Bermuda Triangle 1

Bermuda TriangleFor other uses, see Bermuda Triangle (disambiguation).

Bermuda TriangleDevil's Triangle

One version of the Bermuda Triangle area

The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a loosely defined region in the western part of theNorth Atlantic Ocean, where a number of aircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysteriouscircumstances. According to the US Navy, the triangle does not exist, and the name is not recognized by the USBoard on Geographic Names. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to the paranormal or activity byextraterrestrial beings. Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were spurious,inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors. In a 2013 study, the World Wide Fund for Nature identifiedthe world’s 10 most dangerous waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.

Triangle areaThe first written boundaries date from an article by Vincent Gaddis in a 1964 issue of the pulp magazine Argosy,where the triangle's three vertices are in Miami, Florida peninsula; in San Juan, Puerto Rico; and in the mid-Atlanticisland of Bermuda. But subsequent writers did not follow this definition. Some writers give different boundaries andvertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from 1,300,000 to 3,900,000 km2 (500,000 to 1,510,000 sq mi).Consequently, the determination of which accidents have occurred inside the triangle depends on which writerreports them. The United States Board on Geographic Names does not recognize this name, and it is not delimited inany map drawn by US government agencies.The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for portsin the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly goback and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraftheading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America from points north.

Bermuda Triangle 2

History

OriginsThe earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 17, 1950 articlepublished in The Miami Herald (Associated Press) by Edward Van Winkle Jones. Two years later, Fate magazinepublished "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door", a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes andships, including the loss of Flight 19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Sand'sarticle was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would becovered again in the April 1962 issue of American Legion magazine.[1] In it, author Allan W. Eckert wrote that theflight leader had been heard saying, "We are entering white water, nothing seems right. We don't know where weare, the water is green, no white." He also wrote that officials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes"flew off to Mars."[2] Sand's article was the first to suggest a supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In theFebruary 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis' article "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 andother disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region. The next year, Gaddis expanded thisarticle into a book, Invisible Horizons.Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis' ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost,1969, repr. 1973);[3] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[4] Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974),and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.

Larry KuscheLawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda TriangleMystery: Solved (1975)[5] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated,dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz'saccounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche notedcases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman DonaldCrowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example wasthe ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost threedays out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of theincidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often hisresearch was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports onpossibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.Kusche concluded that:•• The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally

speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.• In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part,

neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious;•• Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail to mention such storms or even represent the

disappearance as having happened in calm conditions when meteorological records clearly contradict this.•• The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be

reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.• Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 off

Daytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.•• The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or

unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.

Bermuda Triangle 3

Further responsesWhen the UK Channel 4 television program The Bermuda Triangle (1992) was being produced by John Simmons ofGeofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurance market Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually largenumber of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's determined that large numbers of ships had not sunkthere. Lloyd's does not charge higher rates for passing through this area. United States Coast Guard records confirmtheir conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number ofships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through theirinquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In onesuch incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg, the Coast Guard photographedthe wreck and recovered several bodies, in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished,with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup. In addition,V. A. Fogg sank off the coast of Texas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the Triangle.The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, statingthat "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does nothave to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place ... Ships andplanes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claimthat a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is not true. Youcan even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. Theburden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from,to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out." Skeptical researchers,such as Ernest Taves and Barry Singer, have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular andprofitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. Theywere able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producerscontinue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, andother media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skepticalviewpoint. Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermudaitself, there is no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons.Wikipedia:Citation neededThe city of Freeport, located inside the Triangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flightsannually and is visited by over a million tourists a year.

Supernatural explanationsTriangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blameon leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is thesubmerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in theTriangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence ofAtlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formationas a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.Other writers attribute the events to UFOs. This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction film CloseEncounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in theTriangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.

Bermuda Triangle 4

Natural explanations

Compass variationsCompass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusuallocal magnetic anomalies may exist in the area, such anomalies have not been found. Compasses have naturalmagnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries. Magnetic(compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a small number of places – for example,as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf of Mexico. But thepublic may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an areaas large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.

