Benoît ESCRIG -ENSEIRB-MATMECA/IRIT

MOBILE SYSTEMS

Benoît ESCRIG - ENSEIRB-MATMECA/IRIT

Services in Mobile Systems

2

� Mobility

� Stationary users (0 km/h)

� Low mobility: pedestrians (5 km/h)

� High mobility: terminals in cars (50 km/h) and in trains (up to 250 km/h)

� Date rates

Phone: few kbit/s

Mobile Systems - Benoît ESCRIG - 2011-2012

� Phone: few kbit/s

� Real time, low latency

� TV: few Mbit/s

� Real time, low latency when interactivity

� Data: few 10 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s

� Offline, high latency unless download or streaming

� Seamless connectivity over a wide coverage area

� Fair access to network resources

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS

GSM GPRS, EDGE UMTS HSPA+, LTE LTE Adv.

cdmaOne CDMA2000 1xRTT

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

3

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?

NA NA 9.6 kbit/s 0.2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s 20 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s

Cellular Digital Data services

Multimedia All-IP networkAnd MIMO

Ultra Broad-Band Mobile

IEEE family


From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

4

0G

Analog

FDD WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


FDD

FDM

0G

5

� A single access point (AP)

� Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)

� Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

� Analog technology

� Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in 1946


� Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in 1946

� Improved MTS in 1964 (Bell System)

� VHF band, rolled out in the US and Canada

� Main limitations: interference, limited network

capacity (25 to 32 channels), obsolescence (from 1960

to 2005)

Pictures

Top: Motorola "Deluxe" line high band "Urban" radiotelephone (1948)

Source: http://www.wb6nvh.com/MTSfiles/Carphone1.htm

Bottom: IMTS mobile phone in a briefcase (1965)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Mobile_Telephone_Service

Cellular paradigm (1947) and frequency re-use

6

� Coverage area divided into cells

� Frequency band divided into sub-

bands

� Ex : 4 (1 sub-band for 1 cell)

� Re-use of carrier frequency when cells

are far apart from one another


are far apart from one another

� Consequence: huge increase in the

network capacity

� Interference/capacity trade-off

� Additional services: handover

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

7

1GWiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


Cellular

Networks

1G

8

� Cellular systems (frequency re-use)

� Handover and roaming

� FDD/FDM

� Analog voice transmission but digital signaling


Country US Japan Germany

and Austria

Nordic

countries

France UK and Ireland

Year 1983 1979 1985 1981 1986 1983

System or standard

AMPS TZ-801 C-Netz(C450)

450 (NMT450)

Radiocom2000

TACS based on AMPS

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephones

TACS: Total Access Communication System

1G - AMPS

� Developed by Bell Labs and rolled out in the US, Israel, and Australia

� Based on (I)MTS, superseded first by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), and

then by GSM and CDMA2000

� First roll out: 1983 (end-of-life: 2008)

� Main weakness: cell phone cloning

9

� Standard: IS-91 (Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System)

� Main operators: Verizon Wireless, Bell Mobility, AT&T Mobility

� Main features: FDD, FDM, analog frequency modulation, 30 kHz-

bandwidth channels

GSM: Global System for Mobile communication

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

Picture

Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_DynaTACMobile Systems - Benoît ESCRIG - 2011-2012

From 1G to 2G

10

� Data services, Digital systems

� From circuit-switched

networks to packet-switched

networks

� Three proposals:

1G upgrade: D-AMPS


� 1G upgrade: D-AMPS

� FD/TDMA: GSM

� FD/CDMA: cdmaOne

GSM Source Coding

Time Division Multiplex

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

11

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


2G

Digital

standards

2G - GSM

� Digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex

voice telephony

� Superseded by GPRS/EDGE

� Rollout: 80% of the world's population, more than 5 billion

people, more than 212 countries and territories

12

� Main features:

� FDD, FD/TDMA,

� Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK),

� 200 kHz-bandwidth channels,

� 9.6 kbit/s data rate,

� 5 different cell sizes (from macro to femto + umbrella cells),

� 2 watts handsets

� Viterbi equalizerPicture: Mobile Phones from 1G to 4G

Source: http://www.gsmworld.com/about-us/history.htm


History of the GSM family

1982 Groupe Spécial Mobile committee in CEPT

1987 for a common cellular telephone system across Europe

1989 transfer of the GSM committee to ETSI

1991 first phone call

1992 short messaging service (SMS)

13

1992 short messaging service (SMS)

1993 first roll out in the UK and in Australia

2000 GPRS

2001 UMTS (W-CDMA)

2002 Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

2003 EDGE

2005 HSDPA

2007 HSUPA 0

500

1000

1500

2000

1995 1998 2001 2004 2005 2008

Number of GSM subscribers

Picture: GSM Logo

Source: http://www.gsmworld.com/Mobile Systems - Benoît ESCRIG - 2011-2012

2G – cdmaOne

� Interim Standard 95 (IS-95): first CDMA-based digital cellular standard by Qualcomm

