Best sample

Three-Storey Residential Building with Roof Deck with

Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand

the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda

Researchers:

Apit, John Carlo T.

Bongalos, Jake Andrew T.

Laggui, John Paul M.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological

Engineering (SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

Manila City

September/2014

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APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the research directed

study entitled THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH

RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND THE

WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA, Prepared by JAKE ANDREW BONGALOS,

JOHN CARLO APIT, and JOHN PAUL LAGGUI, that the said research directed study has

been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee.

ENGR BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES

Project Adviser

As members of the Oral Examination Committee, we certify that we have examined this

research directed study, presented before the committee on September 11, 2014, and

hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the research directed study

requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

Engr. Melchor Pilones Engr. Divina R. Gonzales

Panel Member Panel Member

Engr. Victor Sabandeja

Panel Member

This research directed study is hereby approved and accepted by the School as fulfillment

of the research directed study requirement for the degree in Bachelor of Science in Civil

Engineering.

______________________________

DR. FRANCIS ALDRINE A. UY

ii

This thesis, entitled THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF

DECK WITH RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN

WITHSTAND THE WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA, prepared and submitted

by, JAKE ANDREW BONGALOS, JOHN CARLO APIT, and JOHN PAUL LAGGUI in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING is hereby accepted.

“THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH

RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND

THE WIND LOAD OF TYPHOON YOLANDA.”

ENGR. BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES

Project Adviser

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

DR. FRANCIS ALDRINE A. UY

Dean

iii

Executive Summary

The researcher will present this project to design a residential building using

alternative structural materials or rather recycled materials which saves space, cost and

energy. The design is a three-storey building that uses a recycled glass aggregate as

concrete admixtures in column pedestal and beam girders. The project also concentrates on

enhancing the capacity of the structure to withstand upcoming typhoons which the recent

one is Yolanda that swept the Visayas region.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 1

Chapter 2 Presenting the Challenges…………………………………….. 2

2.1 Problem Statement…………………………………………………… 2

2.2 Project Objective …………………………………………………….. 2

2.3 Design Norms Considered…………………………………………… 2

2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering………………………. 3

2.5 The Project Beneficiary………………………………………………. 8

2.6 The Innovative Approach……………………………………………. 8

2.7 The Research Component……………………………………………. 8

2.8 The Design Component………………………………………………. 8

2.9 Sustainable Development Concept…………………………………... 9

Chapter 3 Environmental Examination Report……………………….. 10

3.1 Project Description…………………………………………………… 10

3.1.1 Project Rationale………………………………………………. 10

3.1.2 Project Location……………………………………………….. 10

3.1.3 Project Information…………………………………………….. 11

3.1.4 Description of Project Phases…………………………………. 11

3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational phase……………………………. 11

3.1.6 Construction phase…………………………………………….. 12

3.1.6.1 Clearing and Grubbing………………………………… 12

3.1.6.2 Excavation……………………………………………... 12

3.1.6.3 Building Structure …………………………………….. 12

3.1.6.4 Water and Sewer Lines………………………………… 12

3.1.5.5 Power Distribution System…………………………….. 12

3.1.7 Operational phase …………………………………………….. 12

3.1.8 Abandonment phase…………………………………………… 12

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and

Receiving Environment……………………………………………… 13

3.2.1 Physical Environment…………………………………………. 13

3.2.2 Biological Environment……………………………………….. 13

3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment…………. 13

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project………… 13

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3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation………………………………….. 13

