Benthic Macroinvertebrates Diversity as Bioindicator of Water...

Research ArticleBenthic Macroinvertebrates Diversity as Bioindicator ofWater Quality of Some Rivers in East Kalimantan Indonesia

Fatmawati Patang Agoes Soegianto and Sucipto Hariyanto

Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences and Technology Universitas Airlangga Campus C UnairJl Dr Ir Soekarno Surabaya Indonesia

Correspondence should be addressed to Agoes Soegianto agoes soegiantounairacid

Received 2 January 2018 Revised 4 May 2018 Accepted 20 May 2018 Published 12 June 2018

Academic Editor Panos V Petrakis

Copyright copy 2018 Fatmawati Patang et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

The objectives of this study were to clarify and evaluate the water quality of a number of rivers in East Kalimantan provinceof Indonesia For this purpose our study successfully utilized the benthic macroinvertebrates diversity as well as physical-chemical parameters of riverrsquos water For instance based on the values of Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) and the NationalSanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI) Karang Mumus River was categorized as polluted with Chironomus spand Melanoides tuberculata as codominant taxa In addition Jembayan River exhibited doubtful or moderate quality containingM tuberculata and A parvula as codominant taxa However Pampang River was found to be the cleanest river with Odonata andBaetidae families as codominant taxa

1 Introduction

As open water ecosystems rivers get strongly influenced bythe surrounding environment Water quality of a river isinfluenced by several parameters like land use settlementpatterns farming and industrial activities around that river[1] For example rivers in East Kalimantan province ofIndonesia are also facing the problems with recent activi-ties of residents like coal mines construction and oil-palmplantations exactly along the river banks These activitiesdestroy the water quality of rivers and consequently lead toa certain change in the benthic macroinvertebrates commu-nity structure The study of biodiversity species abundancedominance and distribution of macroinvertebrate fauna todetermine the extent of changes in their structure andcomposition associated with water quality changes thereforeshould be conducted [1 2]

Studying macroinvertebrate diversity is one of the mosteffective and inexpensive ways to estimate the ecologicalquality of the waters [2 3] For instance measurement ofthe physical and chemical properties of water can also beutilized to estimate its quality but such measurements cannotexactly represent the actual state of the waters Therefore itis necessary to combine physical chemical and biological

evaluation along with other monitoring methods to providea comprehensive picture of environmental water quality [45] Biological monitoring using macroinvertebrates has beenfound accurate and advantageous compared with using otherorganisms because macroinvertebrates are extremely sensi-tive to organic pollutants widely distributed and easy andeconomical to sample [2 6]

Research reports on the use of macroinvertebrates toassess the water quality in aquatic ecosystems have beenextensively published by several researchers [2 3 6ndash14] Forexample the use of the ecological index and the macroinver-tebrate biotic index has been widely developed in Americaand Europe [3 14ndash16] On the other hand to the best of ourknowledge limited studies were found in literature utilizingthe application of the biotic indexes to evaluate the riverwater quality in Indonesia and particularly in KalimantanTherefore we envisioned first ever use of macroinvertebratesto assess the water quality in Indonesia to clarify and confirmthe presence of harmful pollutant in Indonesian river waterFor this purpose we conducted this study to analyze andobserve the changes in water quality of three rivers in EastKalimantan Indonesia and successfully utilizedmacroinver-tebrates as a bioindicator of water quality Our approach was

HindawiInternational Journal of EcologyVolume 2018 Article ID 5129421 11 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520185129421

2 International Journal of Ecology

Table 1 Detailed information of sampling stations

Riverrsquos name Samplingstation Geographical position Surrounding environment

Karang Mumus K-1 00∘304911015840S and 117∘094261015840E Populated area population density 12785 peoplekm2harbor with motor ship activities usage of river for

bathing washing and latrinesK-2 00∘290731015840S and 117∘090641015840EK-3 00∘282381015840S and 117∘094421015840E

Jembayan J-1 00∘331381015840S and 117∘011001015840E Activity of coal-mining and oil-palm plantationpopulation density 66 peoplekm2J-2 00∘330571015840S and 117∘007901015840E

J-3 00∘330851015840S and 117∘005741015840EPampang P-1 00∘199271015840S and 117∘115551015840E Natural habitat activity of oil-palm plantation

population density 397 peoplekm2P-2 00∘200761015840S and 117∘118741015840EP-3 00∘198501015840S and 117∘111321015840E

Figure 1 Sampling locations of benthic macroinvertebrate andwater quality parameters (source Google Earth Pro 7314507 BuildDate February 6 2018)

to determine current status of these rivers using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index [17] Average Score per Taxon (ASPT)[18] and the National Sanitation Foundation-Water QualityIndex (NSF-WQI) [19]

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area The study was conducted mainly on threerivers of East Kalimantan with the help of three samplingstations of each river (Figure 1) Selection of the samplingstations was based on the possible pollutant loads and themagnitude of human activities along the rivers Detailedlocation information of these sampling sites and the latitudeand longitude of all stations are presented in Table 1

