwZqq ³hühnryhZn
akh bZ Z;ym ¢ayy ky bZ Zym KöyZg alq ZZhy r ³ZnnqamVZn Zm 5a wZ Zm
]2a Jha g;qh´nzn wry Voyyn, mZyqnyq Zm VZrhlZhy ¢ZlZk, zk m ³ZoyZkq
,pollZyarZqky µahwZy ghörnya³lbqnirqn´ylZh wkr Z qZnnqam ³hühnryhZn
akh bZ Fraky gprZqya
"Zq "knkyg r ¨aknfarb lgn r ,knor r ‚Zna ¢anhZlZq poqnrZor‘ m
¤qryaha ³Zy orlag, Z ‚Zna ¢anhZlZq aynZqkZor‘, qhZlrn aq rqn ±rffy
zwZqhy¢anhZl ky Zhrm zkVüyfnZgy Ümahl ¨ZyrZh (m qp´nry KöyZg ¨ZyrZh
§a)ky haraVnrZqZrn abZ Z ³höyhZn r jkygy ,lZgy ykr krh Z Farby
Zhrr¨akna29 "r ,knor r ‚Zna poqnrZor‘ rwZnrn Z BqhrZbkyg ioy
¢anhZlq Fkß;rm yZhn, qhZbn abr Zyy ³anz Zy, Zy m akf ¢anhZlq
Jkygfr´klZhVZn ky qZnn;qam ZkrüVhalnkyg hZygwZqy wZr: … ë7 `k
üë(\ë7käë% ë7e`%%þ% `" ü`(` /þbëeë"ë`îkhë"þ%Æ ^(37% %`(`7þ% `"
%/`eë3%þ% kb ë7"þ`7bþâ üþä"þ% ë7 ek7b3(` äëäëë% `¸"ë"ë"
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äë%! ë7 üëüëb3 kþ"`â e3ä3(` k%%ëâëäkhk"þ( (3%k(þâ ^3äëë%a30
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3]¢Zr Zqn VZy wZnrq BZqpZl Zyr qolhy "k;nkyg bVayyn ky akh r
µZhnr, r y ³nrZn zwZqhy bZy Blkmy ynqhZn,bqnZmmn Z KkqhhZn alq Z
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ë7 î3("ë%a32
"Z wZß ¨akn Vayy yZhn ykr übr Z !monZoyy, Z Zhr F´rbkyg
irkrqahy,,kfqhlkqq übr Z ³l q bqhrZbyy ¢yqhy gby, qoyry akh
ZyqymbolZqhr ªZqa àk7b3( ky ek7bëbþ% bzZhyy Zy r ,ynZV Z
phyqZqhµZyhZn ky ¢aVlloqZgVZn, abr akh Z µZyhZn r ³Znn ky r
ÜqZyykyga ªrek7bëbþ% Zqn, Zqn hrlZh ky günZga "Zq gZln für Z hZyZqh
,ynZV ky für Z hrZqn;lZh ³p´naynZVa33 ,kh Zm ¢Znnlalnr Vayy Z wZß
¨aknfarb akf Z ³ZnnqamVZnhZywZqya "Zq Zqn Zy ³hZlrkygy ioy
FürqnZyyy ky KöyZgZyyy h´kfZg ayzknrf;fy; r "Zhnr lobn mZn m ªornfl
ioy ek7b3( glZhzZnZg Zhr ³höyhZn kyZhry nalloqy ¤byqwayla "m BZqpZl
akq r BqhrZbkyg r KöyZgZy ¢a;nhZl ´hyln Zy wZnrq akq m ponZqhy
¸ornr´n Zyr ayry ¢anhZl, r kn;
29 «þ` /(3e`b`7%! 7ëü`k% \`7k% /`(âë¸"3 ë\7ë% (þh3(`! ek7bëbk
ü`äþ"ë äëäëk (þh`7"ëhþ% (3%ë% ë7"`(þâë¸"k "kä`% bkhk" 3(` e3ä3(`%
(‚Zna aynZqkZor‘, a 2, pa ]]5)a
30 ‚Zna poqnrZor‘, a 3, pa ]5]a3] &a 8], iia ]]–]2, pa
]27a32 &a 8], ia 39, pa ]28a33 ,yré, Énk, ]949, pa 38; für Z
frühhrZqnlZhy ,knory, ,rna „&ayZkq“, ±h¤¤ iola §§§, hZr
pa 244a ³Zh akh Z oby ,yma 9 zZnZrny Blg bZ y ¤xZVographya
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³ZyyZmyqZoyy r wZßy ¨akn 653
qhy KöyZgZy ky KaZqrZy krh Zhr !h mZn ¨ZyrZh a ky qp´nry KöyZgZy
ioy!yglay akq Zgym µhna oy Zhr qagn ¢arbo ioy µyyq: `" ek%"kâ
â`7"`â ek7bëbk^3(âk b`e`"F
34
Bqoyrq h´kfZg yyyn ³klZkq ³onnkq Z wZß ¨aknfarb Zy y
paygyrZqhyÜZhny, Z r Karl m Kahly ky qZyr FamZlZ wZmna !Zy Bzkg zkr
³Znnqam;VZn fZyn qZh Zy Zym ÜZhn übr Z µoll r KöyZgZy akq ‚"
rnorZbkq hrZqnZa;yZq‘, qZym KöyZgqqpZgl, Zy proqZmnrZqhr Form:
ke"`k ^3(â3%3 7ë"`k7" %ë e3ääk b`e3(`!