False-color image of the Gulf Streamflowing north through the western

Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is a deep ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexicoand then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence,it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floatingobjects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mi/h).A small plane making a water landing or a boat having engine trouble can becarried away from its reported position by the current.

Human error

One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of anyaircraft or vessel is human error. Human stubbornness may have causedbusinessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailedinto the teeth of a storm south of Florida on January 1, 1958.

Violent weatherTropical cyclones are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of liveslost and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was thefirst recorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents relatedto the Triangle.A powerful downdraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause in the sinking of the Pride of Baltimore on May 14,1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from 32 km/h (20 mph)to 97–145 km/h (60–90 mph). A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during veryunstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outwardlike a giant squall line of wind and water."[6] A similar event occurred to the Concordia in 2010 off the coast ofBrazil.

Bermuda Triangle 5

Methane hydratesMain article: Methane clathrate

Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferredoffshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.

Source: USGS

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on thepresence of large fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) onthe continental shelves. Laboratory experiments carried out inAustralia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model shipby decreasing the density of the water; any wreckage consequentlyrising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. Ithas been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimescalled "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that areno longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If thiswere the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sinkvery rapidly and without warning.

Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, offthe coast of the southeastern United States. However, according to the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates arebelieved to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.

Notable incidentsMain article: List of Bermuda Triangle incidents

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with itto New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelictreappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's ofLondon records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin.There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missingmen were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.

Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from theCape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921,

two days before she was found deserted in NorthCarolina. (US Coast Guard)

USS Cyclops

Main article: USS Cyclops (AC-4)The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history ofthe US Navy not related to combat occurred when the collier USSCyclops, carrying a full load of manganese ore and with one engine outof action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309 sometimeafter March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Althoughthere is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independenttheories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and somesuggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss. Inaddition, two of Cyclops's sister ships, Proteus and Nereus were subsequently lost in the North Atlantic duringWorld War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded on Cyclopsduring her fatal voyage. In all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo thandesigned is considered the most likely cause of sinking.

Bermuda Triangle 6

Carroll A. Deering

Main article: Carroll A. DeeringA five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at DiamondShoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deeringwas a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possiblyinvolving another ship, SS Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknown steamersailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It is speculatedthat Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew's disappearance.

Flight 19Main article: Flight 19

US Navy Avengers, similar to thoseof Flight 19

Flight 19 was a training flight of five TBM Avenger torpedo bombers thatdisappeared on December 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flightplan was scheduled to take them due east from Fort Lauderdale for 141 miles,north for 73 miles, and then back over a final 140-mile leg to complete theexercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance is attributed byNavy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out offuel.

One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, a PBM Marinerwith a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reportedseeing an explosion and observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlesslysearching for survivors. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of theincident. According to contemporaneous sources the Mariner had a history ofexplosions due to vapour leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as for a potentiallylong search and rescue operation.

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

Main articles: BSAA Star Tiger disappearance and BSAA Star Ariel disappearanceG-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948, on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Arieldisappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IVpassenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways. Both planes were operating at the very limits oftheir range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. Oneplane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.

Douglas DC-3Main article: 1948 Airborne Transport DC-3 (DST) disappearanceOn December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan,Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people on board was ever found. From the documentationcompiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, butbarely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, butordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to completeelectrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark totheir cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.

Bermuda Triangle 7

KC-135 StratotankersOn August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. TheTriangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but there were twodistinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research showed that theunclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second "crash site"was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled in an old buoy.

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in thestories (Berlitz, Winer) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month, withBermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force. In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quotedfrom a letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados:

On the morning of September 22 Connemara IV was lying to a heavy mooring in the open roadstead ofCarlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened the mooring ropes and put out twoadditional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the exposed mooring was the only availableanchorage. ... In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake of Hurricane Janet was awe-inspiring and dangerous. Theowner of Connemara IV observed that she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged hermoorings and gone to sea.