22 Sampling and Identification of BenthicMacroinvertebratesMinimum of 100 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrateswere collected stored and transported by each samplingstation [20 21] Furthermore sampling ofmacroinvertebrateswas conducted in December 2015 (rainy season) and June2016 (dry season) Samples of benthicmacroinvertebratewerecollected using Surber net (30 times 30 cm2) for rocky substrateEkman-grab (25 times 25 cm2) for muddy substrate and kicknet for habitat containing dense aquatic plants Organismscollected were rinsed with water separated from debris and

sediment using forceps and finally preserved in 70 ethanolAll macroinvertebrates were identified to the family levelusing appropriate references [22ndash35]

23Water QualityMeasurement Awide range of water qual-ity parameters were measured at all sampling locations withkey parameters being dissolved oxygen (DO) pH biolog-ical oxygen demand (BOD) temperature total phosphatenitrate turbidity and total dissolved solid (TDS) The ana-lytical methods of water quality parameters were followedby the Standard Method for the Examination of Water andWastewater [35]

24 Data Analysis After identification and enumeration ofmacroinvertebrates we then calculated the diversity index(H) the dominance index (C) the Evenness index (E) theimportant value index (IVI) of each species and the AverageScore per Taxon (ASPT)

The Shannon and Weaver [17] diversity index was esti-mated by the following equation

H = minussum(niN) ln(ni

N) (1)

where ni is number of individuals of ith species N is totalnumber of individuals ln is the natural log andsum is the sumof the calculations

The Evenness index (E) is computed from Pieloursquos index[36]

E = Hln S (2)

where H is ShannonndashWeaner diversity index and ln S isnatural log of the total number of species recorded

In addition Simpsonrsquos dominance index [37] was calcu-lated by the following equation

C = sum(niN)2

(3)

Importance value index (IVI) was calculated by [38]

IVI = Relative density + relative frequency

+ relative dominance (4)

International Journal of Ecology 3

Table 2 New weight score (Wi) for 8 parameters on NSF ndash WQI [39]

No Parameter Original weight score Modified weight score1 DO 017 0202 pH 011 0133 BOD 011 0134 Temperature 010 0125 Total phosphate 010 0126 Nitrate 010 0127 Turbidity 008 0108 Total solid 007 0089 Fecal coliform 016 -

Total 1 1

where relative density = (density of a specietotal densityof all species) times 100 relative frequency = (frequency ofa specietotal frequency of all species) times 100 and relativedominance = (dominance of a specietotal dominance of allspecies) times 100 The value of IVI may range from 0 to 300 (or300) This value is referred to the importance percentageThe importance value or the importance percentage gives anoverall estimation of the influence of importance of a speciesin the community

Furthermore the Average Score per Taxon (ASPT) rep-resents the average tolerance score of all taxa within thecommunity and ASPT value can be calculated by dividingthe Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) over thenumber of families represented in the sample The BMWPsystem considers the sensitivity of invertebrates to pollutionfamilies are assigned a score which is the sum of the valuesfor all families present in the sample Values greater than 100are associated with clean streams [40 41] On the other handscores of heavily polluted streams are less than 10 [41] TheASPT value equals the average of the tolerance scores of allmacroinvertebrate families found and ranges from 0 to 10The index values forASPT are classified into four categories asfollows (gt6 clean water 5-6 doubtful quality 4-5 probablemoderate pollution lt4 probable severe pollution) [16]

Also National Sanitation Foundation-Water QualityIndex (NSF-WQI) is often used to determine the level of waterquality based on nine parameters such as BOD DO nitratetotal phosphate temperature turbidity total solids pH andfecal coliform In this study eight parameters were appliedwithout fecal coliform hence there was a modification ofweight as shown at Table 2 The modification was allowedif the water quality parameter number was reduced andmodified total weight score remained 1 Weight score mod-ification of each parameter was proportional to its originalweight score [39] Furthermore the weight score of eachparameter (Wi) was multiplied by the subindex value of eachparameter (Li) For obtaining score of subindex we usedthe online NSF-WQI Calculator at wwwwater-researchnetwatrqualindexwaterqualityindexhtm Finally scores fromall of parameters are summed up using the following formula

119873119878119865-119882119876119868 =119899

sum119894=0

119882119894119871119894 (5)

where NSF-WQI is Water Quality Index Score Wi is theweight score of ith parameter and Li is the subindex value ofith parameter

The index of water quality (NSF-WQI) values is classifiedinto five categories as follows 0-25 very bad 26-50 bad51-70 medium or moderate 71-90 good gt91-100 excellent[19] A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with a focus onsampling site was performed to examine the relationshipsbetween biotic measures used (H C E and ASPT) andphysical-chemical variables (BOD DO nitrate total phos-phate temperature turbidity total solids and pH) [42 43]The PCA was carried out using the open source software(PAST program Version 3 b7)

3 Results and Discussion

The diversity index (H) the dominance index (C) and theEvenness index (E) are frequent tools to predict the con-ditions of an aquatic environment based on the biologicalcomponents Figure 2 shows that the highest H value ofbenthic macroinvertebrates in December 2015 was recordedat P-3 (2602) and the lowest H at K-2 (0383) The highestvalue of C was noted at K-2 (0776) and lowest at P-3 (009)The highest E was found at J-2 (0982) and the lowest E at K-2 (0552) In June 2016 the highest H value was observed atJ-2 (1941) and the lowest H at K-2 (02) The highest C wasrecorded at P-1 and the lowest C at K-2 The highest E wasnoted at J-1 and lowest E at K-2 (Figure 3)