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental

Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development……………….. 14

3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on

the Physical and Biological Resources………………………… 14

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic

Effects/Impacts of the Project…………………………………. 14

3.4 Environmental Management Plan…………………………………… 15

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities… 15

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures….. 17

3.4.3 Monitoring Plan………………………………………………... 19

3.4.4 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements………………… 19

Chapter 4 The Research Component…………………………………… 20

4.1 Abstract………………………………………………………….......... 20

4.2 Review of Literature…………………………………………………. 20

4.2.1 Aspects of Structural Design of Glass…………………………… 20

4.2.2 Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering…………………….. 21

4.2.3 Assessment of design procedures for structural glass beams……. 21

4.2.4 Glass Masonry…………………………………………………… 22

4.2.5 Use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete…………………….. 22

4.2.6 The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as

Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete……………………….. 23

4.3 Methodology…………………………………………………………... 24

4.3.1 Research Framework…………………………………………….. 24

4.4 Results and Discussion………………………………………………... 25

4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations………………………………… 26

Chapter 5 Detailed Engineering Design…………………………………. 36

5.1 Structural Design……………………………………………………... 36

5.1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 36

5.1.2 Dead Loads……………………………………………… ………36

5.1.3 Live Loads……………………………………………………….. 36

5.1.4 Wind Loads………………………………………………………. 36

5.1.5 Beam, Column and Slab Design…………………………………. 37

5.2 Foundation Design……………………………………………………. 44

5.2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 44

5.2.2 Design Considerations…………………………………… ……... 44

5.3 Concrete Mix………………………………………………………….. 46

5.4 Plan Set………………………………………………….…………….. 47

5.4.1 3D Model……………………………………….......…………… 47

5.4.2 Architectural Plans……………………………….……………... 48

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5.4.3 Structural Plans………………………………………………….. 56

5.4.4 Typical Framing Plan…………………………………… ……... 57

5.4.5 Column Layout Plan…………………………………………….. 58

5.4.6 Foundation Plan…………………………………………………. 59

Chapter 6 Cost Estimates……………………………………………………. 67

Chapter 7 Project Schedule…………………………………………………. 70

Chapter 8 Promotional Material…………………………………………... 72

Chapter 9 Conclusion and Summary…………………………………...... 73

Chapter 10 Recommendations……………………………………………... 75

Chapter 11 Acknowledgements…………………………………………….. 76

Chapter 12 References……………………………………………………….. 77

Appendices………………………………………………………………………… 78

vii

List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs

FIGURES:

Figure 1 Location where the project will be constructed with existing

infrastructure……………………………........................................... 10

Figure 2 Location of the project showing the streets……………………… ……... 11

Figure 3 Research framework……………………………………………………... 24

Figure 4 7th Day Compressive Strength Test Result Part 1……………………..…. 27

Figure 5 7th Day Compressive Strength Test Result Part 2………………………... 28

Figure 6 28th Day Compressive Strength Test Result Part 1…………………….… 29

Figure 7 28th Day Compressive Strength Test Result Part 2…………………….… 30

Figure 8 Crushing of Glass…................................................................................... 31

Figure 9 Sieving of Glass…………………….……………………………….…… 31

Figure 10 Mixing of Concrete Materials…………………………………………... 32

Figure 11 Pouring of Concrete into Slump Cone………………………………..… 32

Figure 12 Testing for Slump Test………………………………………………….. 33

Figure 13 Concrete Cylinders ready for curing…………………………………… 33

Figure 14 Concrete Cylinders………………………………………………...…… 34

Figure 15 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)…………………………………...... 34

Figure 16 Testing of Concrete Cylinders……………………………………..…… 35

Figure 17 Crushed Concrete Cylinder after Testing………………………………..35

Figure 18 Stress Distribution View from Z-axis………………………………...… 37

Figure 19 Stress Distribution View from X-axis………………………………...… 38

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Figure 20 Stress Distribution Isometric View……………………………………... 39