Influence on culture• The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle.• Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.• Fleetwood Mac released the song "Bermuda Triangle" on their 1974 album Heroes are Hard to Find.• Singer-songwriter Barry Manilow's single, "Bermuda Triangle" (released in 1981), was taken from his album

Barry (1980).• The first film based on the Bermuda Triangle was the 1975 TV movie Satan's Triangle. Later films include The

Bermuda Triangle (1978), The Triangle (2001) and the TV miniseries The Triangle (2005).• In Search of... season 1 episode 4 (1977) is dedicated to the Bermuda Triangle.• The 1977 disaster film Airport '77 involves an airliner crashing and sinking in the Bermuda Triangle.

Notes[1] Cited in James R. Lewis (editor), Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture, page 72, segment by Jerome

Clark (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2001). ISBN 1-57607-292-4[2] Diana Formisano Willett, Paranormal Fright, page 9 (AuthorHouse, 2013), ISBN 978-1-4817-3268-0[3][3] Spencer, 1969.[4][4] Berlitz, 1974.[5][5] Kusche, 1975.[6] Downdraft likely sank clipper, The Miami News, May 23, 1986, p. 6A (http:/ / news. google. com/ newspapers?id=h8wlAAAAIBAJ&

sjid=TPMFAAAAIBAJ& pg=1085,6357771& dq=bermuda-triangle& hl=en)

Bermuda Triangle 8

ReferencesThe incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some incidentsmentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:• Berg, Daniel (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.• Berlitz, Charles (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.• Group, David (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian

Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.• Jeffrey, Adi-Kent Thomas (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0-446-59961-1.• Kusche, Lawrence David (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

ISBN 0-87975-971-2.• Quasar, Gian J. (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.

International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press. ISBN 0-07-142640-X. Reprinted in paperback in 2005; ISBN0-07-145217-6.

• Spencer, John Wallace (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.• Winer, Richard (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0-553-10688-0.• Winer, Richard (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0-553-02464-7.

Further reading

Newspaper articlesProQuest has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in Portable Document Format (PDF). Thenewspapers include The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Atlanta Constitution. To access thiswebsite, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university.Flight 19• "Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida", The New York Times, December 7, 1945.• "Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes", The Washington Post, December 7, 1945.• "Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men", The Washington Post, December 9, 1945.SS Cotopaxi

• "Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As 'Missing'", The New York Times, January 7, 1926.• "Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail", The Washington Post, December 6, 1925.• "Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship", The Washington Post, December 7, 1925.• "53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved", The Washington Post, December 13, 1925.USS Cyclops (AC-4)• "Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage", The Washington Post, March 11, 1918.• "Collier Overdue A Month", The New York Times, April 15, 1918.• "More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops", The New York Times, April 16, 1918.• "Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops", The New York Times, April 17, 1918.• "Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected", The Washington Post, April 15, 1918.• "U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War", The Washington Post, April 15, 1918.• "Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said", The Washington Post, April 16, 1918.• "Fate Of Ship Baffles", The Washington Post, April 16, 1918.• "Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course", The Washington Post, April 19, 1918.Carroll A. Deering

• "Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships", The New York Times, June 21, 1921.• "Bath Owners Skeptical", The New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella

Bermuda Triangle 9

• "Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation", The New York Times, June 22, 1921.• "More Ships Added To Mystery List", The New York Times, June 22, 1921.• "Hunt On For Pirates", The Washington Post, June 21, 1921• "Comb Seas For Ships", The Washington Post, June 22, 1921.• "Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly", The Washington Post, July 10, 1921.Wreckers• "'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago", The New York Times, March 30,

1969.S.S. Suduffco

• "To Search For Missing Freighter", The New York Times, April 11, 1926.• "Abandon Hope For Ship", The New York Times, April 28, 1926.Star Tiger and Star Ariel

• "Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner", The New York Times, January 31, 1948.• "72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner", The New York Times, January 19, 1949.DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance• "30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami", The New York Times, December 29,

1948.• "Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner", The New York Times, December 30, 1948.• "Airliner Hunt Extended", The New York Times, December 31, 1948.Harvey Conover and Revonoc

