BENTONITE G 150

Launching July´15

• Greek fungus “Mykes” and Latin poison “Toxicum”

• 1000 years from “St. Anthony’s fire” until the death of 100.000 turkeys in the UK due to “Aflatoxin” in

1960

• Feed born toxins present in the main crops. Natural contaminants

• Complete elimination of mycotoxins is very unlikely

• Potential threat to human and animal health

• Combined strategies are required to minimise the

risk of transference through the feed – food chain

MYCOTOXINS Historical notes

• A food safety, animal performance and health concern

• A lot of research during the last 30 years

• One of the most recognised feed chain contaminants

• Hundreds of mycotoxins identified

• Aflatoxin identified as a potent carcinogen (IARC)

• Important economical impact

• Maximum limits established for AB1 and OTA

• The EU is the most restrictive. US AFB1 x 10

• Criteria and controls not harmonised – Risk!

• Functional group in the UE

MYCOTOXINS Today

MYCOTOXINS CE 1060/2013

MYCOTOXINS CE 1060/2013

• Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, M)

Fungi: Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus

• Ochratoxin A (OTA)

Fungi:Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum

• Fumonisins (FB1+B2)

Fungi: Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum:

• Zearalenone (ZEA), Deoxynivalenol (DON), & Trichothecens

Fungi: Fusarium graminearium

• T2 Toxin

Fungi: Fusarium sporotrichioides

MYCOTOXINS OF CONCERN IN

ANIMAL FEED

DNA, RNA

damage

Protein

Synthesis

Lipid

Peroxidation

Cell membrane

disruption Cell cycle

alteration

Cell death

Toxicity: Liver, kidney, nerves, genes

Immunosuppression

Reduced performance and health

TOXICITY MECHANISM OF

MYCOTOXINS

• AFLATOXINS are the most dangerous mycotoxins – legal maximums established

• DON, ZEA and Fumonisin B1 are not very toxic but they are very frequently detected. Not important carry over into milk, meat and eggs, but impact on animal performance and health – Recommended maximum established

MYCOTOXIN MENACE IN

ANIMAL FEEDING

LEGAL MAXIMUM CONTENTS

AFLATOXIN B1, EU Dir 2002/32 & 2003/100

Feedstuff

12% moisture

Maximum, µg/kg (ppb)

All feed materials 20

Complete feedstuffs:

- Cattle, sheep and goats (except dairy, calves and lambs)

- Dairy cattle

- Calves and lambs

- Pigs and poultry (except young animals)

- Young animals and other complete feedstuffs

20

5

10

20

10

Complementary feedstuffs:

- Cattle, sheep and goats (except dairy, claves and lambs)

- Pigs and poultry (except young animals)

- Other complementary feedstuffs

20

20

5

LEGAL MAXIMUM CONTENTS

AFLATOXIN B1, EU Dir 2002/32 & 2003/100

Mycotoxin

FOOD

Maximum,

µg/kg (ppb)

AFM1(*)

- Milk

- Infant formulae and milk

0.05

OTA(**)

Pork kidney

10*

20**

1 Reg. 1881/2006/CE 2 National Reg. Denmark: *Viscera condemned, ** Carcass condemned

Physical methods: Cleaning, sorting, thermal, wet milling… Incomplete or expensive

“Binders”: Economical but variable efficacy

Chemical methods: alkali, acid, ammonium, additives, ozonation… Effective against fungi, variable efficacy against toxins or expensive

Microbiological methods: Ethanol fermentation (bio-fuels): Possible increase in mycotoxin concentration: AFB1, ZEA, FB1…

Dietary interventions: Effective reducing mycotoxin toxicity: Vitamins, AAs, antioxidants, bioflavonoids, enzymes…+ Combinations with mycotoxin binders

STRATEGIES AGAINST CARRY OVER OF FEED

MYCOTOXINS

FAO 1999, EFSA, 2009

70% of the products described by EFSA against mycotoxins in feed are “Binders”

More than 50% of the “Binders” are “Clays” or clay based products

Differences among clays are essential for understanding their efficacy and mode of action

MYCOTOXIN ABSORBING

AGENTS BINDERS

• Structural differences are due to:

Genesis

Chemical composition

Isomorphus substitutions

• Structural differences confere: Specific characteristics

Special properties

STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES

AMONG CLAYS

Phyllosilicate 2:1

Surface area: 50-120 m2/g

CEC: 50-150 mEq/100g

Exchangeable cations: Ca2+, K+, Na+

Swelling capacity (Na+ smectite)

Hydrophyllic surface

Uses

Absorbent

Rheological additive

Binder

SMECTITE (Bentonite)

Mx(Al,Fe,Mg)4(Si,Al)8O20(OH)

4

Surface area (SA): Clays have very large SA. The greater the SA the better adsorption of mycotoxins

Active centres (AC): points for active sorption of cations. A proper number of AC should exist on the surface for effective and irreversible adsorption of mycotoxins. Usually occupied by cations (Na, K Ca, Mg) and measured by the cation exchange capacity

Cation exchange capacity (CEC): Number of cations readily exchangeable. Required for stable binding of mycotoxins

Charge Density (CD): Number of cations per unit of surface area

ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CLAYS

AGAINST MYCOTOXINS

An adequate charge density is essential

for effective protection against mycotoxins

without interferences with nutrients

DIFFERENTIAL ASPECT OF MYCOTOXIN

BINDERS - SILICATES Mg Silicates Al Silicates

Sepiolite

Mg

Bentonite

Ca

Bentonite

Na

Bentonite

Natural

Zeolite

Synthetic

Zeolite

Surface

area, m2/g 350 120 70 60 50 500

C.E.C. meq/100g

15 60 90 120 200 500

Charge

density*

CEC/SA

0.05

0.5

1.5

2

4

1

Example EXAL BENTONITE

G-150

Novasil, H

SCAS

Others Clinopti-

lolite

Zeolite-A

Effective adsorption and no desorption

No interference with nutrients and additives

Safe for the user, animal and environment

Easy to handle

Economical

REQUIREMENTS FOR A GOOD

MYCOTOXIN BINDER

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER

MINE: Selective mining after exhaustive control of raw mineral

Drill sampling: Mineralogical composition and contaminants

Extraction of selected raw mineral

Coarse grinding in site to homogenize the raw mineral

Distribution on homogeneous stacks of 50 cm depth

Activation: watering and sun drying cycles to increase swelling

Activated raw mineral sampling: Traceability and quality controls

FACTORY: Purification and re – activation

Grinding and classification: Purification

Fluid bed heat drying: Re – activation to increase adsorption

BENTONITE G 150 packaging and sampling for quality controls

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER

BENTONITE G 150:

1m558i NATURAL MYCOTOXIN BINDER