Figure 21 Typical Girder Framing………………………………………………… 40

Figure 22 Typical Girder Detailing………………………………………………... 41

Figure 23 Typical Beam Detailing……………………………………………….... 42

Figure 24 Typical Slab Detailing……………………………………………..…… 43

Figure 25 Typical Footing Detailing…………………………………………….... 44

Figure 26 Wall Footing Detail …………………………………………………… 45

Figure 27 Footing Tie Beam………………………………………………………. 46

Figure 28 Sketch UP Model………………………………………………………. 47

Figure 29 Ground Floor…………………………………………………………… 48

Figure 30 Second Floor………………………………………………………….… 49

Figure 31 Third Floor……………………………………………………………… 50

Figure 32 Roof Deck…………………………………………………………….… 51

Figure 33 Front Elevation……………………………………………………….… 52

Figure 34 Left Side Elevation…………………………………………................... 53

Figure 35 Right Side Elevation……………………………………………….…… 54

Figure 36 Rear Elevation………………………………………………………..… 55

Figure 37 STAAD Model………………………………………………………….. 56

Figure 38 Typical Framing Plan…………………………………………………… 57

Figure 39 Column Layout Plan……………………………………………………. 58

Figure 40 Foundation Plan………………………………………………………… 59

Figure 41 A Gantt chart of the Project Schedule………………………………….. 71

Figure 42 Building Façade………………………………………………………… 72

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Figure 43 Test Results of Concrete with Glass Aggregates for 20th Day Compressive

Strength………………………………………………………………… 78

Figure 44 Test Results of Concrete with Glass Aggregates for 7th Day Compressive

Strength…………………………………………………………………. 79

Figure 45 Borehole Log…………………………………………………………… 83

Figure 46 Soil Report of the adjacent lot………………………………………….. 84

Figure 47 Distribution Curve……………………………………………………… 85

Figure 48 Distribution Curve Table………………………………………………. 86

x

TABLES:

Table 1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts

and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development………... 10

Table 2 Summary Matrix of Mitigation and

Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities…………….. 15

Table 3 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures……………... 17

Table 4 Monitoring Plan…………………………………………………………… 23

Table 5 Wind Considerations…………………………………………………...…. 36

Table 6 Girder Details…………………………………………………………..…. 41

Table 7 Beam Details…………………………………………………………….... 42

Table 8 Slab Details………………………………………………………………. 43

Table 9 Footing Details…………………………………………………………… 44

Table 10 Concrete Mix…………………………………………………………… 46

Table 11 Cost Estimates…………………………………………………………… 68

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Global cement industry contributes a large percentage of greenhouse gas emission to

Earth. Concrete and cement production requires 700 and 1750 kW-hour of energy. The

energy is somehow smaller than the aluminum, steel and PVC production (141,500, 46,000

and 24,700), but concrete and cement are widely used in construction. Hence, producing

these materials definitely requires a large amount of energy which affects the environment

due to CO2 emissions (Bacani, 2013).

Because of this, efforts have been made to introduce coarse or fine aggregate waste

materials. In this study the group focused on recycled waste glass material to determine if

this could be used as an admixture for concrete.

Glass waste is increasing year by year in shops, factories and construction areas. Glass

is a common material used as bottles, glass wares and sheet glass. Glass is an ideal material

for recycling and using recycled glass would definitely help the environment and will save

energy. The increasing awareness of glass recycling facilitates the use of waste glass into

different forms in various fields. One of these fields is construction, where waste glass is

recycled and reused for concrete production. In addition, using waste glass in the concrete

production is advantageous, because it lessens the production cost of concrete.

For the design parameter of the structure, the researchers considered the recent calamity

that hit eastern Visayas, Super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). Typhoon Haiyan devastated the

province of Samar and Leyte resulting to a damage cost of ₱12-Billion with a death toll of

4,011. This serves as an inspiration for the researchers to introduce a higher Wind Load in

considering the design parameters of the building.

2

CHAPTER 2

Presenting the Challenges

2.1 Problem Statement

In this study, the group focused on recycled glass material and also to determine if this

type of material could be used as an admixture for the concrete that is going to be used in

a residential structure that can sustain the wind load of Typhoon Yolanda. Other problems

that are connected in this project includes analyzing whether the recycled glass aggregates

will affect the compressive strength of a concrete mixture, and determining if using

recycled glass aggregate would be more economical than using normal aggregate.