� Superseded by CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

� DL: Every BS is synchronized with a GPS receiver

� Main features

� FDD, FD/CDMA,

14

� FDD, FD/CDMA,

� QPSK (DL), OQPSK (UL)

� 1.25 MHz-bandwidth channels,

� 9.6 kbit/s (14.4 kbit/s in IS-95 A and 115 kbit/s in IS-95 B)

� 1,228,800 chips per second

� Walsh Hadamard channelization code (spreading factor 64)

� Pseudo-Noise (PN) scrambling code (spreading factor 215)

� RAKE Receiver

BS: Base StationMobile Systems - Benoît ESCRIG - 2011-2012

2G – D-AMPS

� Digital AMPS, aka IS-54, United States Digital Cellular (USDC) and North

America DC (NADC)

� Mostly rolled out in the US and Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Russia

� Superseded by GSM/GPRS and CDMA2000 (end-of-life in 2008)

� IS-54 additional features compared to AMPS:

15

� π/4 DQPSK

� FD/TDMA (3 time-slots on each channel)

� Source coding

� IS-136 additional features compared to IS-54:

� text messaging + improved source coding

� Main operators : AT&T, Rogers Wireless in Canada


Picture: π/4 DQPSK trajectory

Source: http://cp.literature.agilent.com

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

16

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


2.5G

Increased

data rates

+

Data services

2.5G

17

� Transition systems: updates of 2G systems

� From GSM

� GPRS: General Packet Radio Service

� EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

� Superseded by UMTS


� Superseded by UMTS

� Packet switching stds

� Enhancements for the delivery of data services

� Increased data rates

� multimedia messaging service (MMS)

Picture

Source: http://www.kktcell.com/pages/1842.aspx

2.5G - GPRS

� 3GPP Release97 (1998)

� GPRS = GSM +

� MMS

� Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

� 3GPP Release98 (1999)

� First roll out: 2003

� EDGE = GSM/GPRS +

� 8PSK, 9 Modulation and coding

18

GPRS EDGE

� Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

� Higher throughput, lower latency

� Channel encoding: 4 convolutional coding schemes

� Round-trip time (RTT): 600-700 ms

� Multislot classes:

� DL: first-come first-served packet scheduling

� UL: reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA)

� 8PSK, 9 Modulation and coding scheme (MCS), Incremental Redundancy

� Up to 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots

� Four times as much traffic as GPRS

� Evolved EDGE (Release 7 of the 3GPP std):

� Up to 1 Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400 kbit/s

� QAM, Turbo-codes


Picture: GPRS PCMCIA card

Source: http://www.pixelinformatique.fr

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

19

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


3G

Multimedia

+

CDMA

3G

20

� Mostly CDMA-based 3G systems

� Additional services for 3G systems:

� Data rates: several Mbit/s - VoIP (Voice over IP)

� Real-time reception of data

� IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telephone) project of the ITU


� IMT-2000 requirements: greater-than-2-Mbit/s DL data rate for

stationary communications

� 3GPP (3G Partnership Project)

CDMA+RAKE>TDMA+Viterbi Equalizer

3GPP 3GPP2

GSM cdmaOne

Universal Mobile

Telecommunications

System (UMTS)

CDMA2000 1xRTT

(Radio Transmission

Technology)

3GPP Logo

Ref: http://www.3gpp.org

3G - UMTS

� W-CDMA: wideband code division multiple access

� Improved by HSPDA since 2006 (3.5G)

� Peak data rate: 45 Mbit/s with HSPA+

� Support of several different frequencies

� 2002: first roll out in Japan (NTT DoCoMo)

21

� 2002: first roll out in Japan (NTT DoCoMo)

UMTS Logo

Ref: http://www.umts-forum.org/Mobile Systems - Benoît ESCRIG - 2011-2012

UTRA: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRA-FDD UTRA-TDD

HCR

UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate

DS-CDMA (a pair of 5 MHz channels)

TD-CDMA (a pair of 5 MHz of channels)

TD-SCDMA: TDMA channel access method + adaptive synchronous CDMA component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum

3GPP Releases (from GSM to UMTS)

Release Year Feature

Phase 1 1992 GSM Features

Phase 2 1995 Phase 1 + Enhanced Full Rate Codec

Release 96 1997 Q1 Phase 2 + 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate

Release 97 1998 Q1 Rel.96 + GPRS

22

Release 97 1998 Q1 Rel.96 + GPRS

Release 98 1999 Q1 Rel. 97 + Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) audio codec, EDGE