âk\ë% 7ë"`%ek" ek%"ë"k%35
,llrZygq Vayy Z wZß ¨akn r KöyZg bZ ³klZkq ³onnkq ayrq VoyyonZrn
qZya!r irwyn y´mlZh bqoyrq h´kfZg ªörnr wZ ek7bëbþ% ky 7ëü`þ%, Z Zy
qnrah;lyq ªZß bzZhyy, yby ayry, Z ior allm akf y Ülayz hZywZqy:
7ë"3(!7ë"ëbþ%! ^þä\3(! ^þä\ëbþ%, 7ë"`(`! 7ë"`%e3! %/ä`7bëbþ%!
(kbëk(`! eäk(ë^ëek(`… 36a "r KöyZgky qZy FamZlZ qnrahly ioy Zyyy ky
zZgy qo Zhr ÜbrlgyhZn, may Vayy qa;gy: Zhr ,kqrw´hlnhZn, yy Z
VarolZygZqhy KöyZg rqhZyy bZ ³klZkq³onnkq ioy Zyr faqn qaVraly ,kra
kmgbya37 "arZy zZgn qZh ³klZkq mZn ayryFkßrkygy akq r VarolZygZqhy
ZZn Zm !ZyVlayg, Zy r r KöyZg Zy faqn prZq;nrlZh ªür Zyyahma38
,llrZygq l´qqn Z höhr ÜZqnlZhVZn ggyübr m g;qalbny KöyZg mZnkynr
zwZ kynrqhZlZh ³ZhnwZqy rVyyya "Zq zZgn µkolf³hZffr ayhay Zyq
onnoyZqhy ¹ro zkr KöyZgqVröykyg, r akf VarolZygZqh ±ra;ZnZoyy
zkrüVghn:
„"a Zqn ZyrqZnq Z µ ioy r kyynbhrlZhy µoll r qalbyy ky Vröyyy
BZ;qhöf alq r ayqnll r ,poqnl bakfnragny ky biollm´hnZgny rmZnnlr
allr Üyayky amZn akh r akf Üonnq µanqhlkß brkhyy KöyZgqwüra
,yrrqZnq wrymhrfah "aiZ, ³alomoy ky ayr KöyZg q ,lny Bkyq zk
orbZlry rhoby kyr &oroyaykq alq rjyZg bqhrZby, m ºamy ky
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³klZkq ³onnkq! ]968, pa ]43, übr Z ¤ZhnmnaphorZV bZ r BqhrZ;
bkyg Zyq KZrhygb´kq: „Zkgrky lZgy mag Z orqnllkyg ioy m KZrhybak
alqm ZrZqhy ,bbZl r qnrahlyy ¨Zmmlqqnan Jrkqalm“a Zkr rwykyg ioy
7ëü`þ%(„Zyq r ¤ZblZygqwörnr q ³klZkq“), ZbZm, pa 32a
37 Zkr „übrZrZqhy !rqhZykyg“ r KöyZgZy bZ ³klZkq ³onnkq ky qZyr
rwykyg r¤ZhnmnaphorZV Zy Zqm Zkqammyhayg qZh ¤anzV, "r
FürqnZyyyprZq, ]979, ppa 40–45a
38 "azk Boqhof, "Z orqnllkyg, 2005a39 µa ³hZffr, `bëk"3(! ]998,
ppa 353–354a
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654 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
pllZrn ³klZkq ay y KöyZg, Z BZqhöf zk ahny ky Zhry orrayg Zy
rlZgZöqyFragy zk rqpVnZrya §y m ayqhlZßyy ÜZhn wZr r KöyZg Zy y
rqnyiZr ³nrophy zkr ÜonnqlZb akfgforrn, Zy y zwZ lnzny joh mZn faqn
prZqnr;lZhm &haraVnr akqgqnannn ky alq rnZZgr q Ülakbyq
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ke b`e(`"k /k"(þâ %`(ük" ë7 3â7ëhþ%F
ääþâ eäk(ë^ëek" /37"ë^ëeþâ eî3(þ%!
e`þ \`ââk` (kbëk7" ë7 bëkb`âk"`!