2.2 Project Objective

This study aims to first research on the strength of the concrete using waste recycled

glass as an admixture. Material testing will also be conducted to determine the 28th day

compressive strength of the concrete. The data that will be gathered from the material

testing will be compared to the data of commercially available and widely used concrete.

This also includes the design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck on

which the researchers will apply the waste recycled glass as an admixture and to adopt a

new maximum wind load based on the recent calamities. The objective also includes

estimation of the overall cost of the building and research on glass as construction material.

In addition, the group would also like to address what engineers should reconsider in

light of Typhoon Yolanda, that is using glass as a wall for structures, since glass is very

brittle and the effort is to introduce a new approach in which the glass can be used. Finally,

the study aims to provide additional research on the use of recycled glass aggregates here

in the Philippines.

2.3 Design Norms Considered

Engineers involved in projects must ensure safety of occupants of the building thus

following the standard procedure. Making the structure economical is also an important

factor without impairing the quality of the structure. Another important norm considered

is aesthetics.

3

2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

Major Field in Civil Engineering

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The major area of engineering here is mainly structural engineering, which include

forming the calculations on design and the estimation of the building cost. The minor areas

where other fields of engineering are required are electrical engineering for wirings,

architectural engineering for the aesthetic of building, and water engineering for the water

pipes and pressure.

Reinforced concrete design principles and design were done by taking into

consideration the provisions from the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP

2010) and the Uniform Building Code (UBC 1997). Earthquake loads and wind loads were

also taken into consideration for a more conservative and safe design. Different load

combinations were used and applied to the design of the reinforced concrete members in

accordance to both the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) and the

Uniform Building Code (UBC 1992). The designs of the structural members were made

using STAAD Pro V8i, excluding the design of the isolated footings. The isolated footings

were designed using Microsoft Excel.

DEAD LOADS

As stated in Section 204 of the National Structural of the Philippines: “Dead loads

consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other

structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in

partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural

items, and fixed equipment, including the weight of cranes.”

From Table 204-2 (Minimum Design Loads), the researchers determined the

superimposed dead loads incorporated in the structure.

Superimposed dead loads

As per the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010:

a. Partition and interior walls = 1.0 kPa

b. Gympsum board (per mm thickness) = 0.008KPa

4

LIVE LOADS

As stated in Section 205 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines: “Live loads

shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall

be less than the loads required be this section”.

From Table 205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads), the group

determined the superimposed live loads into the structure.


a. Residential = 1.9 kPa

b. Roof Deck = 1.9 kPa

c. exterior balcony = 2.9kPa

WIND LOADS

Section 207 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines states that: “Buildings,

towers, and other vertical structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting System

(MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and constructed to

resist wind loads as specified herein. In the design wind loads for the MWFRS and for the

components and cladding for buildings, the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on

opposite faces of each building surface shall be taken into account”.

The researchers used Microsoft Excel to solve and calculate for the wind loads that the

structure is experiencing.

Wind Considerations

Wind Velocity is taken from the recent data from PAG-ASA and NDRRMC. The

following data’s are used for the design of the residential building.

Type of Structure Standard Occupancy

Zone Classification 1

Wind Speed, V 275 kph

Importance Factor, I 1.00

Exposure Type B

5

COMBINATION OF LOADS

As defined on the National Structural Code of the Philippines, “Buildings, towers and

other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist load

combinations specified of Section 203 of this code”. In the designing process, all design

loads were considered including earthquake loads and wind loads on the roofing. Basic

load combinations were employed from Section 203.3.1 of the code.