In December 2015 the highest number of taxa (taxa rich-ness) of benthic macroinvertebrates was found in the Pam-pang River (21 taxa) and the lowest in the Karang MumusRiver (4 taxa) (Figure 4) In June 2016 the highest macroin-vertebrate taxa was found in the Pampang River (14 Taxa) andlowest in the Karang Mumus River (6 Taxa) (Figure 4)

The important value index (IVI) of each species is pre-sented in Table 3 During sampling in December 2015 Chi-ronomus sp and Melanoides tuberculata were codominanttaxa in Karang Mumus River Four taxa Melanoides tuber-culata Macrobrachium sp Acentrella parvula and Chirono-mus sp were codominant in Jembayan River In PampangRiver the codominant taxon was Coenagrion sp Duringsampling period of June 2016 Melanoides tuberculata andChironomus sp were codominant in Karang Mumus River


K-1 K-2 K-3 J-1 J-2 J-3 P-1 P-2 P-3 K-1 K-2 K-3 J-1 J-2 J-3 P-1 P-2 P-3 K-1 K-2 K-3 J-1 J-2 J-3 P-1 P-2 P-3

H C E

0000

0500

1000

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1500

2000

2500

3000

Figure 2 Diversity Index (H) Dominance Index (C) and Evenness Index (E) in December 2015


H C E

0000

0500

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1000

1500

2000

2500

Figure 3 Diversity Index (H) Dominance Index (C) and Evenness Index (E) in June 2016

In the Jembayan River we noted thatMelanoides tuberculataAcentrella parvula and Baetis flavistriga were codominanttaxa Acentrella parvula and Baetis flavistriga were alsocodominant taxa in Pampang River

Water quality measurements based on biotic index(ASPT) are shown in Table 4 In December 2015 accordingto ASPT criteria Karang Mumus River was in moderate tosevere polluted category Jembayan River in doubtful qualityand Pampang River in doubtful to clean quality In June 2016Karang Mumus River was in doubtful to severe polluted cat-egory Jembayan River was in doubtful quality and PampangRiver was in clean quality

Water quality parameters in December 2015 and June2016 of each station are presented in Tables 5 and 6 Basedon the WQI values in December 2015 the water quality ofKarang Mumus River was in bad condition and JembayanandPampangRiverswere inmoderate condition respectively(Table 5) In June 2016 Karang Mumus Jembayan andPampang Rivers were in moderate condition (Table 6)

According to the PCA during the rainy season (October2015) sampling sites J-1 J-2 and J-3 (Jembayan) show astrong affinity to high ASPT pH DO and E values Samplingsites P-1 P-2 andP-3 (Pampang) demonstrate a strong affinityto high H and nitrate values while sampling sites K-1 K-2


Table 3 Important value index (IVI) of benthic macroinvertebrate

SpeciesImportant Value Index ()

December 15 June 16Karang Mumus Jembayan Pampang Karang Mumus Jembayan Pampang

Chironomus sp 9733 2649 1358 4862 1391 1725Melanoides tuberculata 4407 5006 1339 6832 4226 457Acentrella parvula 1757 2719 801 730 2531 5738Thiara scabra 1450 000 000 777 000 000Gomphus sp 1388 000 000 659 000 1201Brotia testudinaria 1265 000 820 777 1157 000Macrobrachium sp 000 3386 000 659 1206 000Aeshna sp 000 1499 000 000 000 000Lestes sp 000 1334 839 000 1483 1284Ceriagrion tenellum 000 761 362 000 000 000Coenagrion sp 000 738 2913 000 000 1386Parathelphusa pantherina 000 667 000 659 325 000Culex sp 000 573 000 000 000 000Calopteryx damselfly 000 000 935 000 000 852Melanoides sp1 000 000 916 000 000 000Melanoides sp3 000 000 801 000 000 000Libellula sp 000 000 801 000 325 380Tanypus sp 000 000 781 000 665 000Plexippus sp 000 000 762 000 000 000Corbicula sp 000 000 685 000 000 000Macrodiplax balteata 000 000 439 000 310 000Melanoides sp2 000 000 439 000 000 000Trichoceridae 000 000 420 000 000 000Oxycerini sp 000 000 381 000 000 000Caenis sp 000 000 381 000 000 000Baetis flavistriga 000 000 362 777 2192 2636Aphylla williamsoni 000 000 343 000 000 000Micrasema sp 000 000 343 000 000 000Leucrocuta sp 000 000 343 000 000 000Isoperla sp 000 000 343 000 000 000Oligochaeta 000 000 343 000 000 000Hydrometridae 000 000 323 000 000 000Amphypsyche sp 000 000 323 000 000 000Pila ampullacea 000 000 000 683 000 000Pila globosa 000 000 000 636 340 000Dryops 000 000 000 636 000 364Hemiptera (Cicadas) 000 000 000 636 000 364Eristalis tenax (Syrphidae) 000 000 000 612 000 000Tiara sp1 000 000 000 000 1128 000Tiara scabra 000 000 000 000 1050 000Nerita sp 000 000 000 000 356 000(Undetermined Ephemeroptera sp1) 000 000 000 000 310 000Baetisca sp 000 000 000 000 310 000Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae) 000 000 000 000 000 920(Undetermined Ephemeroptera sp2) 000 000 000 000 000 735Maladeraholosaricea 000 000 000 000 000 380(Undetermined Ephemeroptera sp3) 000 000 000 000 000 349