• "Search Continuing For Conover Yawl", The New York Times, January 8, 1958.• "Yacht Search Goes On", The New York Times, January 9, 1958.• "Yacht Search Pressed", The New York Times, January 10, 1958.• "Conover Search Called Off", The New York Times, January 15, 1958.KC-135 Stratotankers• "Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets", The New York Times, August 31, 1963.• "Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted", The New York Times, September 3, 1963.• "Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt", The Washington Post, August 30, 1963.B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)• "U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success", The New York Times, October 16, 1961.• "Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area", The New York Times, October 17, 1961.• "Bomber Hunt Pressed", The New York Times, October 18, 1961.• "Bomber Search Continuing", The New York Times, October 19, 1961.• "Hunt For Bomber Ends", The New York Times, October 20, 1961.Charter vessel Sno'Boy

• "Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea", The New York Times, July 7, 1963.• "Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean", The New York Times, July 11, 1963.• "Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean", The Washington Post, July 6, 1963.• "Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat", The Washington Post, July 7, 1963.SS Marine Sulphur Queen

• "Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard", The Washington Post, February 9, 1963.• "Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida", The New York Times, February 11, 1963.• "2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster", The Washington Post, February 19, 1963.• "Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery", The New York Times, April 14, 1964.

Bermuda Triangle 10

• "Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here", The New York Times, June 4, 1969.• "10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End", The New York Times, February 4, 1973.SS Sylvia L. Ossa

• "Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.", The New York Times, October 18, 1976.• "Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea", The New York Times, October 19, 1976.• "Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days", The New York Times, October 31, 1976.

Website linksThe following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, ordocuments published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the UnitedStates Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; forexample, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval HistoricalCenter.• Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis (http:/ / www. physics. smu. edu/ ~pseudo/

BermudaTriangle/ vincentgaddis. txt)• United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/

reportindexcas. htm)• Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org)• U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm)• U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/

faq8-2. htm), Sci Fi Channel documentary (November 2005)• Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm)• on losses of heavy ships at sea (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html)• Bermuda Shipwrecks (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm)• Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html)• Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ )• List of lost aircraft (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ aircraft_losses. html)

BooksMost of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased usedat bookstores, or through eBay or Amazon.com. These books are often the only source material for some of theincidents that have taken place within the Triangle.• Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar,

International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft asresearched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6).

• The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's commonly availablesecond-hand.

• The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)• Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X)• The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)• The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.• Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1)• The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10688-0); this particular book sold well over a million

copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings.• The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-02464-7)• From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0-553-10860-3)

Bermuda Triangle 11

• Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN0-425-17548-0)

• The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0-446-59961-1)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bermuda Triangle.

• "Database of selected reports and inquiries" (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/ reportindexcas. htm). UnitedStates Coast Guard.

• "Bermuda Triangle Mystery" (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). Gian Quasar, author of Into the BermudaTriangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.

• "Bermuda Triangle FAQ" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "Selective Bibliography" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-2. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "The Loss Of Flight 19" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "On losses of heavy ships at sea" (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html).• "Bermuda Shipwrecks" (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm).• Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page" (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html). Association of Underwater

Explorers.• SigmaDocumentaries. "The Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / www. youtube. com/

watch?v=A6DQiNQI8S4). Sigma Documentaries.Coordinates: 25°N 71°W (http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Bermuda_Triangle&params=25_N_71_W_scale:10000000_type:waterbody)