Four major load combinations were considered in designing the structural members of the

project:

Load Combination 1: DL + LL + WL

Load Combination 2: 1.2DL + 0.5LL

Load Combination 3: 1.2DL + 0.5LL + 1.6WL

Load Combination 4: 0.9DL + 1.6WL

Minor Field in Civil Engineering

CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Construction methods focuses on the fundamentals of structural and construction

engineering like design and analysis, material testing and quality assurance, building

systems, construction technologies, and surveying. It also studies the deep understanding

of management principles and their applications that are essential in construction projects.

The researchers chose the construction method engineering as one of the minor fields

of the study because the researchers promotes the use of waste glass aggregate as an

admixture in concrete. Using recycled glass waste as concrete admixture could not only

lessen the amount of increasing glass waste in our country but it could also improve the

compressive strength of concrete.

Construction Innovation (Alternative Aggregates)

As an innovation of the project, the proponents went with the growing list of alternative

aggregates being substituted to concrete. Some alternatives that had already been touched

upon were using fly ash, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, brick bats, and broken glass waste.

Glass is being used as a structural material. The most recent developments have seen

glass used as beams and columns. These new applications present a series of design

problems that need to be addressed. Addressing these shortfalls has been a primary object

of this thesis. In this thesis, the researchers studied the effect of waste glass on concrete.

6

Laboratory experiments were conducted to further explore the use of waste glass as

coarse and fine aggregates for both ASR alleviation as well as the decorative purpose in

concrete. This study presents the latter aspect, in which study, both fresh and hardened

properties of architectural concrete were tested. The results demonstrate that the use of

waste glass as aggregate facilitates the development of concrete towards a high

architectural level besides its high performances, thereafter, the increasing market in

industry.

According to studies about the use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in concrete, this

material can significantly enhance the concrete. By substituting up to 10% of recycled glass

wastes in concrete aggregate shows a marginal increase the compressive strength of the

concrete. They also concluded that the optimum replacement percentage of the glass to the

fine aggregate is 10%. There are also other researches and related literatures which claims

the same conclusion that the use of glass wastes as a fine aggregate affects the compressive

strength of the concrete.

Even though the researchers prove that using glass wastes as a fine aggregate produce

a minimal increase in concrete, the use of this recycled glass aggregate admixture for the

concrete still needs to be studied further. Because thing material could revolutionize the

conventional concrete mix in such a way that recycling wastes material into a more useful

product.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Through recycling of glass as an admixture, the environment would be save from waste

materials because recycling is a process to change waste materials into new products to

prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw

materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution

(from landfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal, and lower

greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production. Recycling is a key component

of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle"

waste hierarchy.

By recycling, this act to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air,

and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites are

the basic principles of environmental engineering.

The crushing of glass is an act of recycling which not only helps the community get rid

of the waste materials but also to help the environment clean and to help the other people

making a profit from it. There are so many people selling glass bottles to be recycled in

glass plants which these factories will then use high powered machine to remolded these

glasses. These machine uses produces heat from incineration and thus polluting the air

through the production of carbon dioxide and the chemical solutions used to disinfect the

materials which is then dropped to a nearby rivers and lakes and thus polluting the water.

7

Sample of Glass Aggregate

The figure shows the sample of the crushed glass sieve in the sieve # 100. The size of

aggregate is 4.75mm. It will be used as a concrete admixture which covers the 10% of the

total volume of the ASTM standard concrete cylinder for material testing.

In this research silicate glass is used. This type of glass generally has the property of

being transparent, because of this it has many applications; bottles for alcoholic beverages,

light bulbs, and etc. Therefore making this type of glass as an abundant waste material.

Silica (SiO2) is the common fundamental constituent of this glass type. The property of

Silica has been used to advantage by grinding it into a fine glass powder (GLP) for

incorporation into concrete as a pozzolanic material. Pozzolanic material like Silica does

not contain cementing property but in a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture

and chemically react to calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds

possessing cementitious properties.

8

2.5 The Project Beneficiary

The beneficiary of this project is Juan B. Apit. The design statistics will be given to

them and they will be occupying the said structure.