Table 4 Biotic index (ASPT) of benthic macroinvertebrates in all sampling locations

Biotic Index (ASPT)Sampling station December 2015 June 2016K-1 500 300K-2 400 400K-3 350 580J-1 567 525J-2 600 600J-3 570 538P-1 669 610P-2 587 600P-3 593 620

Karang Mumus Jembayan Pampang

Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25

Figure 4 Taxa Richness of benthic macroinvertebrate

and K-3 (Karang Mumus) present a strong affinity to highvalues of C BOD and TDS (Figure 5) In June 2016 (dryseason) Jembayan River (J-1 J-2 and J-3) shows a strongaffinity to DO temperature TDS H and E Pampang River(P-1 P-2 and P-3) presents a strong affinity to pH phosphatenitrate and ASPT and Karang Mumus (K-1 K-2 and K-3) demonstrates a strong affinity to turbidity BOD and C(Figure 6)

In December 2015 (rainy season) 16 taxa of macroinver-tebrates were noted in P-3 The high diversity of macroin-vertebrates at P-3 was supported by moderate water quality(highest WQI) (Table 5) during this period According toPCA a strong affinity to high H (diversity index) and nitratewas also shown by Pampang River (Figure 5) Dense riparianvegetation found on the banks of the river may provide highnutrient sources for macroinvertebrates These plants alsoplay a prominent role in the remediation of contaminatedwater by pesticides and detergent active ingredients beforeentering the rivers [44] In contrast station K-2 had very lowdiversity of macroinvertebrate The intense human activities(for examples the uses of this river for bathing washingand latrines) which produced the high BOD and TDS values(Figure 5) and lack of riparian vegetation near this stationwere probably major causes of the very low diversity of

Figure 5 Diagram of sampling sites by Principal ComponentAnalysis (PCA) based on the bioticmeasures and physical-chemicalvariables in East Kalimantan of Indonesia in December 2015

Figure 6 Diagram of sampling sites by Principal ComponentAnalysis (PCA) based on the bioticmeasures and physical-chemicalvariables in East Kalimantan of Indonesia in June 2016

macroinvertebrates in this station We noted during oursurvey in December 2015 that water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) was more dominant in this station

In both December 2015 and June 2016 M tuberculataandChironomus spwere codominant taxa in KarangMumusRiverChironomus sp is a species indicator of waters contam-inated by high load of organic waste In fact it can live inwaters even at lowoxygen levels [45 46]Thehigh dominance


Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate


index indicates that the waters were instable causing imbal-ance of ecosystem Under this condition usually only certaintypes of organism like Chironomus sp can survive becauseof their ability to tolerate the high organic contamination[45] Some of Chironomidae larvae are efficient indicators ofmesotrophic waters and these are usually found at locationhaving high decomposed organic matter Thus presence ofthe Chironomidae family (indicated by high percentage ofIVI) reflected that the Karang Mumus River was in pollutedcategory Likewise presence of Melanoides tuberculata of theThiaridae family is well known as a species that can toleratethe presence of low dissolved oxygen and high suspendedparticulate matter in riverrsquos water [46] Gastropod especiallyMelanoides is very abundant in waters affected by agriculturalwaste even at low level of dissolved oxygen [47] M tuber-culata is tolerant not only in oligotrophic ecosystems [45]but also in ecosystem contaminated by low level of organicmatter [47] M tuberculata remains active at night and itlikes the temperature in the range of 18ndash32∘CM tuberculatahas an operculum that can protect itself from drought sothat it can survive on dry land and high salinity [48 49] Inaddition operculum also serves to increase their toleranceto toxic chemicals in the environment So these taxa arerecommendable to be used as a bioindicator of pollutedecosystems [48 49]

In both October 2015 and June 2016 M tuberculata andAcentrella parvula were codominant taxa in Jembayan RiverA parvula (family of Baetidae) is also known as one of ben-thic macroinvertebrates which is intolerant to the contami-nants Therefore Baetidae family can also be used as a bioin-dicator of low levels of organic matter contamination [50]

In October 2015 Coenagrion sp (order Odonata) andA parvula were codominant organism in Pampang RiverOdonata is a facultative or intermediate organism that cansurvive in moderate level of the environmental change Thisgroup can survive in waters containing organic matter How-ever they are quite sensitive to water quality degradation[46] In June 2016 Pampang River is dominated by Acentrellaparvula and Baetis flavistrigaThese two taxa are insects fromthe Baetidae family which can serve as low organic pollutantbioindicators [50 51] During dry season (June 2016) it ismost likely that Pampang River was contaminated by lowlevel of organic matter due to the decreased water debit anddeceased input of allochthonous materials into the waterbody

