+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of...

Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of...

Date post: 15-Mar-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 35 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
12
Aromatic Compounds Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon atoms, with 3 double bonds in a ring, and a proposed structure for benzene is This structure has 3 double bonds which are connected to each other, and therefore the electrons can be seen as a cloud of electrons above the Carbon, delocalising the electrons between all the pi orbitals. This can be drawn as follows: A number of proofs that the actual structure of benzene is this can be found. These are: The bond length between C – C is lower than that of a single bond but higher than that of a double bond The energy released when benzene is hydrogenated is much less than 3 times the energy released Electrophilic Substituion Benzene and similar compounds react via electrophilic substitution. The ring has a high elelctron density and therefore electrophilic attack is expected. The substitution occurs because it is too
Transcript
Page 1: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Aromatic Compounds

Benzene, what is aromaticity?

Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene

ismade up od 6 Carbon atoms, with 3 double bonds in a ring, and a proposed structure for benzene

is

This structure has 3 double bonds which are connected to each other, and therefore the electrons

can be seen as a cloud of electrons above the Carbon, delocalising the electrons between all the pi

orbitals. This can be drawn as follows:

A number of proofs that the actual structure of benzene is this can be found. These are:

The bond length between C – C is lower than that of a single bond but higher than that of a

double bond

The energy released when benzene is hydrogenated is much less than 3 times the energy

released

Electrophilic Substituion

Benzene and similar compounds react via electrophilic substitution. The ring has a high elelctron

density and therefore electrophilic attack is expected. The substitution occurs because it is too

Page 2: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

energy demanding to lose the aromaticity and therefore it will be much more energy efficient to

break a C – H bond, even if these are very stable.

Reaction

Substitution reactions on benzenes occur only through the electrophilic pathway. The same reaction

can be used to introduce the second substituent on the ring, although positional rules discussed in a

latter part of the chapter need to be used.

Nitration

The reaction will give the tri-nitro benzene if the temperature is above 60o C.

The mechanism for the reaction is as follows:

Chlorination/Bromination

For either chlorination or bromination a catalyst need to be used. This catalyst is important in the

preparation of the electrophile, and without it no reaction would take place

Page 3: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

The mechanism for this reaction is as follows:

Friedel Crafts Alkylation

Halogenalkanes can be used to alkylate the benzene ring. This can be achieved with the aid of a

catalyst such as AlCl3 which has a vacant p orbital and is electron deficient.

With the mechanism being:

Page 4: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Friedel Crafts Acylation

A similar reaction to alkylation is acylation, where instead of using a halogenoalkanes, an acid

chloride is used.

With the mechanism being:

Sulfonation

Another reaction of benzene is with sulphuric acid, with the reaction pathway being the following:

Page 5: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Hydrogenation

Even though benzene rings are highly stable, it is possible to hydrogenate them with the aid of a

catalyst and a temperature of 150 oC.

Chlorination

Benzene can also be chlorinated in an addition reaction by using Chlorine and UV light while boiling

it.

2,4-directing groups vs 3 directing groups

Reaction do not need to stop after the first substituent has been added, and different groups have

different effects on the reactivity of the benzene ring. Two of these effects are the mesomeric effect

and the inductive effect.

Inductive effect

The inductive effect is the push and pull of electrons by a substituent group. Groups can either push

electrons into the ring, like the alkyl groups, making the ring more electron rich, therefore making it

more reactive. Other group like the Chlorine can withdraw the electrons f rom the ring making it less

reactive.

Page 6: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Mesomeric effect

Lone pairs and double bonds can interact with the ring by taking part in the delocalisation of

electrons. Lone pairs tend to put electrons in the ring while double bonds tend to take e lectrons

from the ring.

Due to these two effects each group can be listed as wither a 2,4-directing group or a 3-directing

group. Groups with lone pairs are 2,4-directing while groups with double bonds are 3-directing.

Methyl Benzene

Methyl benzene has a similar reactivity to benzene, and all the reactions that benzene undergoes

can be achieved with methyl benzene. It is also noted that the methyl group behaves exactly like a

normal alkane.

Reactions on the ring

Nitration

The nitration of methylbenzene give rise to two main products, ortho (2-position) and para (4-

position) as discussed in the directing effect of substituent on the ring.

Page 7: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Chlorination/Bromination

Chlorination and bromination take place in the same manner as the reaction with benzene

Friedel Crafts Alkylation

Friedel Crafts Acylation

Chlorination of the methyl group

The methyl group can be chlorinated in a radical substitution mechanism just like any other alkane.

Page 8: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Oxidation

Methylbenene can be oxidised to both an acid and an aldehyde.

The reaction to produce the acid changes colour from purple to brown on addition of the base and

then white on addition of the acid.

Aldehydes can be produced by the use of a milder oxidising agent.

Halogenoarenes

Halogenoarenes react the same as all other phenyl compounds except for one reaction. Even though

halogenoarenes cannot be substituted like normal halogenoalkanes, these can be transformed into a

phenol using pressure and temperature.

Phenols

Preparation

Sulfuric acids

Page 9: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Halogenoarenes

Diazonium salts

Reactions

Acidity

Phenols are more acidic then normal alcohols, since the negative charge produced when an H+ is lost

can be delocalised on the ring. This delocalisation increases stability making it much more acidic

then normal alcohols.

Oxidation

If left in air phenols tend to oxidise to form a dark coloured polymer

Esterification

Phenols can take part in esterification reactions, especially noting the fact that these are more

reactive then normal alcohols.

Page 10: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Chlorination/Bromination

The hydroxyl group activates the ring, and addition of chlorine and bromine cannot be controlled

and normally the tri-brominated/chlorinated product will be obtained.

Reaction on the ring

Other reactions are the same as other aromatic compounds.

Hydrogenation

Phenol can be hyodrogenated using similar conditions to the benzene ring.

Benzaldehyde

Benzaldehyde is a normal aldehyde, and therefore it can undergo all the nulceophilic additions that

have been discussed with aldehydes.

Aromatic reactions are similar o those of other aromatic rings

Phenylamine

Preparation

Phenylamine can be prepared by the reduction of nitrobenzene using tin and acid.

Basicity

Phenylamine is a very weak base, as it is weakened by the electron delocalisation to the ring, in

contrast to the strengthening effect of the acidity on the phenol. The lone pair can be delocalised on

the ring making it less available for Hydrogen acceptance.

Reactions of phenylamine are similar to those of other aromatic compounds except for nitration,

since the conditionswould otherwise oxidise the amine itself.

Page 11: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

Nitration

Nitration can be achieved by first protecting the amine group and producing an amide. After the

amide is produced nitration can take place, with the amide being 2,4-directing. The amide can then

be removed by hydrolysis.

Diazonim salts

Diazonium salts are slats that can be prepared from phenylamine via the reaction with HNO2. This

product is a salt that can decompose to give Nitrogen and a cation on the aromatic ring, making it

possible to be attacked by nucleophiles.

Preparation

Reaction

Once the diazonium salt is made at 0 oC it can be used for reactions. The first step is to decompose it,

which would then be followed by attack by a nucleophile. The mechanism for decomposition is:

Page 12: Benzene, what is aromaticity? · Benzene, what is aromaticity? Benzene is a special type of compound which is found always as a delocalised structure. Benzene ismade up od 6 Carbon

While the reactions that a diazonium salt can undergo are the following:


Recommended