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Best Practices for Transportation End Users: Propane, CNG, and Electricity
Gas Technology Institute
March 2014
22
Objectives
A. Intro to Fuel Type – Fuel 101
B. Fueling Station Basics
C. Fueling Basics
D. Safety Hazards
E. “Typical” Applications
33
Propane Autogas 101
oLPG or Propane or Autogas has the chemical formula C3H8
oIt is transferred into a vehicle as pressurized liquid and will vaporize at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature.
oLike gasoline or diesel, propane gas is heavier than air.
oPropane is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle.
oPropane is dispensed and sold by liquid gallon.
44
Propane Fueling Basics
oService pressure of a propane system is at least 240 psi. At this pressure the LPG will stay a liquid at temperatures of 120° F or less.
oBy code, LPG fuel tanks are only allowed to be filled to roughly 80% of volume.
oPropane Autogas station is similar to gasoline station.
oFueling time is similar to gasoline station; about 10 -12 gallons per minute.
55
Propane Station Basics
66
Propane Safety Hazards
oSimilar to gasoline, Propane is a flammable fuel and ignition sources are forbidden in fueling areas.
oPropane is stored and pumped into vehicles in pressurized liquid state. Hazards of pressure exist.
oOperators can be freeze burned from contact with liquid propane.
oPropane is an asphyxiating gas which will displace oxygen if trapped in enclosure.
77
CNG 101
oCompressed Natural Gas (CNG) is predominately Methane (chemical formula CH4).
oNatural Gas typically exists in a gaseous vapor form.
oUnlike gasoline, diesel, or propane; natural gas is lighter than air.
oCNG is burned in internal combustion engine to power vehicle.
o5.66 lbs (~125 SCF) of natural gas is a Gasoline Gallon Equivalent (GGE)
88
CNG Fueling Basics
oNominal pressure of CNG storage in U.S. is 3600
psi. Older 3000 psi systems are mostly phased out.
oCNG pressure is 3600 psi at 70° F (settled
pressure), and no more than 4500 psi at any temp.
oFueling is typically done as a “fast-fill”; about 5-10
“gallons” per minute. “Time-fill” for overnight fueling
can take 4-10 hours.
o“Fast-fill” station is similar to gasoline station.
oHome fueling can be done in residential garage.
99
CNG Station Basics
1010
CNG Safety Hazards
o Similar to gasoline, CNG is a flammable fuel and
ignition sources are forbidden in fueling areas.
oCNG is stored at high pressure. High pressure gas
is an energy hazard and poses risk to operators.
oNatural gas is an asphyxiating gas which will
displace oxygen if trapped in enclosure.
1111
Electricity as Trans. Fuel 101
oAC power is delivered to the electric vehicle supply
equipment (EVSE) (often referred to as a charging
station) and is typically converted to DC power in
the vehicle.
oDC power is stored in a battery to drive the
vehicle’s electric motor.
oElectricity is sold per kWh. It can be sold in many
different ways commercially as a vehicle fuel (e.g.
subscription, per hour, per charge, per kWh, etc.).
1212
EV Charging Basics
oFueling can be performed in a residential garage or
at commercial location:
o Level 1 - Standard household 120 VAC, 12 A, 7 to 16 hours for full charge.
o Level 2 - 240 VAC, 20 A, 3 to 7 hours for full charge.
oDC Fast Charge - requires 480 VAC to charger, DC
current goes directly to battery, charges vehicle to
80% capacity in 30 minutes.
1313
EV Station Basics
1414
EV Safety Hazards
o Electricity poses an energy potential, fire, and
shock hazard to operators.
oHigher voltage and current can pose increased
risks.
1515
Best Practice and Application
o All of these alt fuels are a triple win:
o Economic advantages
o Environmental benefits
o Energy security benefits
o All of these alt fuels offer “dedicated” and “bi-fuel”
options; option to use traditional fuel and/or alt fuel
o Idle reduction and driver training are first steps
towards greening your fleet
o Training is key to every safe deployment
1616
Best Practice and Application
oGetting “buy-in” from the whole organization (drivers,
maintenance personnel, management) is key to
every successful deployment
o Knowing vehicle needs and driving characteristics is
critical in selecting the correct alternative fuel(s)
o If you don’t know your fleets characteristics, let the
National Renewable Energy Lab help through the
Fleet DNA Program.
http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleettest/researc
h_fleet_dna.html
1717
Propane “Typical” Applications
o Low fueling station cost and maintenance garage similarities leads to low upfront capital investment
Propane Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits(miles)
400 to 800 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Small to Large (>5)
Vehicle Class Light Duty; Medium Duty
Fuel Usage High (>1000 gal/yr.)