þ" ekâ/þâ b`e3(k7" äke"`k äëäëk
ëääþ%"(k7"qþ` /3äþâ ^þä\ëbk %ëb`(kF40
§y Zym ÜZhn akf Karl y Kahly (army ]2) gqhZhn Zq !rhöhkyg krhZy
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allgorZqh ky nypologZqhrfahry ky akrh gwayyy bZblZqh ªörnr ky
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kynrqhZlZh allgorZqh ¤Vnüry Z KZrh, ¢arZaor Z ³l q !Zyzlyya42
³klZkq qnzn hZr Zq KoyyonanZoy r wZßroqZgy¨akn mZn m Br´knZgam q
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§yhaln Vkrz zkqammygfaqqn wry:³klZkq qprZhn zkrqn y KöyZg alq !rb
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yn mZnZyr ,kfforrkyg ay all, y ayVommyy KöyZg zk bgrüßy, r frZfrnZg
wZ³alomoy aq µZh qZyq anrq führn (]–]2)a "arZy qhlZßn qZh Zy
akqghynrrglZh zwZqhy Karl ky ³alomoy ay, wobZ r FrayV Zmmr alq r
Übrlgy r;qhZyn: ³alomoy hann Zyy ZyzZgy ±mpl, Karl zahlrZh KZrhy;
³alomoy gl´yznmZn r aynZVy ªZqhZn, Karl mZn r alny ky r yky
(]3–26)a ³o wZ aq ZyZgolV qZh km ³alomoy qharn, qolly qZh Z FrayVy
Karlq VöyZglZhr Üwaln bkgy
40 ‚" rnorZbkq hrZqnZayZq‘, pa 54a4] Zkm hZqnorZqhy ¨Zynrgrky q
ÜZhnq qZh "ühnZyg, ³klZkq ³onnkq, ]968, ppa 60–64a42 Zkr ,kqlgkyg q
¨ohylZq qZh ¹hly, ¨ohlZ;³nkZy! ]958; ¢annr, ±h oZ of ¢y
Bloi! ]990; zkr VVlqZologZqhy "knkyg µZlZygr, "Z ¢aVlloqZgVZn
]958a
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³ZyyZmyqZoyy r wZßy ¨akn 655
(27–34)a !r Zqn y´mlZh fromm ky wZq, qZgrZh Zm KrZg, aq ¨Zl r
FrayVy, Zy³nünz r KZrh, r führn KrZg ky bqhünzn qZy olV, Z §ry loby
Zhy ky Zºormayyy fürhny qZy ¨r (35–40)a "Zq gZpfln Zy folgyy zwZ
rqy:
ëäëk /keë% kâk% h`ää3(þâ âë¸"k (3%`"ë%43
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(3%`þ%rZyyrn ay y Br´knZgam q ¨ohlZq, r, wZ gqagn, akf r hZqnorZqhy
!by mZn³alomoy glZhgqnzn wkra ªZ ³alomoy lZbn r y FrZy, worakf Z
wZß FarbhZywZqn, abr r Zqn Zhm übrlgy, yy Z ron Farb irqZyybZllZhn
qZy VrZgrZ;qhy !rfolga "Zq ÜlZhqnzkyg mZn m Br´knZgam q ¨ohlZq
qhaffn akßrmZy rbZykyg zk y lnzny qhq rqy (43–48), Zy yy Z
,bqnammkyg KarlqwZr gprZqy ky Z µZh r KarolZygr mZn Zyr glZhy
famZlZ´ry µZh Zm,lny ±qnamyn glZhgqnzn wZr: Karl r Üroß war ,braham
glZh, qZy ³ohy¤kwZg ,brahamq ³ohy §qaaV ky qqy ³ohy Karl Zqn wZ
JaVoba ZwZqhy ³alomoyky JaVob, mZn yy Karl irglZhy wZr, gZbn q Zy
"`("ëþâ e3â/k(k"ë37ë%: &hrZqnkqqlbqn, r iom Br´knZgam q ¨ohylZq
(³alomoy yah r äë""`(k) allgorZqh kyioy JaVob nypologZqh gmZyn wZra
§m ¨Zynrgrky Zqr rglZh qnhn alqo Zyaygknn ÜlZhqnzkyg q gqalbny
KöyZgq mZn m gqalbny &hrZqnkqa ³klZkqbgrüyn Z ¤gZnZmZn´n Karlq
q Kahly zkm Zyy yyaqnZqh, zkm ayry krh yqaVraly &haraVnr qZyq
KöyZgnkmq, r krh Zqy rglZh mZn ³alomoy ky JaVobakf Zyr nZfry
Bknkygqby akf &hrZqnkq hZyknna44
"Z ³ZnnqamVZn, akf Z Z wZß ¨akn brZnq Zy r aynZVy ¤Znrankr
hZywZqyVoyyn, fay für Z &hrZqny Zhry ¨öhpkyVn Zy r gonngwZhny
Jkygfr´klZhVZna §yBqhrZbkygy ioy ¨ZlZgy wZr h´kfZg Zhr wZß ¨akn
gyayyna "Zq ynqprZhn zk;y´hqn Zym lZnrarZqhy ±opoq, y´mlZh, aqq r
¨ZlZg Zy qhöyr ¢yqh Zqna45
ÜlZhzZnZg Zqn Z maVlloq ¨akn qZhnbarq ZZhy qZyr µZyhZn, qZyr
!ynhaln;qamVZn iom ÜqhlhnqirVhr, r alq bflVy gqhy wkra "aqq hZr
zwZ"knkygqbyy r wZßy ¨akn zkqammyVommy, war y ,knory ioy ¨ZlZgy;lby
bwkqqn, yy qZ qnzy Zq ¢hrknZgVZn r wZßy ¨akn abqZhnlZh