Water Quality Index (WQI) serves as single index thatdescribes water quality of certain location at certain timeIn December 2015 according to the WQI values KarangMumusRiverwas in poorwater quality but in June 2016 it wasimproved to moderate quality (Tables 5 and 6) MeanwhileJembayan and Pampang Rivers were found in moderatequality in both December 2015 and June 2016 Regarding thelow value ofWQI inOctober 2015 (rainy season) compared toJune 2016 (dry season) we concluded that this can beflood water and run-off during the rainy season bringingallochthonous materials into the water body or from theresuspension of the sediment (autochthonous) materialsSimilar effects were observed in Shiroro Lake [52] and GbakoRiver Nigeria [53]The accumulation of thesematerials in the

water body led to decreased water quality Moreover KarangMumus is located near to populated area and harbor withintense loading-unloading and motor ship activities and thelow WQI in Karang Mumus River was also most probablydue to all those activities For Jembayan River coal-miningactivities and oil-palm plantations around this river are thepotential activities which contribute to worsening the riverwater quality and benthicmacroinvertebrate diversity On theother hand the potential sources affecting thewater quality ofPampang River were oil-palm and pecan plantation activitiesalong this river

4 Conclusion

Based on the ASPT and WQI values our study clarified andestimated that KarangMumus River recently received certainpollutants and can be categorized as dangerously pollutedriver In fact macroinvertebrates in the river were dominatedby Chironomus sp and Melanoides tuberculata which areclearly indicated On the other hand Jembayan River wasfound to be of doubtful or moderate quality according toASPT and WQI values with M tuberculata and A parvulaas codominant taxa Furthermore Pampang River was thecleanest river based on ASPT and WQI values and OdonataandBaetidae familieswere codominant in the riverThese twofamilies are quite sensitive to water quality degradation andonly tolerant to low organic pollution However if organicpollution continues at this rate the water of these rivers willbecome seriously harmful

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Disclosure

The Permanent Address of Fatmawati Patang is Departmentof Biology Faculty of Mathematics and Natural ScienceUniversitas Mulawarman Kampus Gunung Kelua Jl BarongTongkok Samarinda Indonesia

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the useof research contents and publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The first author would like to thank the Indonesian Ministryof Research Technology and Higher Education for providinggenerous financial support for scholarship and researchequipment In addition technical assistance of Mr Setiyantois gratefully acknowledged

References

[1] U SuriawiriaWater in aHealthy Life and Environment AlumniBandung Indonesia 2003


[2] D Setiawan ldquoThe study of macrozoobenthos community atdownstream waters of Lematang river surrounding in PasarBawah Lahar Regencyrdquo Science Research Journal vol 9 pp 12ndash14 2009

[3] A E Ogbeibu and B J Oribhabor ldquoEcological impact of riverimpoundment using benthic macro-invertebrates as indica-torsrdquoWater Research vol 36 no 10 pp 2427ndash2436 2002

[4] J A Sciortino and R Ravikumar Fishery Harbour Manual onthe Prevention of Pollution ndash Bay of Bengal Programme BOBPfor Fisheries Management BOBPMAG22 Madras India1999

[5] United States Environmental ProtectionAgencyBasic Informa-tion onWater Quality Criteria 2018 httpswwwepagovwqcbasic-information-water-quality-criteriaaquatic

[6] H Kalyoncu and H Gulboy ldquoBenthic macroinvertebrates fromdarioren and isparta streams (IspartaTurkey)-biotic indicesandmultivariate analysisrdquo Journal of Applied Biological Sciencesvol 3 no 1 pp 79ndash86 2009

[7] A Oliveira and M Callisto ldquoBenthic macroinvertebrates asbioindicators of water quality in an atlantic forest fragmentrdquoIheringia - Serie Zoologia vol 100 no 4 pp 291ndash300 2010

[8] C B Uherek and F B Pinto Gouveia ldquoBiological monitoringusing macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of water quality ofmaroaga stream in the maroaga cave system presidente figue-iredo amazon Brazilrdquo International Journal of Ecology vol2014 7 pages 2014

[9] D Kartikasari C Retnaningdyah and E ArisoesilaningsihldquoApplication of water quality and ecology indices of benthicmacroinvertebrateon evaluate water quality of tertiary irriga-tion in Malang districtrdquoThe Journal of Tropical Life Science vol1 pp 193ndash201 2013

[10] D M Rosenberg and V H Resh ldquoIntroduction to freshwaterbiomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebratesrdquo in FreshwaterBiomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates Chapman andHall New York NY USA 1993

[11] I Czerniawska-Kusza ldquoComparing modified biological moni-toringworking party score system and several biological indicesbased on macroinvertebrates for water-quality assessmentrdquoLimnologica vol 35 no 3 pp 169ndash176 2005

[12] J D Elias J N Ijumba Y DMgaya and F AMamboya ldquoStudyon freshwater macroinvertebrates of some Tanzanian riversas a basis for developing biomonitoring index for assessingpollution in tropical African regionsrdquo Journal of Ecosystems vol2014 8 pages 2014

[13] K Suleiman and I Abdullahi ldquoBiological assessment of waterquality a study of Challawa river water Kano Nigeriardquo BayeroJournal of Pure and Applied Sciences vol 4 no 2 pp 121ndash1272012