Time of Day Ops 24/7
Station Cost $30,000 (Small Fast Fill) - $175,000 (100’s of vehicles/day)
Fuel Cost per year1
(LD Fleet vehicle)
$2,533 (25,000 miles; 26.4 mpg; $2.67 / gallon)
1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy 85% of LD vehicle
1818
CNG “Typical” Applications
o High Fuel use vehicles have very fast Return On Investment because of low per gallon cost
CNG Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits(miles)
200 to 600 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Medium to Large (>10)
Vehicle Class LD; MD; HD
Fuel Usage High (>2000 gal/yr.)
Time of Day Ops 24/7
Station Cost $40,000 (Small time-fill) - $2M (100’s of vehicles/day)
Fuel Cost per year1
(LD Fleet vehicle)
$1,508 (25,000 miles; 31 mpg; $1.83 / GGE)
1. Fuel cost from Clean Cities Alt Fuel Price Report (Oct 2013, Midwest); Fuel Economy of 2012 Honda Civic Natural Gas
1919
EV “Typical” Applications
o Zero tailpipe emissions and high motor efficiency lead to local environmental benefits
EV Fleet “Sweet Spot”
Range Limits(miles)
30 to 100 (varies by vocation)
Fleet Size Small to Medium
Vehicle Class Light Duty;MD/HD (limited)
Fuel Usage Low
Time of Day Ops 8 hours / day
Station Cost $1,000/vehicle (Level 1) - $75,000 (DC Fast Charge)
Fuel Cost per year1
(Light Duty Fleet vehicle)
$1050 (25,000 miles; .35kwh/mile; .12/kwh)
1. Fuel cost from EIA (Midwest, 2013); Fuel Economy from US DOE eGallon
2020
Acknowledgement of Support
2121
Questions?
Thank you for your time.
Gene Keck & Bob McGuireAlpha Baking Company, Inc.
5001 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60644(773) 261-6000
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane) Fleet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7TM034W89k
• Headquarters in Green Bay, WI – Over the road, truck load carrier
• Currently operating 330 diesel tractors and 80 CNG tractors
• Over 7,000,000 miles on CNG trucks
• First CNG truck placed in service in February 2010
• CNG benefits = Economic, Environment, American Fuel
• Making a change to CNG takes a commitment to change and a
desire to be better.
Jeff Shefchick, PresidentPaper Transport, Inc.2701 Executive DriveGreen Bay, WI 54304(800) 317-3650
Milwaukee’s CNG & EV Experience
Best Practices for End Users for CNG, LPG, and Electricity
Jeffrey A. Tews, CPFP
Fleet Operations Manager
City of MilwaukeeDepartment of Public Works
Operations Division, Fleet Services Section
Diverse Fleet
123 different types of equipment, from aerial lifts to welders
City of Milwaukee Fleet:
– Diesel units 929 pieces
– Gasoline units 1,670 pieces
– Propane units 138 pieces
– CNG Units 29 Pieces
– Non-Fuel units 995 pieces
Annual Fuel Use:
– Diesel fuel 1,000,000 gallons/year
– Gasoline 600,000 gallons/year
– Propane 17,000 gallons/year
– CNG 165,000 DGE’s
CNG Equipment
21 Refuse Packers w/Plows
22 more Refuse Packers on Order
5 Cargo Vans
3 Mid-Size Cars
1980, 1992 CNG Initiatives
Low Power
3,000 PSI
Conversions
Slow-Fill Station
Short Range
Current Refuse Units
15 Rear-Loading Refuse Packers
6 Automated Side-Loading Refuse Packers
320 HP engines, automatic transmissions
42, 75, 80 DGE Tanks
Snow Plowing, 2010
CNG Fueling Stations
Compressor drives both public and City access Dual 250 Hp electric motor driven compressors
Two 3-stage storage cascades
CNG Fueling Stations
Front – Public Access 3000 / 3600 PSI
Credit card access only
Open 24/7
CNG Fueling Stations
Rear – City Access
3600 PSI
Employee card access
RFID or Mag-Stripe
CNG Fueling Stations
Slow-Fill
16 Vehicles
Block Heaters
Sequential Fill
CNG Problems
Leaks at Cascades
O-Ring
Relief Valves
Leaks in Systems
Relief Valves
ESD Switches
Connected Drive-Offs
EV Equipment
1 Plug-In Hybrid Car
– 11,586 miles per year
– Previous gasoline 23.48 mpg
– Current MPG: 277.7
16 Hybrid Cars
– 8,119 miles per year
– Previous gasoline 23.48 mpg
– Current MPG: 36.9
19 Hybrid SUV’s
– 8,602 miles per year
– Previous gasoline 18.48 mpg
– Current MPG: 25.3
Thank You!