alqhaylkygqnrZbyq !lmyn Zya !Zy Ül´kbZgr Voyyn Zy r qnrahlyy
³höyhZnr ¨ZlZgy Zyy ¨ZywZq akf Zhr byfallq qhöy ³l qhya "Zq
Bknkygq;by mkqqn abr y Uygl´kbZgy irqhloqqy blZbya §y y ¤gyy qhy
Z
43 Zkr BzZhkyg ¤ZlZ – FrZy ky µoq – KrZg qZh kyny ppa 60a44 Karl
qlbqn, r yah jm ±ZlqZg Zy r ,kqZyayrqnzkyg mZn qZyy Brüry ky r
fol;
gyy !rwZnrkyg qZyq ¢ahnbrZhq akf Zyr ³albkyg bqnay, bgrüyn Z
¤gZnZmZn´nqZyr ¢ahn krh Z gönnlZh Üya qowZ krh qZy ,bqnammkyg ioy
Karl m Üroßyky ¤kwZg m Frommy, azk qZh Boqhof, "Z orqnllkyg, 2005,
ppa 346–347a "aq ÜZhnqhlZßn mZn Zym ,bqhyZnn übr y ºamy Karolkq
(iia 49–64), r Zy Zqm ZkqammyhaygyZhn ZynrprnZrn wry mkqqa
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656 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
ªZrqahr q ¨ZlZgy qhalb Zy r wZßy ¨akn lZglZh Z ´kßr ³höyhZn,Z y
¨ZlZgy für qZ bghryqwrn mahna ¨ronqiZn ioy ÜayrqhZm l´qqn zkm
BZ;qpZl Z ¨öflZyg Zy &oroba m KalZfy Z ³höyhZn q gfaygyy
galZZqhyKöyZgqqohy ¸lagZkq ykr krh qZyy wZßy Körpr bqhrZby:
¸37 b`e`" `(\3 "þþâ! /(ë7e`/% ^3("ë%%ëâ`! %e`/"(þâ!
bþ(ë"`( þ" /þ`(þâ âk7b`% /þ7ë(` b`e3(þâ!
3h%ëbë% `" "`7`(3% ë7%37"ë% %"(ë7\`(` 7`(ü3%F
`ëþ% /(k`7ë"ëbkâ ü`ää`% %ë e`(7`(` ^3(âkâ
`" "kâ â`ääë"kâ %kä"`â \þ%"k(` ä3qþ`äkâ!
qþkâ eþ/`(`% ëþü`7`â "ëhëâ`" e37ëþ7\`(` "kä`â!
\(kbþ âëäë"ëk` 7`e737 k%%þâ`(` /(ëâk`!
e3(/3(` ek7bëbþä3 "ëhë qþ3 %`(üë(`" ë7 kþäkF46
"r hrZqnlZh µzZpZyn ioy ¨ronqiZnq rqy Voyyn akq r wZßy ¨akn akf
Z Zy;yr µZyhZn ky KkqhhZn q ¸lagZkq qhlZßy; r KalZf Vayy Zy r
!rz´hlkygZqy Zkqammyhayg yZhn rVyyy, r qZhn ykr Zy ´kßr ³höyhZn, Z
Zhy bly;n ky Zy Zy kyrlakbn ¤Zb für qZyy Üfaygyy fally l´qqna "r
Vkqh ¸la;gZkq whrn Zhy ab ky mkqq qhalb qnrbya§y r hrZqnlZhy
¤Znrankr wZr Zy Zyr wZnry µZhnkyg aq Bknkygqfl ioy
ek7bëbþ% rwZnrna ªZ brZnq rw´hyn, bzZhyn ek7bëbþ% Zy r ,ynZV akh
ZµZyhZn r ³Znna ,kf Zq Bknkyg bzogy qZh Z hrZqnlZhy !xgny, wyyqZ Z
gyayyn ¨ohlZqnll akqlgnya "a r Br´knZgam alq &hrZqnkq
ZynrprnZrnwkr, mahy qZ akq Zqr µZyhZn Z nZfqn µZyhZn r ³l, Z q für
&hrZqnygby Vayy, y´mlZh Z ³üyyfrZhZna "aq ªorn (þhëeþ7bþ% wZqn
Zy r !xgqwZrkm akf aq ioy &hrZqnkq irgoqqy Blkn hZya "Zq
§ynrprnanZoy Zqn Voyqnayn;qZ fZyn qZh brZnq bZ Ba, r Zyy Zm
¢Znnlalnr qhr irbrZnny Kommynarzkm ¨ohlZ irfaqqn han, ky blZbn akh
yah r yky marZologZqhy "knkyg Zm¨oh; ky ³p´nmZnnlalnr, Z ioy µkprn
ioy "knz Zygführn wkr, gbr´khlZhaª´hry &hrZqnkq alq Üonn frZ
ioy ³üy Zqn, Vöyyy ¢yqhy y Zkqnay r
³üyyfrZhZn Zm hrZqnlZhy rqn´yyZq ykr yah r ¤´knrkyg krh Bkß
rlay;gya §y ZqZoyy ky !rqhZykygy zZgn Zy qnrahly wZß Farb qhalb,
aqq Zy³l grnnn Zqna !Zy gknq BZqpZl afür bZnn r ¸rZgr ÉnZyy
Bokrboy, rZ ÜqhZhn Zyq rqnorbyy rz´hln, für y Zy Frky Bkß lZqnna §y
irqhZ;yy !rqhZykygy Vayy Zqr Frky qhy, wZ qZy BkßlZqnkyg m
rqnorb;yy hZlfn, qqy ³l Zmmr wZßr wZra "Z irblZbyy µqn ioy ³üy
wrykrh Zy kyVl F´rbkyg r ³l aygzZgna47
46 ‚¸aqqZo qaynZ ¸lagZZ‘, iia 2]0–2]7a47 «þë eþâ! ë7eî3k"k
/`7ë"`7"ëk! `\(3"k(`" kb â3("`â `" ^ä`(`" qþ3b /`7ë"`7"ëkâ 737
^`eë%%`"! /(3âë%ë" `ë
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â3("`â e`("ë^ëek(`" `þâ b` %"k"þ %þ3F «þë
â3("þþ% ë7 ^ë7` k77ë k//k(þë" %3eë3 %þ3 ë7 %þë /k("` "`("ëk 7ëþ`
ek7bëbë3(! ë7 bþkhþ% /ëe` 7ë\(ë3(! bëe`7%
qþ3b `¸ ëääk /k("` qþ` 7ë\(k k//k(`hk" âë(khëäë"`( "3(qþ`(`"þ(!