[14] M M Roozbahani S M B Nabavi P Farshchi and A RasekhldquoStudies on the benthic macroinvertebrates diversity speciesas bio-indicators of environmental health in Bahrekan Bay(Northwest of Persian Gulf)rdquo African Journal of Biotechnologyvol 9 no 51 pp 8763ndash8771 2010

[15] M N Varnosfaderany E Ebrahimi N Mirghaffary and ASafyanian ldquoBiological assessment of the Zayandeh Rud RiverIran using benthic macroinvertebratesrdquo Limnologica vol 40no 3 pp 226ndash232 2010

[16] S M Mandaville ldquoBioassessment of Freshwaters Using BenthicMacroinvertebrates-A Primer First Ed Project E-1 Soil ampWater Conservation Society of Metro Halifax VIII ChaptersI-XXVII Appendices A-D 244prdquo 2002

[17] C E Shannon The Mathematical Theory of CommunicationThe University of Illinois Press Urbana Ill USA 1949

[18] P D Armitage D Moss J F Wright and M T Furse ldquoTheperformance of a new biological water quality score systembased on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpollutedrunning-water sitesrdquoWater Research vol 17 no 3 pp 333ndash3471983

[19] B Oram Calculating NSF Water Quality Index 2010 httpwwwwater-researchnetWatershedtemperaturehtm

[20] W M H W A Ghani C S Md Rawi S A Hamid and SA Al-Shami ldquoEfficiency of different sampling tools for aquaticmacroinvertebrate collections in malaysian streamsrdquo TropicalLife Sciences Research vol 27 no 1 pp 115ndash134 2016

[21] J Soedarso and Y Wardiatno Assessment of the Quality Statusof the River withMacrozoobenthos as Indicator Pena NusantaraBogor Indonesia 2015

[22] CWHeckman Encyclopedia of South AmericanAquatic InsectsEphemeroptera Illustrated Keys to Known Families Genera andSpecies in South America Springer Science+Business MediaDordrecht New York NY USA 2002

[23] CWHeckman Encyclopedia of South AmericanAquatic InsectsPlecoptera Illustrated Keys to Known Families Genera andSpecies in South America Springer Science+Business MediaDordrecht New York NY USA 2003

[24] CWHeckman Encyclopedia of South AmericanAquatic InsectsOdonata Anisoptera Illustrated Keys to Known Families Generaand Species in South America Springer Science+BusinessMediaDordrecht New York NY USA 2006

[25] C W Heckman Encyclopedia of South American AquaticInsects Odonata - Zygoptera Springer Science+BusinessMediaDordrecht Netherlands 2008

[26] J GooderhamTheWaterbug Book CSIROPublishing VictoriaAustralia 2002

[27] J Oscoz D Galicia and R Miranda Identification Guide ofFreshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain Springer NetherlandsDordrecht 2011

[28] I D Hodkinson R W Merritt and K W Cummins ldquoAnIntroduction to the Aquatic Insects of North Americardquo Journalof Animal Ecology vol 50 no 1 p 330 1981

[29] R W Pennak Freshwater Invertebrates of United States JohnWiley and Sons New York NY USA 1978

[30] J H Epler Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae(Diptera) of North and South Carolina North Carolina Depart-ment of Environment and Natural Resources Division of WaterQuality 2001

[31] B Dharma ldquoIndonesian Shellrdquo Edisi I dan II PT Sarana GrahaJakarta 1988

[32] W T Edmonson Fresh Water Biology John Wiley and SonsNew York NY USA 1963

[33] J GNeedham and P RNeedhamAGuide to the Study of Fresh-Water Biology Holden Day Inc San Francisco Calif USA1962

[34] P Barnard Tropical Asian Streams Macrozoobenthos Ecologyand Conservation Hong Kong University Press Hong KongChina 1999

[35] E W Rice R B Baird A D Eaton and L S Clesceri StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Ameri-can Public Health Association American Water Works Associ-ation Water Environment Federation 22nd edition 2012

[36] A J Kohn Ecological Diversity Wiley-Interscience PublicationLondon UK 1975


[37] E P Odum Fundamentals of Ecology WB Sounders CompanyLtd Philadelphia Pa USA 1971

[38] J Brower J H Zar and C N von Ende Field and LaboratoryMethods for General Ecology McGraw-Hill Education BostonMass USA 4th edition 1997

[39] H Effendi Romanto and Y Wardiatno ldquoWater Quality Statusof Ciambulawung River Banten Province Based on PollutionIndex and NSF-WQIrdquo Procedia Environmental Sciences vol 24pp 228ndash237 2015

[40] C F Mason Biology of Freshwater Pollution Prentice Hall NewYork NY USA 4th edition 2002

[41] N Arslan A Salur H Kalyoncu D Mercan B Barisik and DAOdabasi ldquoTheuse of BMWPandASPT indices for evaluationof water quality according to macroinvertebrates in KucukMenderes River (Turkey)rdquo Biologia (Poland) vol 71 no 1 pp49ndash57 2016

[42] P S Kumar and A B Khan ldquoThe distribution and diversityof benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in Pondicherry mangrovesIndiardquo Aquatic Biosystems vol 9 no 1 article 15 2013

[43] M T Suriano and A A Fonseca-Gessner ldquoStructure of benthicmacroinvertebrate assemblages on a gradient of environmentalintegrity in Neotropical streamsrdquoActa Limnologica Brasiliensiavol 25 no 4 pp 418ndash428 2013

