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Greek and Roman WallpaintingR.R.R. Smith
Lecture 3
Zeuxis, Vergina, and the fourth-century
pictorial revolution
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SOME ANCIENT PAINTING TERMS
sknographia : stage-painting, scene-painting, eventually, perspective
skiagraphia : shadow painting, shading
phthora kai apochrsis skias : the fading out and building up of shadow(that is, lightening and darkening of colours, shading)
lumen umbrarumque ratio: system of light(s) and shadow(s)
splendor (Greek = aug) : highlights (literally: shine)
tonos: in music = pitch; in painting = the tone or contrast between lightand shade(?)
harmog : juncture, juxtaposition of colours, transition from one colour toanother
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Colour terms
color simplex: simple / plain / unmixed colour(s) (Polygnotan)
colores floridi: brilliant / brilliant colours ( = bright reds, blues, purples, greens)
colores austeri: plain / sombre / austere colours
= the other colours (NH35.30) = earth reds, yellows, browns, greys?)
quattuor colores: four colours= black, white, red, and yellow
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Prestige of painters and of panel-pictures (pinakes, tabulae)
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Street musicians, Pompeii, mosaic, 1st c BC, signed byDioskourides of Samos (Naples)
Dionysian flogging ritual. Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 50 BC.
[Nicias] lumen et umbras custodiit atque ut eminerent e tabulis FIGURAE (instead of picturae)maxime curavit.
[Nikias of Athens] paid close attention to light and shadow and took great care that his figures
should stand out from their panels, Pliny, NH35.131.
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Laying out of dead (prothesis).Huge WG lekythos.
Athenian, c. 400 (Berlin)
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hatching
Talos and Dioskouroi on Crete. RF volute
krater. Athenian, c.400 BC (Ruvo)
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Amazon sarcophagus from Tarquinia, c. 350 BC (Florence)
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White-ground lekythos, Group R, c. 410 BC (Athens, National Museum)
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Phaon & Aphrodite under bower,RF hydria by Meidias Painter,from Populonia (BM)
Meidias Painter, c. 420-400 BC
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Ivory veneer, from Kul-Oba (Crimea),Late 5th c (Hermitage, St Petersburg)
Centaur. Painted marble panel, Herculaneum, 1st c (Naples)
Niobe and her daughters playingknucklebones. Painted marble panel.
From Herculaneum, 1st c BC/AD (Naples)
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Pliny, NH 35.135: Nikias of Athensalso painted some large pictures, among them aCalypso, an Io and an Andromeda
H. Dioscuri, Pompeii Palaestra, Herculaneum
Perseus & Andromeda
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House of Dioskouroi, PompeiiHouse of Achilles, Pompeii
Pliny, NH35.134:Athenion of Maroneia painted an Achilles disguised in a girls dress being caught by Odysseus
Achilles on Skyros
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Pentheus: House of Vettii, Pompeii, 1st c AD.After picture of c. 400 BC.
Late classical picture in Roman version?
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Bella
Eurydice Tomb
Great Tumulus
PAINTING IN MACEDONIA
Zeuxis at the court of Archelaos
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Tomb of Eurydice, c. 340 BC
TECHNIQUE
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TECHNIQUEPigments applied directly onto the marble,possibly over a thin layer of gum Arabic.
Egyptian blue
Malachite
Cinnabar
A reddish lake
Yellow ochre
Lead white Bone white
Carbon black
Gold leaf for gilded parts
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Throne back: Hades and Persephone
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Incised outlines
Paint applied directly onto the marble
Tempera technique, with Arabic gum as medium
Form and volume achieved by tonal variation insingle colours
Lead white used pure (background, highlights)
or mixed with other pigments
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Persephone and Hades on a chariot
Colours: white, black, yellow and red
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Aigai, Tomb of Persephone
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East wall
Demeter(?)
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South wall: Three Fates(?)
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South Wall
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North Wall
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Hades
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Nikomachos of Thebes:
He painted a Rape of Persephone,a picture which was formerly in the
Temple of Minerva on the Capitol No artist surpassed him in rapidity ofexecution.
pinxit raptum Propserpinae, quaetabula fuit in Capitolio in Minervaedelubro nec fuit alius in ea artevelocior. Pliny, NH35.108-9
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Nikomachos of Thebes:
He painted a Rape of Persephone,a picture which was formerly in the
Temple of Minerva on the Capitol No artist surpassed him in rapidity ofexecution.
Pliny, NH35.108-9
Mosaic, 2nd c AD (Rome, Conservatori)
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Hermes
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Persephone
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