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsBermuda Triangle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618982007  Contributors: *drew, - ), 2fort5r, 600ml, 7, 777sms, A3RO, A412, A8UDI, AJ.iitm, AKGhetto, ALACE,Aaron Schulz, Accuruss, Achilles2.0, Adimovk5, AdjustShift, Adkins 32, Adraeus, Adrian.benko, Agateller, Agentbrown, Agentgreen004, Agstf, Ahoerstemeier, Ahunt, Akadruid, Akhristov,Akosikat, Alansohn, Aldensusa, Alexpg, Ali, Alison, Allena008, Alphachimp, AlterBerg, Alton, Alucard (Dr.), Alvaro, American2, Amitch, Amplitude101, AnOicheGhealai, Anaxial, Anchoress,Anclation, Andreynosatov, Andy Dingley, Angela, Angrysockhop, AniRaptor2001, Animesouth, Anjouli, Ankit Maity, Anlushac11, Anonymous editor, Anrie, Antandrus, Anyeverybody,Aodhdubh, Apparition11, Apponyi, ArchonMagnus, Arjun (mickey mouse), ArthurWeasley, Aryans m144, Asa01, Asalrifai, Asdfdsa, AstroHurricane001, Atlant, AtticusX, Audiosmurf, Avalyn,Axl, Axxmen159, AySz88, AylaRosier, Az1568, BYF, Baby16, Bachrach44, Bacteria, Baker1000, BarretB, Basawala, Battle100, Bbhavin, Bcorr, BeanBag, Beaumont, Beland, Benjy17, BennieNoakes, Bermuda1019, Bethleegy, Bezapt, Bhadani, Bill37212, Blackmant, Blackwasp01, Blueaster, Blurkom, Bmahoney, Bmicomp, BobKawanaka, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bogdan, Bogsat,Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Boogaborg, BorgHunter, Bornhj, BostonMA, Bpselvam, Brandmeister, Brandonhy, Brendon1555, Brian Crawford, Brian Olsen, Bridies, BrotherJustin, BruceGrubb,Bryan Derksen, Bullzeye, BurnDownBabylon, Burntsauce, Butros, Bwilliams, Byeee, C.Shelle, C45207, C777, CCRoxtar, CD1993, CIreland, CO, Cacophony, Caiaffa, CampbellCN, Can't sleep,clown will eat me, Canageek, Candorwien, Capricorn42, Captain Seafort, Captain-n00dle, CaptainVindaloo, Carajou, CardinalDan, Caroline Sanford, Cat4444, Catneven, Causa sui, Chaffers,Chaitanyaarige, CharlotteWebb, Charm, Chconline, Chensiyuan, Chicago god, Cholmes75, Chowbok, Chr.K., Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02, Christian List, Chuayw2000,Chuckiesdad, Chuq, CieloEstrellado, Cielomobile, City of Lukington, Cjmovie, Clarityfiend, ClovisPt, Clurb, CodeBlock, CodeWeasel, CokeBear, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Condem,Conscious, Conversion script, Cool Blue, Coolhawks88, CopperSquare, Corusant, Cosprings, Crash Underride, Credema, Crohnie, Ctiefel, Cuchullain, CurlyGirl93, Cwbh10, Cyclonenim,Cyclops19, CygnusPius, Czyrko, D6, DCB4W, DVD R W, DWPittelli, DagosNavy, Dan Parnell, Dan100, Dandv, Dark wounds, DarkFalls, Darth blight, DaveJ7, David Gerard, David Kernow,David0811, DavidWBrooks, Db099221, Dbfirs, Dbtfz, Ddcc, Debresser, Debuskjt, Decltype, Deeptrivia, Delta Spartan, Deltabeignet, Dementia13, DenNukem2, Denni, Denoir, DerHexer,Dermar130, Devatipan, Dfrg.msc, Dgroup, Dharmabum420, Dickie birdie, Diderot, Digdugdude, Dino, Dismas, DocWatson42, DoctorKubla, Doczilla, Dogosaurus, Dolovis, Doniago, Donreed,Dooky, Doom777, Dpeters11, DrOxacropheles, Dragonchat20, Drappel, Dreadstar, Dreamsmith, Drkeithphd, DuLithgow, Dual Freq, Duchess of Bathwick, Dwight666, Dyingtickles, EDD on,ERcheck, Echosmoke, Ecksemmess, Edgar181, Edgars2007, Editor