[44] P Legendre and L Legendre Numerical Ecology ElsevierAmsterdam The Netherlands 1998

[45] L Mariantika and C Retnaningdyah ldquoThe change of benthicmacroinvertebrate community structure due to human activityin the spring channel of the source of clouds of Singosari sub-district Malang Regencyrdquo Jurnal Biotropika vol 2 pp 254ndash2592014

[46] A T Sastrawijaya Environmental Pollution Rineka CiptaJakarta Indonesia 1991

[47] A C Rehn ldquoBenthic macroinvertebrates as indicators ofbiological condition below hydropower dams on west slopeSierra Nevada streams California USArdquo River Research andApplications vol 25 no 2 pp 208ndash228 2009

[48] A J Mitchell M S Hobbs and T M Brandt ldquoThe effect ofchemical treatments on red-rim melania Melanoides tubercu-lata an exotic aquatic snail that serves as a vector of trematodesto fish and other species in the USArdquo North American Journalof Fisheries Management vol 27 no 4 pp 1287ndash1293 2007

[49] Y Wang H Wei J Wang et al ldquoElectropolymerized polyani-linemanganese iron oxide hybrids with an enhanced colorswitching response and electrochemical energy storagerdquo Jour-nal of Materials Chemistry A vol 3 no 41 pp 20778ndash207902015

[50] I Alhejoj E Salameh and K Bandel ldquoMayflies (OrderEphemeroptera) An Effective Indicator of Water Bodies Con-ditions in Jordanrdquo International Journal of Scientific Research inEnvironmental Sciences vol 2 no 10 pp 361ndash370 2014

[51] V M Junqueiraand and S C M Campos ldquoAdaptation of theBMWP method for water quality evaluation to Rio das Velhaswatershed (Minas Gerais Brazil)rdquo Acta Limnologica Brasilien-sia vol 10 pp 125ndash135 1998

[52] R Koloanda and A Oladimeji ldquoWater quality and some nutri-ent levels in Shiroro Lake Niger State Nigeriardquo InternationalJournal of Aquatic Science vol 19 no 2 2004

[53] U N Keke F O Arimoro Y I Auta and A V Ayanwale ldquoTem-poral and spatial variability in macroinvertebrate communitystructure in relation to environmental variables in Gbako RiverNiger State Nigeriardquo Tropical Ecology vol 58 no 2 pp 229ndash240 2017

Hindawiwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2018

Hindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Journal of

Chemistry ArchaeaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of


Environmental and Public Health

Journal of



MeteorologyAdvances in

EcologyInternational Journal of


Marine BiologyJournal of



ChemistryAdvances in

Agronomy


International Journal of


Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics


Geological ResearchJournal of


Public Health Advances in

BiodiversityInternational Journal of


ScienticaHindawiwwwhindawicom Volume 2018

BotanyJournal of


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawiwwwhindawicom

The Scientific World Journal

Volume 2018

AgricultureAdvances in


Submit your manuscripts atwwwhindawicom


Table 1 Detailed information of sampling stations

Riverrsquos name Samplingstation Geographical position Surrounding environment

Karang Mumus K-1 00∘304911015840S and 117∘094261015840E Populated area population density 12785 peoplekm2harbor with motor ship activities usage of river for

bathing washing and latrinesK-2 00∘290731015840S and 117∘090641015840EK-3 00∘282381015840S and 117∘094421015840E

Jembayan J-1 00∘331381015840S and 117∘011001015840E Activity of coal-mining and oil-palm plantationpopulation density 66 peoplekm2J-2 00∘330571015840S and 117∘007901015840E

J-3 00∘330851015840S and 117∘005741015840EPampang P-1 00∘199271015840S and 117∘115551015840E Natural habitat activity of oil-palm plantation

population density 397 peoplekm2P-2 00∘200761015840S and 117∘118741015840EP-3 00∘198501015840S and 117∘111321015840E

Figure 1 Sampling locations of benthic macroinvertebrate andwater quality parameters (source Google Earth Pro 7314507 BuildDate February 6 2018)

to determine current status of these rivers using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index [17] Average Score per Taxon (ASPT)[18] and the National Sanitation Foundation-Water QualityIndex (NSF-WQI) [19]

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area The study was conducted mainly on threerivers of East Kalimantan with the help of three samplingstations of each river (Figure 1) Selection of the samplingstations was based on the possible pollutant loads and themagnitude of human activities along the rivers Detailedlocation information of these sampling sites and the latitudeand longitude of all stations are presented in Table 1

22 Sampling and Identification of BenthicMacroinvertebratesMinimum of 100 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrateswere collected stored and transported by each samplingstation [20 21] Furthermore sampling ofmacroinvertebrateswas conducted in December 2015 (rainy season) and June2016 (dry season) Samples of benthicmacroinvertebratewerecollected using Surber net (30 times 30 cm2) for rocky substrateEkman-grab (25 times 25 cm2) for muddy substrate and kicknet for habitat containing dense aquatic plants Organismscollected were rinsed with water separated from debris and

sediment using forceps and finally preserved in 70 ethanolAll macroinvertebrates were identified to the family levelusing appropriate references [22ndash35]