Clean Cities Web-Based
Tools & Resources
Wisconsin
Clean Cities
South Shore
Clean Cities
Chicago Area
Clean Cities
Clean Cities Web Resources
• Clean Cities
• FuelEconomy.gov
• Alternative Fuels Data Center
Clean Cities Website
Clean Cities Financial Opportunities
Become a member of your local
clean cities coalition to receive
funding announcements!
Clean Cities
Informational Resources
Clean Cities News
• Information about
alternative fuels,
vehicles, and fueling
infrastructure.
• Laws and Incentives
• Interactive Online
Tools
• Maps and Data
• Deployment Case
Studies
• Searchable
Publications
Database
Alternative Fuels Data Center
AFDC Alternative Fuel Price Report
AFDC Laws & Incentives
AFDC Maps & Data
AFDC Petroleum
Reduction Planning Tool
AFDC Light-Duty &
Heavy-Duty Vehicle Searches
AFDC Alternative
Fueling Station Locator
AFDC Mobile Alternative Fueling
Station Locator & iPhone App
AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator
AFDC Case Studies
Fuel Economy Information
Side-by-Side
Comparisons
Fuel Economy Ratings
Energy Impact
Smog Score
GHG Emissions
Fuel Costs
FuelEconomy.gov
Additional Resources
www.ngvc.org/incentives/federalNGV.html
www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/cmaqEnvironmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
AFLEET Tool
http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet
US DOE VICE Model – “Use the accompanying Clean Cities Vehicle and Infrastructure Cash-Flow Evaluation
(VICE) Model to evaluate the return on investment and payback period for natural gas vehicles and fueling
infrastructure” and http://www.roushcleantech.com/faq/propane-autogas for propane (LPG).
• Clean Cities
– www.cleancities.energy.gov
• Alternative Fuels Data Center
– www.afdc.energy.gov
• FuelEconomy.gov
– www.fueleconomy.gov
• AFLEET Tool
– http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet
• Clean Cities Technical Response Service
– Email: [email protected]
– Phone: 800-254-6735
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• www.epa.gov
Websites & Resources
• Wisconsin State Energy Office
• www.stateenergyoffice.wi.gov
• Illinois State Energy Office
• www.ilenergynow.org
• Indiana State Energy Office
• www.in.gov/oed/
• Natural Gas Vehicles for America
• www.ngvc.org/incentives/federalNGV.html
• U.S. Department of Transportation
• www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/
cmaq
• National Renewable Energy Lab Fleet DNA
Program
• http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/fleette
st/research_fleet_dna.html
Sustainability Summit
March 26-28, 2014
Milwaukee, WI
Energy Independence Summit
March 30 - April 2, 2014
Washington, D.C.
Green Vehicles Workshop & Showcase
April 22, 2014
Milwaukee, WI
GREEN DRIVE: Natural Gas Roundtable
May 19, 2014
Oshkosh, WI
GREEN DRIVE: Natural Gas Roundtable
May 19, 2014
Oshkosh, WI
Upcoming Events
GREEN DRIVE: Alternative Fuels Workshop & WSF
Recognition Lunch
May 20, 2014
Madison, WI
GREEN DRIVE: Chicago Area Clean Cities
May 21, 2014
Chicago, IL
GREEN DRIVE: WPCA Extravaganza
May 22, 2014
Milwaukee, WI
http://www.wicleancities.org/events.php
http://www.southshorecleancities.org/events.php
http://www.wicleancities.org/events.php
Contact Information
Wisconsin Clean Cities
231 W. Michigan Street, P321
Milwaukee, WI 53203
Lorrie Lisek, Executive Director
Office: 414-221-4958
Chicago Area Clean Cities
30 N. LaSalle Street, Suite 1100
Chicago, IL 60601
Samantha Bingham, Executive Director
Office: 312-744-8096
South Shore Clean Cities
9800 Connecticut Drive
Crown Point, IN 46307
Carl Lisek, Executive Director
Office: 219-644-3690