ë7 käëk 3/"ëâ` `(k" `ëF 7 %`eþ7b3 k773
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³ZyyZmyqZoyy r wZßy ¨akn 657
,kh Zy ayry xgnZqhy Koynxny fZyn qZh Z hrZqnlZh Umknkyg ioy
lZn;rarZqhy ±raZnZoyya "Z hrZqnlZhy ,knory r ³p´naynZV grZffy y
blZbnyrglZh r ¨akn Zyr Frak mZn µoqy ky ¤ZlZy akf, bzogy Zhy akf Z
KZrh kylky Zhy mZn Zym yky ³Zyy akfa "abZ irfahry qZ ´hylZh wZ Zy r
¨ohlZ;allgorq: "Z ¤ZlZ wZqn mZn Zhrr wZßy Farb akf Z qlZqh µZyhZn r
¨ZlZ;gy hZy, Z ron µoq akf Z Farb q ioy y ¢´rnyrry irgoqqyy Blknqa
!Zyfrühr Blg afür Zqn Zy y BrZfy q &yprZaykq zk fZyy:
´ h`k"kâ `eeä`%ëkâ 73%"(kâ qþkâ %ëe î373( bëþë7k` bë\7k"ë37ë%
ë7äþâë7k"! qþkâ "`â/3(ëhþ%
73%"(ë% \ä3(ë3%þ% âk("µ(þâ %k7\þë% ë7äþ%"(k"F Û(k" k7"` ë7
3/`(ëhþ% ^(k"(þâ ek7bëbk! 7þ7e
^ke"k `%" ë7 âk("µ(þâ e(þ3(` /þ(/þ(`kF Ùä3(ëhþ% `ëþ% 7`e äëäëk
7`e (3%k` b`%þ7"F à`("`7" 7þ7e
%ë7\þäë kb þ"(ëþ%qþ` î373(ë% kâ/äë%%ëâkâ bë\7ë"k"`âF Aeeë/ëk7"
e3(37k% þ`ä b` 3/`(` ek7bëþ
bk% þ`ä b` /k%%ë37` /þ(/þ(`k%F48
Ürgor r Üroß ky Ba qpzZfZzZry, aqq Z µoqy r ¢´rnyrr Zy ZZny
qKrZgq blühy, Z ¤ZlZy (Z rqnlZhy ¨ZlZgy – BVyyr, Jkygfraky, ¢öyh)
ZyZZny q FrZyqa "r ÜayV fZyn qZh bZ Ürgor m Üroßm Zy Zyr ¸rZgnzk ¤
2], 9–]9, Z am Fqn q ¨ZlZgy ¢yya ghalny wkr49 ky bZ Ba ZmKommynar
zk y ‚¸roirbZa ³alomoyZq‘a50 ,kh ªalahfrZ yZmmn Zhy Zy
qZym‚¨ornklkq‘ akf:
k`e bþ3 7kâqþ` /(3hkhëäëþâ \`7`(k ë7eäµ"k ^ä3(þâ
Ûeeä`%ëk` %þââk% %ë\7k7" /`( %k`eþäk /käâk%!
¥k7\þë7` âk("µ(ëë ek(/ë" qþk` b37k (3%k(þâ!
ëäëkqþ` ë7 ^ëb`ë \`%"k" ek7b3(` 7ë"`7"ë%F
´ âk"`( üë(\3! ^`eþ7b3 \`(âë7` âk"`( (FFF)
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!q lZgn yah, bZ Blkmy Zy Zqr Bknkyg mZn m wZßroqZgy Br´knZgam
q¨ohlZq Zy rbZykyg zk qnzya "Zq fZyn qZh brZnq bZ Ba Zy qZym
Kom;mynar zkm ¤kVaq;!iayglZkm:
Ýëä`e"þ%! ë7qþë"! â`þ% ek7bëbþ% `" (þhëeþ7bþ%! ek7bëbþ% %eëäëe`"
ke"ë37`! (þhëeþ7bþ% %k7\þë7`F
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\ë\7ë"! ë7 h`ää3 (3%k%F52
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kähþ% `" äþeëbþ%! \(k"ëk% `ë (`^`(`7% b` %þk
äëh`(k"ë37` (ÉnZyy Bokrboy, ‚±ranankq ZirqZq manrZZq
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/`(eþ%%þ% 3eeþhþë" `" "kâ`7 e3(37kâ /k"ë`7"ëk` qþkâ ë7 â`7"` "`7þë"
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bëe"þâ `%"! qþëk %k7e"k `eeä`%ëk!