Emeritus, EdoDodo, Edward, Edwardm, Ego White Tray, Eiyuu Kou, Eldonb, Eleland, Elendil's Heir, ElijahOmega, Elliskev,Elmer Clark, Elonka, Emperorbma, Engineer Bob, EnglishDez, Enlightenedment, Enric Naval, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Eregli bob, Ergative rlt, Erik Kennedy, Error, Essjay, EstebanF, Eurosong,Evice, Evil-yuusha, Excirial, F, FT2, Facorread, Falcon8765, Fan-1967, Fastily, Fastilysock, Fatih Kurt, FayssalF, Feezo, Ferkelparade, Fetchcomms, Fiberglass Monkey, Fidelraj, FinlayMcWalter, FireWeed, FisherQueen, FlameHorse, Flauto Dolce, Fluri, Fmiser, Foobaz, Former user 20, Fourthgeek, Frankie0607, Freddie R. Aldous, FreeKresge, Frietjes, Froid, Fryede,Fsotrain09, Funnybunny, Funnyhat, Fuzheado, Fvictory, Fyyer, G.A.S, GDonato, GT5162, Gaius Cornelius, GangofOne, GatorFTL, Gbleem, Gene Hobbs, Geneb1955, Genius101, Gerdel,GiantSnowman, Giddeanx, Gilgamesh, Gilliam, Gillyweed, Gimboid13, Glen, Gnu32, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Gonzonoir, Goodnightmush, GoogleInc, GorgeCustersSabre, Gracenotes,GraemeLeggett, Graham1973, Graham87, Graphium, Great Scott, Greenerturtle, GregU, Grinik, Grocer, Gross1952, Grutness, GupiHarris, Guthrie, Gyrofrog, Gzuckier, Gökhan, H3llbringer,Hair Commodore, Hairy Dude, HalfShadow, HandsomeFella, Harej, Harriseldon, Harvestdancer, Headbomb, Hellbus, Henry Flower, Hobohugger17, HoneyBee, Horcrux979, Hotcrocodile,Howdybob, Hucz, Huggard75, Hugo999, Husond, Hydrargyrum, Hydrogen Iodide, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, IW.HG, Iaen, Ian Dunster, Iaojiocoijcoij, Iapetus, Icseaturtles, Idenigma, Ikh,Iluvchineselit, Imagine Reason, Imasleepviking, Immanuel Kim, Imran, InShaneee, Inspector Baynes, InternetMeme, Invertzoo, InvisibleK, Inwind, Irishguy, IronGargoyle, Irondome,Itsfullofstars, Itsmeiam, Ixfd64, Izehar, J.delanoy, JForget, JGXenite, JLaTondre, JMS Old Al, JNW, Jabsasy, Jacarv, Jack Sebastian, Jackfork, JackofOz, Jackyan22, Jahilia, Jaimetout, Jam4809,Jamesrnorwood, Jannar85, January, Janus Shadowsong, Jaxl, Jay, Jbinder, Jcmcc450, JefeMixtli, Jeff Silvers, Jeffq, Jefph, Jeremy Visser, JeremyA, Jimintheatl, JimmyHat, Jjcenterprises,Jnorton7558, Joanberenguer, Joefu, John, John11, JohnMLTX, Johnstone, Jojhutton, JoleneSimXY, Jollybengali, Jon Whiting, Jorgieporgie, Josh hall hates wilkipedia, JoshuaZ, Jossi,Journeyman969, Jovianeye, Jozephcho, Jps 1001, Jsonitsac, Jt4564, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, JustPhil, JzG, Jезка, Kainaw, Karada, Karelj, Kate, KathrynLybarger, Kehrbykid, Kelisi, Ken Gallager,Kent Witham, Kevin, Khatru2, Khym Chanur, KillerChihuahua, King of Hearts, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Kipholbeck, Kirananils, Kittynboi, Kiwipat, Kkdagger, Klaser, Klofta, Knowitallaly,Komponisto, Korax1214, KoshVorlon, Kowloonese, Kralizec!, Ksmamm, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Kuzain, Kwamikagami, Kyle C Haight, L0b0t, LRGSOfficialAccount, Laibcoms, Lakewood fire,Lakinekaki, Laladoodles, Lankiveil, Lanoitarus, Lartoven, Laylaholic, LeCire, Leandrod, LeaveSleaves, LedgendGamer, Leidiot, Lemonbrook, Leo44, Leonard^Bloom, Leonel-Favela, Leuko,Lightlowemon, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lilac