23Water QualityMeasurement Awide range of water qual-ity parameters were measured at all sampling locations withkey parameters being dissolved oxygen (DO) pH biolog-ical oxygen demand (BOD) temperature total phosphatenitrate turbidity and total dissolved solid (TDS) The ana-lytical methods of water quality parameters were followedby the Standard Method for the Examination of Water andWastewater [35]

24 Data Analysis After identification and enumeration ofmacroinvertebrates we then calculated the diversity index(H) the dominance index (C) the Evenness index (E) theimportant value index (IVI) of each species and the AverageScore per Taxon (ASPT)

The Shannon and Weaver [17] diversity index was esti-mated by the following equation

H = minussum(niN) ln(ni

N) (1)

where ni is number of individuals of ith species N is totalnumber of individuals ln is the natural log andsum is the sumof the calculations

The Evenness index (E) is computed from Pieloursquos index[36]

E = Hln S (2)

where H is ShannonndashWeaner diversity index and ln S isnatural log of the total number of species recorded

In addition Simpsonrsquos dominance index [37] was calcu-lated by the following equation

C = sum(niN)2

(3)

Importance value index (IVI) was calculated by [38]

IVI = Relative density + relative frequency

+ relative dominance (4)




Total 1 1




119873119878119865-119882119876119868 =119899

sum119894=0

119882119894119871119894 (5)









H C E

0000

0500

1000

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1500

2000

2500

3000



H C E

0000

0500

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1000

1500

2000

2500















Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25









Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018







Total 1 1




119873119878119865-119882119876119868 =119899

sum119894=0

119882119894119871119894 (5)









H C E

0000

0500

1000

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1500

2000

2500

3000



H C E

0000

0500

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1000

1500

2000

2500















Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25









Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018






H C E

0000

0500

1000

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1500

2000

2500

3000



H C E

0000

0500

Biot

ic m

easu

re

1000

1500

2000

2500















Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25









Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018













Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25









Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018








Dec-15Jun-16

0

5

10

Num

ber o

f Tax

a

15

20

25









Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018





Table5Water

quality

parametersinDecem

ber2

015in

each

statio

n

Decem

ber15

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

597

605

397

533plusmn1

1872

3715

717

718plusmn

004

735

733

7473

6plusmn004

2pH

56

555

519

545plusmn0

22

586

598

565

583plusmn0

17353

37

598

440plusmn1

373

BOD

7981

6671

6127

6927plusmn

953

127

01

096

078plusmn0

61

335

257

01

201plusmn1

704

Temperature

Change

302981

2997

2993plusmn

010

297

2992

2938

2967plusmn

027

2713

2554

2561

2609plusmn

090

5To

talP

hosphate

028

016

068

037plusmn0

27

058

012

066

045plusmn0

29

005

0011

005plusmn0

06

6Nitrates

01

004

0005plusmn0

05

038

043

015

032plusmn0

15038

18014

078plusmn0

89

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

336

399

186

3070plusmn

1094

246

119

223

196plusmn

068

8TD

S245

258

270

2576

7plusmn1250

104

103

961010

0plusmn436

216

214

102

17733plusmn

6525

WQI=sum(

WitimesI

i)4223

4253

3471

3982plusmn

443

5099

566

5162

5307plusmn

307

5019

5147

6214

5460plusmn

656

Criteria

BB

BB

MM

MM

BM

MM

NoteB

badMm

edium

ormod

erate


Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018





Table6Water

quality

parametersinJune

2016

ineach

statio

n

June

2016

Karang

Mum

usJembayan

Pampang

No

Parameter

K-1

K-2

K-3

MeanplusmnS

DJ-1

J-2

J-3

MeanplusmnS

DP-1

P-2

P-3

MeanplusmnS

D1

Diss

olvedOxygen

809

784

823

805plusmn0

20

756

782

766

768plusmn

013

666

7678

681plusmn0

172

pH7

701

770

0plusmn001

69

69

701

694plusmn0

06

739

7474

740plusmn

001

3BO

D111

198

154

154plusmn

043

126

149

168

147plusmn

021

103

105

104

104plusmn

001

4Temperature

Change

3030

303000plusmn

000

3030

303000plusmn

000

2927

266

2753plusmn1

295

TotalP

hosphate

00

0000plusmn0

00

006

004

009

006plusmn0

02

0072

008

026plusmn0

396

Nitrates

026

014

001

014plusmn0

13013

010

014

012plusmn0

02

026

069

045

047plusmn0

22

7Tu

rbidity

152

203

326

2270plusmn

894

123

82

168

1243plusmn

430

173

224

22

725plusmn

871

8TD

S16

178

167

1683plusmn

091

239

583

855

5590plusmn

3087

1227

121700plusmn8

66

WQI=sum(

Witimes

Ii)6304

6007

6079

6130plusmn

155

6276

6364

6173

6271plusmn0

96

6336

6039

6616

6330plusmn

289

Criteria

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

MM

NoteMm

edium

ormod

erate







4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018










4 Conclusion


Data Availability


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References


























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018




























































Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018
























Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018






Volume 2018


Journal of





Journal of










Agronomy




Advances in

Virolog y



Geophysics








BotanyJournal of




Volume 2018




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