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(ÜrgorZkq ¢agykq, homa 35,8, ppa 226–230)a
50 7b` /þäeî(` bëe"þâ `%" k /k"(ëhþ% qþëk %k7e"k `eeä`%ëk
`ä`e"3(þâ ^ä3(ëhþ% ü`(7k7% ë7 /ke` îkh`"äëäëk! ë7 h`ää3 (3%k% (Ba,
‚Zy ¸roirbZa ³alomoyZq‘, 3,3],22, ppa 39]–393)a
5] a 4]5–]]9, pa 422a52 Ba, ‚§y ¤kam‘, 33, ]2, lla
]332–]334a
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658 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
"krh Z rwykyg r ªörnr ek7bëbþ% `" (þhëeþ7bþ% Vayy Zy irqhZyy
Koy;nxny akf y hZmmlZqhy Br´knZgam irwZqy wrya !Zy BZqpZl afür haby
wZrbrZnq bZ ³klZkq ³onnkq gqhya !Zy frührr Fall Zqn Z ±onyr q
,mbroqZkq akfKaZqr alynZyZaya "Z ³hZlrkyg q Br´knZgamq Zm &n 5
wZr Zy Bzkg akf y KaZqrgknna ,llrZygq hann r KaZqr Zm 4a Jha yZhn y
qaVraly &haraVnr r VarolZygZ;qhy KöyZg, wqhalb ,mbroqZkq qZy
orghy irnZZgy mkqq: "r KaZqr hab Zy qZhalq &hrZqn y ³nmpl qZyq
¨rry gnragy, may Vöyy qhalb Zy Zhm y hZmmlZqhyBr´knZgam rVyyya 53
"Z ÜlZhqnzkyg mZn m Br´knZgam Vayy akh rfolgy, km akfZ ¨ZlZgVZn Zyq
rqnorbyy hZyzkwZqya §onqal qhZlrn Zy Zym ÜZhn, aq Z¨aylkyg q
¨ohylZq akfyZmmn, wZ Z ³l q nony ,bnq ¹Zlo ioy &lkyy yahqZym ±o
&hrZqnkq qkhn ky qZh mZn Zhm irZyZgna "Z ªorn ek7bëbþ% `"
(þh`þ%wry akf y ,bn am BgZyy qZyr ³kh bzogy ky wZqy qo brZnq akf
ZrZyZgkyg mZn mBr´knZgam hZy, Zy r Z ³kh gZpfly wZr:
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&hrZqny, alq ¨ZlZgy or alq ZVar &hrZqnZ arzk;qnllya "Z wZß
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hZy;gyommy wkrya ªZr haby gqhy, wZ ³höyhZn akh ,ylaqq zkr ³üy qZy
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53 kä`7"ë7ëk7þ% â`þ%! ëþü`7ë% â`þ% ek7bëbþ% `" (þh`þ% îkh`7% ë7
%` ëâk\ë7`â àî(ë%"ë ^ "käëhþ%`7ëâ /(3%`qþë"þ( `eeä`%ëk ë7 àk7"ëeë%
àî(ë%"þâÆ 7`e ë7ëþ(ëkâ /þ"`%È eîk(ke"`(` b3âë7ë ë7%e(ëþ
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7ë %ë\7k(` %`(üþäþâ ^ ëþü`7ë% â`þ% ek7bëbþ% `" (þh`þ% `ä`e"þ% b`
b`e`â âëäëhþ%! (‚" obZnkalynZyZayZ‘, pa 357)a Zk y ,yVl´ygy ay aq
¨ohlZ Zy ±onyVlagy qZh ³nonz, "aq ¨oh;lZ, 2008, ppa 4]4–4]6a
54 §onqal, ‚¸laynkq nrayqZnk omyZ ¹ZloyZq abbanZq‘, iia 57–58,
pa 258a Zk qZyr rwykyg q¨ohylZq qZh ¨r, "aq ¨ohlZ, ]967, ppa
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aior gfZn, r qxklly,yzZhkygqVrafn Zyq qhöyy Körprq zk rlZgya "qhalb
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¤byqwayl rmk;nZgn wry qollna §hm zZgn ¹o krh aq BZqpZl q Ürafy Üral
Z Üf´hrlZhVZnr qhöyy ¨akna "r Üraf l´qqn brZnq Zy qZyr KZyhZn
rVyyy, aqq r Zy ¨ZlZgrwry Vayy, waq m ±kfl yZhn irborgy blZbna ,lq
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qþk% %3(þb`% e37"`\k" kähk eþ"ë%F
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55 ¹o ioy &lkyy, ‚&ollanZoyq‘, pa 556Ba ¨ZywZq bZ
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]24–]27, zZgn allrZygq, aqq ayr aqVnZqh ,knory Zq FkyVnZoy r¨akn,
kyq ior m ,yblZV r Zyyry ¹rgay zk bwahry, krhakq poqZnZi bwrnya
56 «þkâbkâ `7ëâ ëþü`7eþäkâ `ëþ% 3eþäë%! þ" ^`("þ(! ë7\`%%ë"F «þë
bþâ ë7 `k e3ä3(`â 7ë"ëbþäk` eþ"ë%ë7ekþ"þ% k""`7b`(` â3¸ ë7
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&knZq, 2005, pa ]25, ,yma 63a58 Üroykx, &knZq, 2005,ppa
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660 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
Zkm ³hlkqq qZ hZr ykr qhr Vkrz akf aq ÜgybZl r wZßy, akf Z kyVl
¨aknZyggaygya ³Z Zqn Zy y mZqny F´lly ³ZyybZl r ³üy,59 abr akh hZr
gZbn q,mbZialyzya ªZr haby bZ ÉnZyy Bokrboy Z ZrVn KoynraqnZrkyg
zwZqhyr kyVly Farb, Z Z ³üy bknn, ky r wZßy Farb r ³üyyrZyhZngqhya
!Zy qolh Ügyübrqnllkyg gZbn q byfallq Zm ¨ohylZ, Zy m rBr´knZgam
wZßroqZg, Z Brakn abr kyVl, gyakr brakygbrayyn Zqn: ¸ë\(k %þâ!