Soul, LinuxPickle, Little Mountain 5, Localh77, LonelyGreyWolf, Lord Hawk, Lordofthe9, Lotu, Lovemachine, Lskitto, LtNOWIS, LucasVB,Luckyluke, Luis Dantas, Luisovaldez, Luke4545, LukeHoC, Lumpio-, Luna Santin, Lunchscale, Lurlock, MARQUIS111, MB1972, MDfoo, MECU, MER-C, MONGO, MT4E, MaT,MacGyverMagic, Macca7174, Mackeriv, Magiclite, Magmaw23, MagneticFlux, Malcolm, Malcolm Farmer, Manop, Maplecan, Maralia, Marasama, Marek69, MarkSutton, Marokwitz, Marskell,Martarius, Martial Law, MartinRe, Martorell, MarvelFan1, MasterA113, Math Champion, MatthewWilcox, Mav, Maxcantor, Maxim, Maximus25, Maxvip, McGeddon, Mdumas43073, Meegs,Meelar, MeltBanana, Mentifisto, Mercurywoodrose, Mesoso2, Metaomni, Mhym, Michael Dorosh, Migospia, Mike Payne, Mike Rosoft, Mike1942f, Mikeblas, MindWraith, Mindmatrix,Minesweeper.007, Mini-Geek, Mipadi, Mirkit123, Mischanezkee, Miyayah, Mkruijff, Mo0, Mobius Soul, Monodeldiablo, Montalban, Moocowpong1, Mooie18, Mooveeguy, Moriori, MrRookles, Mr Stephen, Mr.Z-man, MrBill3, Mrparanormal, Mschel, MurderWatcher1, Mygerardromance, NFLDolphinsGuy, NHCLS, Nagy, Naive cynic, Najay1, Natalie Erin, NatureA16,Nave.notnilc, NcSchu, Ndenison, Nebogipfel, NemoX, Nev1, NewEnglandYankee, Newsaholic, Next-Genn-Gamer, Nights Not End, Nihiltres, Nikki311, Nikkimaria, Nima Baghaei, Nivix,NodnarbLlad, Noisy, NuclearWarfare, Ohnoitsjamie, Old port, Oleg Alexandrov, Oliver Lineham, Ollj, Omgee, Once in a Blue Moon, Optimist on the run, Oromethehuntsman, Ospalh, Ou1729,OverlordQ, PacificBoy, Palthrow, Pandion auk, Paranomia, Parasight, Parnell88, Patstuart, Paul A, Paul Barlow, Paulo0513, Paulytlws, Peqli, Perfectblue97, Peter Grey, Peter S., Peterl,Pfistermeister, Phil Boswell, PhilKnight, PhilipC, Phobospyros, Phoenix-wiki, Pi399, PiCo, Piano non troppo, Pie Man 360, Pigman, Pigsonthewing, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Pinkerita, Pj321,Plazak, Poccil, Ponting001, PonyToast, Porkchopsfool12, Porqin, Porterjoh, Portillo, Powered, PranksterTurtle, Praveenp, Preposterone, Priory999, Prodego, ProfessorPaul, PrometheusX303,ProveIt, Przepla, Pufferfish101, Pufferfyshe, Puffin, Pwaring, QTxVi4bEMRbrNqOorWBV, Quebec99, Queenie412, Quidam65, Qviri, Qwerty Binary, Qwertyuiopqwertyuiop234, Qxz, R. fiend,RCS, RG2, RHaworth, RadicalOne, Raeky, Ragha joshi, RajlGT, Rama, RandomAct, Rangek, Rapidchoper, RattleMan, Raywil, Rcsprinter123, Rdfox 76, Recognizance, Reinis, Reinyday,RenniePet, Restepc, Rettetast, RexNL, Reyk, Rhicks7, Rhythmnation2004, Riana, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard Weil, Richerman, Richtom80, Rikstar, Ripe, RipperDoc, Rjwilmsi,Rlcantwell, Rlevse, Rluttman, Rm, Roadrunner, Robertkeller, Robisodd, Robogun, Roke, Ronaldjohnalcantara, Room429, Rothorpe, Roxas13066, Rrburke, Rrjanbiah, Rror, Rsmelt, Run!,Ryulong, SD6-Agent, SKopp, SWAdair, Sahba, Salamurai, Sam Blacketer, Sam8, Sameen2, Samwingkit, Sandhdav, Sango123, Sbmeirow, Schmock, Schneelocke, Scix, Sdornan, SeanAhern,Search4Lancer, Sector311, Sejtam, Semidimes, Seraphim, Sfan00 IMG, Sgt. dell970, Shadow Hedgehog, Shadowjams, Shimmeringtilly, Shoy, Shyam, SimDarthMaul, Simetrical, Sin-man,Sindri, Sionus, Sir