Section 3-3 “Mendel & Heredity

BERNIE!!!!!!!!

*By the end of this lesson, students should be able to*

a.) Describe the difference between a dominant and recessive trait.b.) Use a Punnet square to predict the genotype of offspring based on the genotypes of the parentsc.) Explain the meaning of heredityd.) Describe the importance of Mendel’s work with pea plantse.) Describe the process of artificial selection

Lesson Objectives

*By the end of this lesson students should be able to answer*

a.) What is heredity and who first proposed it?b.) How do organisms inherit traits from their parents?c.) How do scientists predict which genes an organism will inherit?d.) Why are some physical traits more common than others?e.) How do humans select for certain traits in some organisms?

*If you cannot answer any of these questions, you will turn into…*

Lesson Questions

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WHAT KIND OF CREATURE IS THIS!!!!!!!!!

Gregor Mendel - is one of the founders of modern genetics. His experiments with pea plants formed the basis for many of our current understandings of heredity.

Heredity - is the process of inheriting specific traits from biological parents.

Alleles - Most genetic traits are controlled by one gene. There can be different versions of this gene, and these versions are called alleles.

Trait - a different form of a characteristic ex eye color is heredity blue, brown, green is a trait

Genotype - a description of the allele in an individual that affect expression of a gene or genes.

Phenotype - an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment

Dominant allele - a trait that will always show up in an organism; an allele that is expressed in the homozygous or heterozygous state.

Recessive Allele - a characteristic that is produced only when it is paired with an identical allele; an allele that is expressed in the homozygous state.

Homozygous - an organism that has 2 identical alleles; BB or bb, two dominant or two recessive allele

Heterozygous - an organism that has two different alleles for a trait or opposite letter cases, Bb, one dominant and one recessive allele

Pedigree Chart - chart that shows the relationships within a family.

Punnett Square Chart - a chart that shows the probability of getting certain traits

Website: http://quizlet.com/32650685/7th-grade-science-meiosis-and-punnett-squares-flash-cards/

Vocabulary

IN CLASS QUIZ ASSIGNMENT – “MULTIPLE CHOICE”

1.) Login to discovery education2.) Click on Assignments3.) Click on “Vocabulary Research – Mendel & Heredity”4.) Complete the quiz assignment provided5.) You may use your slideshow 3-3 “Mendel & Heredity” along with the websites provided by the teacher. If you want to use your own sources, you may do so.

Mendel & Heredity

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I.) What is heredity and who first proposed it?

*Gregor Mendel first proposed the theory of heredity. Heredity occurs when parents pass genetic information to their offspring, which results in the offspring having physical traits similar to their parents’ traits.*

a.) In the middle of the 19th century, a European monk named Gregor Mendel was interested in how to predict the traits of offspring. b.) Mendel thought of ways to scientifically study heredity, or the process of passing on specific traits from parents to offspring. c.) He did controlled experiments with thousands of pea plants. He observed how traits such as flower color, seed color, and plant height passed from one generation to the next. d.) Mendel analyzed the results and came up with a theory of heredity. Scientists have learned a lot more about heredity since the 1800s. Still, Mendel’s ideas about how traits pass from one generation to the next are helpful today.

***Video*** Gregor Mendel: Great Minds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTiOETaZg4w

Mendel & Heredity

Mendel & Heredity

Website: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm

PEDIGREE CHART

Mendel & HeredityPunnett Square Chart

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II.) How Do Organisms Inherit Traits from Their Parents?

*Organisms inherit genetic information from their parents in the form of alleles. An organisms inherited genetic information, or genotype, is responsible for an organisms physical characteristics, or phenotype.*

a.) During sexual reproduction, offspring inherit one set of genes from each parent. b.) Therefore, we all have two copies of every gene. c.) Sometimes, you inherit two different versions of a gene, or alleles. These code for different versions of a trait.

***Common Misconception*** a.) Offspring inherit some traits from their mother and some traits from their father. b.) That’s not exactly correct. Actually, offspring inherit a version of each trait from both parents. In other words, offspring inherit a complete set of genes from their mother and a complete set of genes from their father. c.) In many cases, the versions of the genes are different. Usually, only one of those versions is expressed.

Mendel & Heredity

III.) How Do Scientists Predict Which Genes an Organism Will Inherit?