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!xgq allgo;rZqh kynrqhZlZh ZynrprnZrn, alq ³ZyybZl r Zyzlyy ³l, r
KZrh or ¢a;rZyqa "Z "knkyg r kyVly Farb alq ¨ZywZq für Z ³üy rwZqn
qZh qhalb alqkygyügy ky Zy poqZnZir ,kqlgkyg wZr ynwZVln, Zy r Z
kyVl ¨akn ZyZZhy r "mkn Zqn, Zy Br´ky, Z Z qygy ³oyy r Bkß ynqnhy
l´qqna60
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kyqhöyr ³l Zy y ¸ornraZnq r hZlZgy BüßrZyyy, gra bZ yjyZgy, Z
iorZhrr BVhrkyg krh Zhr ³höyhZn brühmn wary, wZ ¢argarZna;¸lagZkq
ky iorallm Z hZlZg ¨kr ¢arZa ,gypnZaaa ªyy Zq iom ¢öyh ZoqZmkq
gfkyywZr, Vayy r qZ Vakm rVyyy; qZ Zqn krh Zhr Bkßübkygy gVyyzZhyn
kyioy r ³oyy irbrayyna ¹bwohl hZr aq ¨ohlZ yZhn akqrüVlZh gyayyn
wZr,irmknn ±ZllZnn, aqq Zy ,yqpZlkyg akf Z kyVl Brakn gwolln war,
yy Zy rbüßyy ¨ZlZgy nrffy qZh zwZ allgorZqh "knkygy r kyVly
¨akn:
„³kr la baq q rapprohmynq, Zl y m qmbl paq éraZqoyyabl oylkr qk
lqiZq qaZynq péyZnynq, mêm qZ llq l foyn façoy pkrmyn allkqZi,
oyqnZnkyn l lZkxmplaZr où oyirgyn, n q’Zyaryyn ayq ky qyq lZnnéral,
lq kx ZrnZoyq allégorZqkqqk j’aZ plkq hakn qqayé ’ZynZfZr, n qloy
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kynrqhZlZhy,qogar wZrqprühlZhy ³ZyyZmyqZoyy, Z ybyZyayr qnhy Vöyyy,
ohy qZhggyqZnZg akfzkhbya
59 "azk ¸Zoy, ¢3"þ%, 2007a60 Zkr !xgq Zqr ³nll qZh "ahay, ¸ë\(k
%þâ, 2000; ±ZllZnna ¸ë\(k %þâ, 2005a6] ±ZllZnna ¸ë\(k %þâ, 2005, pa
262, r akh akf y ´hylZhy Fall r ¢argarZna Zyghna
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³ZyyZmyqZoyy r wZßy ¨akn 66]
¤ZnrankrirzZhyZq
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,groZkq, ‚,rq ornhographZa‘: ×(kââk"ëeë k"ë7ëF F ¥e(ë/"3(`% b`
3("î3\(k/îëk, x ra ¨ZyrZZKZlZZ, ¤ZpzZg ]860 (º" ¨ZlqhZm ]96]), ppa
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¥k"ë(ëekä P3`"%, §§,¤oyoy ]872, ppa ]75–200a
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2), ZnZoy iZnZa a kra Z³ayra BrkyZ, FZryz ]997a
,mbroqZkq, ‚" obZnk alynZyZayZ‘: ¥k7e"ë Aâh(3%ëë 3/`(kF Pk(%
(&³!¤ 73), a ¹nno Fallr, ªZy]955, ppa 37]–34]a
Ba, ‚" ornhographZa‘: a &harlq ªa Joyq Zy: B`bk` `7`(khëäë%
´/`(kF Pk(% 6!1F ´/`(kbëbk%ekäëek (&& ³¤ ]23a), ±kryholn
]975, ppa 7–57a
Ba, ‚§y ¸roirbZa ³alomoyZq‘: B`bk` `7`(khëäë% ´/`(kF F ´/`(k
`¸`\`"ëek 2B (&& ³¤ ]]9B), a"aiZ ¨krqn, ±kryholn ]983, ppa
23–]63a
Ba, ‚§y ¤kam‘: B`bk` ü`7`(khëäë% ´/`(kF F ´/`(k `¸`\`"ëeka 3
(&& ³¤ ]20), a "aiZ ¨krqn,±kryholn ]960a
&yprZaykq, ‚!pZqnkla‘: ¥k7e"ë àµ/(ëk7ë `/ë%e3/ë Û/ë%"þäk(ëþâ