Lewk, Siradia, Sjakkalle, SkyWalker, Slatersteven, Smallman12q, Smartman10, SoWhy, Solarusdude, Somebodympc, Someguy1221, Somerut, Soobrickay, Sophie meanswisdom, Spaceman42, Special bob, SpigotMap, Spliffy, SplingyRanger, SpookyMulder, Spookyadler, SpringerandOllie, Srikeit, Srose, Steel, Stephenb, Steve Smith, Steven J. Anderson,Steveprutz, Storm05, Suffusion of Yellow, Super Rad!, Superfreaky56, Supertouch, Surnólë, Surv1v4l1st, Susan118, Svick, Swatjester, Sweetgirl chinu, Synchronism, T-rex, TLSuda, Talio17,Tallmonk, Tangotango, Tanthalas39, Tarquin, TastyPoutine, TeThYs806, Teddythetank, Tellyaddict, Tempodivalse, Terence, Tetraminoe, TexasAndroid, Thanos6, That-Vela-Fella, The CheatingKing, The Epopt, The Ogre, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, The editor king, The kicker, TheFeds, TheGrimReaper NS, TheHerbalGerbil, TheJC, TheKMan, Theda,Thedemonhog, Thelastemperor, Themindset, Theroadislong, Thingg, ThumbFinger, Thumperward, Thunderboltz, TicketMan, Tide rolls, Tim Starling, Tim1988, Tinus, TitaniumDreads, Titoxd,Tom harrison, Tomlillis, Tony Mach, Topbanana, Totakeke423, TransUtopian, Trappist the monk, Trebor, TreveX, Trivialist, Tronno, Trumpet marietta 45750, Tuan Dang, TutterMouse,Twizzlemas, TylerJ, UberMan5000, Uker, UltimaWeapon, Ultratomio, Unmerklich, Unregistered.coward, Uranographer, Useight, Vanished User 1004, Vanished user 9i39j3, VegaDark,Vegaswikian, Vekrote, Versus22, VeryVerily, Vicki Rosenzweig, VigilancePrime, VirtualDelight, Volatile, Volcanictelephone, Vugardo, W. B. Wilson, WWGB, Walkwine, Wavelength,Wayfarers43, Wayward, Wcao9311, Wednesday Next, WereSpielChequers, Wesha, West Brom 4ever, Wherewillyoube, WhisperToMe, Whkoh, Wiki Wikardo, Wiki alf, WikiLaurent,WikiSpaceboy, Wileycount, Wilfredo Martinez, Wilinckx, William Avery, Wilson44691, Wimt, Wingman358, Wingrider, Wjmummert, Wkguide, Wreckvalle, Wtmitchell, Xcentaur, Xeysz,Xhaoz, XieChengnuo, Yosri, You Can Act Like A Man, Yowanvista, Ysangkok, Zakawer, Zarex, Zepheus, Zntrip, Zoe, Zoep, Zondor, Zoney, ZooFari, Zscout370, Zzuuzz, 2060 anonymousedits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Bermuda Triangle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bermuda_Triangle.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bermudan_kolmio.jpg: Alphaios derivativework: -Majestic- (talk)File:Gulfstream1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gulfstream1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipediaFile:Gas hydrates 1996.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gas_hydrates_1996.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Gov, recreated by meFile:deering2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Deering2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipediaFile:TBF (Avengers) flying in formation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TBF_(Avengers)_flying_in_formation.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Denniss,NiD.29, PMG, Shyam, W.wolny, ゆ い し あ す, 5 anonymous editsImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Anomie

License 13

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/