*Scientists use a Punnet Square to predict the possible genotypic and phenotypic outcomes that may occur during sexual reproduction.*

a.) There are set patterns of inheritance for most genetic traits. b.) In many cases, there are simple ways of determining the probability of inheriting a specific trait from parents or grandparents. c.) Scientists use a chart called a Punnett square to predict which alleles will occur in the offspring produced by a set of parents. d.) Probability and patterns cannot be used to predict the exact traits any specific individual will inherit. However, they do give information about the chances of offspring inheriting a specific trait.

***Video*** Discovery Education - Punnett Square: Charting Dominant and Recessive Traits

***Website*** “Mendelian Genetics” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWqgZUnJdAY

*WE WILL USE DODDLE BUDDY FOR THE ACTIVITIES ON “MENDELIAN GENETICS”

Mendel & Heredity

EXPLORATION: “BREEDING PEA PLANTS”

1.) Login to Discovery Education2.) Click on MY DE SERVICES3.) Click on Science Techbook4.) Click on Human Reproduction and Growth5.) Click on Mendel & Heredity6.) Click on the EXPLORE tab7.) Click on the Exploration “Breeding Pea Plants”8.) Download the pages document “Breeding Pea Plants” from the class website9.) Fill out the worksheet provided. Use the Exploration to fill out the Pages Document.

Mendel & Heredity

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IV.) Why Are Some Physical Traits More Common Than Others?

*An organism’s physical traits are determined by its genetic makeup. Most organisms inherit two versions of a gene for each physical trait. Sometimes, one gene is “dominant” over another “recessive” gene. When and organism inherits two dominant genes or a dominant gene and a recessive gene, their phenotype will reflect the dominant trait. When an organism inherits two recessive genes, their phenotype will reflect the recessive trait.*

a.) Mendel discovered that alleles can be dominant or recessive, which means that if you have two different alleles, the dominant one will be inherited. b.) For example, two different versions of a gene will code for a straight hairline or a hairline that forms a peak. The latter is dominant, so if you have one of each version, you will have a peak in your hairline. c.) Dominant physical traits that are expressed by dominant alleles are expressed more often than recessive physical traits.

Video: Discovery Education – “Patterns of Inheritance”

Mendel & Heredity

V.) How Do Humans Select for Certain Traits in Some Organisms?*Humans breed animals with certain traits by selecting parent animals with desirable traits. When the selected parent animals have offspring, these offspring are more likely to have the desired trait than offspring produced through random mating. This process is called artificial selection.*

a.) Mendel’s ideas are useful for understanding patterns of inheritance. b.) They also have practical applications in breeding plants and animals. c.) Farmers, for example, use artificial selection to breed plants and farm animals with more desirable traits. Dog breeders also use artificial selection to develop different dog breeds.

Mendel & Heredity

VIRTUAL LAB ACTIVITY: “GENES MAKE THE RABBIT”

1.) Login to Discovery Education2.) Click on the MY DE SERVICES tab3.) Click on the Science Techbook tab4.) Click on the sexual tab5.) Click on the Engage tab6.) Click on the “Genes Make The Rabbit” Virtual Lab Activity7.) We will go over “How to Complete a Virtual Lab Activity”

Mendel & Heredity

REVIEW CONCEPTS “MENDEL AND HEREDITY”

I.) What is heredity and who first proposed it?

a.) Gregor Mendel first proposed the theory of heredity. Heredity occurs when parents pass genetic information to their offspring, which results in the offspring having physical traits similar to their parents’ traits.

II.) How do organisms inherit traits from their parents?

b.) Organisms inherit genetic information from their parents in the form of alleles. An organisms inherited genetic information, or genotype, is responsible for an organisms physical characteristics, or phenotype.

III.) How do scientists predict which genes an organism will inherit?

c.) Scientists use a Punnet Square to predict the possible genotypic and phenotypic outcomes that may occur during sexual reproduction.

IV.) Why are some physical traits more common than others?

d.) An organism’s physical traits are determined by its genetic makeup. Most organisms inherit two versions of a gene for each physical trait. Sometimes, one gene is “dominant” over another “recessive” gene. When and organism inherits two dominant genes or a dominant gene and a recessive gene, their phenotype will reflect the dominant trait. When an organism inherits two recessive genes, their phenotype will reflect the recessive trait.

V.) How do humans select for certain traits in some organisms?

e.) Humans breed animals with certain traits by selecting parent animals with desirable traits. When the selected parent animals have offspring, these offspring are more likely to have the desired trait than offspring produced through random mating. This process is called artificial selection.

Mendel & Heredity

Mendel & Heredity

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