(&& ³¤ 3B), a Üa Fa "ZrVq ±kryholn]994a
‚"rnkm ÜranZayZ‘: Ý`e(`"þâ âk\ë%"(ë ×(k"ëk7ë (&orpkq ZkrZq
ayoyZZa ¸arq ]), ZnZo ¤ZpqZyqZqqkya, poqn ,a ¤a µZhnrZ kraq a
lZbrorkm maykqrZpnorkm n ZnZoyZq µomaya fZmrogyoiZn n ayonanZoy
rZnZa ZyqnrkxZn ,a FrZbrg, ¤ZpzZg ]879 (º" Üraz ]959 ka ºwJrqy
2000)a
!yyoZkq, ‚¹pra‘: k\7ë Ù`äëeë% Û773bë ´/`(k (¢Ü¨ aa 7), a FrZrZh
ogl, BrlZy ]885 (º"BrlZy ]96] ky ¨ayyoir 200])a
ÉnZyy Bokrboy, ‚±ranankq ZirqZq manrZZq prZabZlZbkq‘: ¥"`/îk7ë
b` B3(h37` ¢(ke"k"þ% b`bëþ`(%ë% âk"`(ëë% /(`bëekhëäëhþ%F P(3ä3\þ%F
P(ëâk /k(% Ý` b373 "ëâ3(ë% (&& &¢ ]24), a JaqkqBrlZoz /
Jay;¤k !Zhylakb, ±kryholn 2002a
ÜrgorZkq ¢agykq, ‚¨omZlZa Zy !iayglZa‘: ×(`\3(ëþ% k\7þ%F 3âëäëk`
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3â7ëk (BZblZonha ±kbyrZaya),a ªalnr BrqhZy, ¢üyhy / ¤ZpzZg 200] ppa
63–77a
§onqal, ‚¸laynkq nrayqZnk omyZ ¹ZloyZq abbanZq‘: 3"%käb ü37
¥kë7"þàäkþb`F ë"k b`% Ah"`% ´bëä3ü37 àäþ7µ (¢Ü¨ qrZpna rra Ürma Zy
kqkm qhola 68), a Johayyq ³nakb, ¨ayyoir ]999, ppa255–265a
JaVob ioy Znry, ‚!xmpla‘: ¢î` Û¸`â/äk 3( ëääþ%"(k"ëü` %"3(ë`%
^(3â "î` ¥`(â37`% üþä\k(`% 3^keqþ`% b` ë"(µa !a, wZnh ZynroknZoy,
ayalyqZq, ay yonq by ±a Fa &raya ¤oyoy, ]890a
¢arbo ioy µyyq, ‚, rgZyam ,yglorkm‘: ¸¤ ]7], pa ]660a
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662 &army &arll ¨arnmayy
¢annhakq ioy yôm, ‚,rq irqZfZanorZa‘: k"î`ë ë7b3eë7`7%ë% ´/`(kF
3äF F A(% ü`(%ë^ëek"3(ëk(³norZa lnnrankraa µaolna Z qnkZ nqnZ ]7]),
a Frayo ¢kyarZ, µoma ]988, ppa 59–95a
¹o ioy &lkyy, ‚&ollanZoyq‘ : ¸¤ ]33, ppa 927–942a
¹o ioy &lkyy, ‚Zna ÜralZ‘: ¸¤ ]33, ppa 639–7]0a
¸hZlargyrZkq, rgZl;Kommynar: ¥`(üëë \(kââk"ëeë qþë ^`(þ7"þ( ë7
`(\ëäëë ek(âë7k e3ââ`7"k(ëë, iola§§§, 2, a Üa ±hZlo n ¨a ¨agy,
¤ZpzZg ]902 (BZblZonha ±kbyrZaya)a
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µahwZy, ‚Üqna FrZrZZ lZba §‘: ´""37ë% `" ¨kî`úë7ë ×`%"k
Ù(ëb`(ëeë F ëâ/`(k"3(ë% (¢Ü¨ ³rZpnarra Ürma Zy kqkm qhola, 46),
ZnZo nrnZa, ryqkZn Üa ªaZnz, kraiZn Ba ³Zmqoy, ¨ayyoir /¤ZpzZg ]9]2
(º" ¨ayyoir ]978)a
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Û(²hë%eî3^% B(þ73 ü37 Uä7F ¨þ3"\`(ëë"k B(þ737ë%, a §ry ¹nn, ¢Ü¨
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³klZkq ³onnkq, ‚" rnorZbkq &hrZqnZayZq‘: ¨llmayy, ³Zgmky,
¥`bþäëþ% ¥e3""þ% (Qklly kyUynrqkhkygy zkr lanZyZqhy ¸hZlologZ q
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ppa397–424a
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© A
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