Release 99 2000 Q1 UMTS

Release 4 2001 Q2 Rel.99 + all-IP Core Network


3G – CDMA2000

� CDMA2000: core of the 3GPP2 family

� Based on IS-95 (cdmaOne) and superseded by CDMA2000 EV-

DO (EVolution-Data Optimized) Rel. 0, Rev. A, and Rev. B

� Backward-compatible with cdmaOne

23

� CDMA20001x (IS-2000): aka 1x and 1xRTT

� "1x“: 1 times RTT, same bandwidth as IS-95 (FDD 2 x 1.25 MHz)

� 2 x (IS-95 capacity) , i.e., 64 + 64 channels

� Packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s (typical 60–100 kbit/s)


From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

24

3.5G WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


3.5G

All-IP

Network

+

MIMO

3.5G

25

� Enhanced versions of 3G standards that do not meet IMT 4G

requirements

� IMT-Advanced system

� comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution

� laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones

ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed


� ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed

multimedia

3GPP 3GPP2

UMTS CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel.0

High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. B

3.5G – CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

� IP based network

� DL link channel structure

� CDMA+TDMA, AMC (Digital Rate Control), IR Hybrid ARQ

� EV-DO Rev.A: Rel.0 + More DRC indices

� EV-DO Rev. B: multi-carrier evolution of Rev. A

26

� EV-DO Rev. B: multi-carrier evolution of Rev. A


IR: IncrementalRedundancy

ARQ: Automatic Repeat reQuest

3.5G HSDPA

� High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): 14 Mbit/s

� 3GPP Release 5 (2002)

� Based on UMTS, superseded by Evolved HSPA (aka HSPA+)

� Features: increased capacity (5 times in the DL)

� Shared-channel transmission (shared channel and multi-code transmission)

27

Shared-channel transmission (shared channel and multi-code transmission)

� Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI) - reduced round-trip time and fast channel tracking

� Fast Link adaptation and Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions

� Fast HARQ for increase capacity

� 16-QAM for higher bit-rates

� French roll out in 2006 (SFR 3G+)


3.5G HSUPA

28

� High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA): 5.76 Mbit/s


� Based on UMTS/HSDPA, superseded by HSPA+

� Same features as in HSDPA: reduced latency, increased

capacity (2 in the UL)


capacity (2 in the UL)

� First rolls out in 2007 (Singapore, Australia, Canada, France)

3.5G HSPA+

� Aka Evolved HSPA, HSPA Evolution

� 3GPP release 7 (2007)

� Data rates up to 42 Mbit/s in the DL and 11 Mbit/s in the UL (per 5 MHz carrier)

� Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies

29

� Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technologies

� Higher order modulation (64-QAM)

� All-IP architecture

� First tests in 2008 (Australia, Hong Kong)

� First rolls out in 2009 (Australia, Japan, Canada, …) at 21 Mbit/s DL

� First 42 Mbit/s DL rolls out in 2010 (Australia, France…)


3.5G Dual-Cell HSDPA and HSUPA

� Aka Dual-Cell HSPA


� HSPA + carrier aggregation

� Alternative solution to support 28Mbit/s UL and 42 Mbit/s DL data rate

30

data rate

� Allocation of 2 HSPA carriers in parallel (by the MAC scheduler) and double the bandwidth from 5 MHz to 10 MHz

� First rolls out in 2010 in Canada

� Dual-Cell HSUPA (DC-HSUPA)


� DC approach for the UL and MIMO+DC combination


3GPP Releases (from UMTS to LTE)


Release 99 2000 Q1 UMTS

Release 4 2001 Q2 Rel.99 + all-IP Core Network

Release 5 2002 Q1 Rel.4 + HSDPA

Release 6 2004 Q4 Rel.5 + Integrated operation with WLAN + HSUPA

31

Release 6 2004 Q4 Rel.5 + Integrated operation with WLAN + HSUPA

Release 7 2007 Q4 Rel.6 + (HSPA+) + EDGE Evolution + QoS

Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE (SAE) + Dual-Cell HSDPA


Picture: Mobile phones from 1G to 4G

Source: http://www.linkedandloaded.com/

Requirements of the IMT-Advanced

32

� All-IP packet switched network

� Interoperability with existing wireless standards

� 100 Mbit/s for mobile users and 1 Gbit/s for stationary users

� Dynamic allocation of network resources

� Scalable channel bandwidth 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz


� Scalable channel bandwidth 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz

� Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the DL, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the UL

� System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the DL and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell in the UL for indoor usage

� Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks with smooth handovers

� Ability to offer high quality of service for multimedia support

Frequency selectivity of wireless channels

33

f

|C(f,τ)|

f

Low selectivityW

FDMA


f

f

Average selectivity

High selectivity

f

f

CDMA

OFDMA

Technologies for IMT-Advanced

34

� MIMO

� OFDM or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization (SC-

FDE) in the DL

� OFDMA, Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), or Linearly

precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA) in the uplink


precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA) in the uplink

� Turbo principle error-correcting codes

� Channel-dependent scheduling

� Link adaptation

� Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the

cooperative relaying concept

3.5G LTE

� Proposed by NTT DoCoMo (Japan)

� 3GPPP Release 8 (2008)

� Superseded by LTE Advanced

� Goal: increase the capacity and speed of previous wireless data networks

� Not compatible with 2G and 3G networks

35

� Not compatible with 2G and 3G networks

� First commercial services: Sweden and Norway in December 2009

� Main enhancement: OFDMA channel access

� 11/2008: Cancellation of the 4G candidacy, UMB (Ultra Mobile

Broadband) by Qualcomm (success of LTE)


Main features of E-UTRAN air interface, the air

interface of LTE

� All-IP flat network architecture (multi-cast and broadcast streams)

� Low latency communications (round-trip less than 10 ms)

� Peak DL rates nearing 300 Mbit/s with a 4x4 scheme using a 20 MHz BW channel (>100 Mbit/s) and upload rates of 75 Mbit/s (>50 Mbits/s)

Peak 75 Mbit/s for a SISO scheme with a 20 MHz BW channel

36

� Peak 75 Mbit/s for a SISO scheme with a 20 MHz BW channel

� Capacity exceeding 200 active users per cell

� Ability to manage fast-moving mobiles (up to 350 km/h)

� Scalable carrier bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz

� FDD and TDD

� Co-existence with legacy standards

� Cell sizes from femto to macro cells


Technologies

37

� Downlink OFDM 100 Mbits/s (20MHz spectrum)

� Uplink SC-FDMA 50 Mbits/s (20MHz spectrum)

� FDD

� End-user latency <10mS

� Transition time to active state < 100mS (for idle to active)

Flexible and Scalable Bandwidth – (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz)


� Flexible and Scalable Bandwidth – (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20MHz)

� Frequency spectrum choice and flexibility of deployment in GSM, CDMA, UMTS bands (global roaming)

� Mobility supported up to 500km/h

� Coverage (Cell sizes) 5 – 100km with slight degradation after 30km

� VoIP Roughly 3 times UMTS voice capacity

� MIMO

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS



CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel.0

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev.A

3GPP2 family

3GPP family

38

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


4G

1 Gbit/s

+

OFDM

4G LTE Advanced


� Backward compatibility with LTE

� 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 36.913: Requirements for Further

Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced)

Continual improvement to the LTE radio technology and architecture

39

� Continual improvement to the LTE radio technology and architecture

� Scenarios and performance requirements for interworking with legacy

radio access technologies

� Backward compatibility with LTE

� Peak data rate 1 Gbit/s

� Faster switching between power states and improved performance at

the cell edge


LTE Advanced proposals

� Support for relay node base stations

� Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception

� UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO

� Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz up to 100 MHz

� Carrier aggregation of contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations

40

allocations

� Flexible spectrum usage, Cognitive Radio

� Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation

� Enhanced precoding and forward error correction

� Interference management and suppression

� Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD

� Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink

� MIMO (8x8 MIMO + 128-QAM )


3GPP Releases (from LTE to … )


Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE and Dual-Cell HSDPA

Release 9 2009 Q4Rel.8 + WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability + Dual-Cell

HSDPA with MIMO, Dual-Cell HSUPA

Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced + Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers)

41

Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced + Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers)


Source: http://www.digitalworldtokyo.com

From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS





3GPP2 family

3GPP family

42

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


5G

?

Non-exhaustive list of 5G approaches

� Main improvements: no increase in the peak data rate but rather

� Lower battery consumption, lower outage probability

� High data rates in larger portions of the coverage area

� Traffic aggregation

� Pervasive networks and ubiquitous computing: ability to swap betweenstandards (IEEE 802.21: seamless handover between different standards for wireless networks)

43

for wireless networks)

� Cooperative communications with relays

� Cognitive radio (IEEE 802.22: Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) using white spaces in the TV frequency spectrum)

� Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), wireless mesh networks (WMNs)

� Femtocells

� Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) (IEEE 802.15.4a) Status: research papers


From 0G to 5G

0G 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G

IMTS AMPS D-AMPS





3GPP2 family

3GPP family

44

WiMAX WiMAX Adv.

1964 1983 1992 1998 2000 2002 2010 2020 ?





IEEE family


TO BE CONTINUED …

Date post:	13-Nov-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	4 times
Download:	0 times

Benoît ESCRIG -ENSEIRB-MATMECA/IRIT

Documents