2.6 The Innovative Approach

The project will be utilizing software and other technology that give better outputs and

hasten the completion of the project. These software and technology are as follows:

AutoCAD

This software will provide mostly the architectural and structural plans of the

structure.

Staad PRO V8i

This software will help in designing the structure frames. It uses mainly on

beams, columns, foundations, and trusses. It also checks the stability of the

structure and its adequacy.

Google SketchUp

This is used to create better perspective view on the structure.

2.7 The Research Component

This project also includes material testing to determine the strength of the concrete when

the glass admixture is added. This will also support the different data researched by other

people in terms of recycled glass admixtures. This project will also determine the most

economical materials needed to build the structure.

2.8 The Design Component

In this project, the following components are to be build:

Substructure

The design of the substructure will depend on the strength or soil

bearing capacity of the site. Included here is the conduct of soil

investigation of the site. This will shows what kind of footing is needed

for the said building.

9

Superstructure

The design of our super structure will be made up of reinforced

concrete. It includes the following structural elements:

Design of beams

Design of columns

Design of slabs

Design of walls

Design of trusses

2.9 Sustainable Development Concept

For the environmental protection and conservation, the materials to be used for the

construction of the said project will meet the norms for green design and will help in

reducing the emission of carbon dioxide as much as possible. Improved ventilation design

will be incorporated with the structure so that power consumption will be minimized.

10

Chapter 3

Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description

3.1.1 Project Rationale

The main goal of this paper is to present a new purpose for the glass material in the

field of construction as well to be able to use a new wind load for the structure to promote

a change in the NSCP, because of the recent calamities that devastate the country.

3.1.2 Project Location

The three-storey residential building will be situated at Lot 14 Block 2 Newton Street

Filinvest 2-Heights Quezon City.

Figure 1 Location where the project will be constructed with existing infrastructure

11

Figure 2 Location of the project showing the streets

3.1.3 Project Information

This project is a design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck is located at

Lot 14 Block 2 Newton Street Filinvest 2-Heights Quezon City. The materials used in the

structure will be economical and the added admixture will enhance the strength of the

concrete thus making the structure safe and compliant.

3.1.4 Description of Project Phases

The project will have four phases, pre-construction/operational phase, construction

phase, operational phase and abandonment phase. The pre-construction/operational phase

includes the requirements of the City Hall before the construction. The construction phase

includes the preparation of the site. Operational phase mostly discusses the structure’s

operations. The abandonment phase includes the discussion of what should be done if the

structure is unoccupied.

3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase

Survey, canvassing of construction materials and performing soil tests

Detailed Engineering study, review and designs

Secure of permits and clearance from the municipalities of Quezon City

12

3.1.6 Construction Phase

3.1.6.1 Clearing and Grubbing

Removal/Disposal of trees, slumps, brush, roots, logs, rubbish and other objectionable

matter.

3.1.6.2 Excavation

Excavation and cut/fill of land.

3.1.6.3 Building Structure

Construction of foundation footings, columns, beams, slabs, walls and truss.

Finishing

3.1.6.3 Water and Sewer Lines

Installation and organization of water and sewer lines.

3.1.6.4 Power Distribution System

MERALCO

3.1.7 Operational Phase

Since this is a residential building; the structure will only be operational right after the

beneficiary occupied/take-over the said building.

3.1.8 Abandonment Phase

Unless the beneficiary ceases to fund the said project, abandonment phase is not

expected. Because the project is a residential building, therefore the structure will be built

to be occupied.

13

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

3.2.1 Physical Environment

The project is located where there are lots of grasses. There are houses on the left and

the rear when facing the road. The project location is located inside a subdivision. The lot

area of the site is estimated to be 280 square meters.

3.2.2 Biological Environment

The project location can sustain life since there are grasses and likely a plant since the

owner planted a plant on two corners of the lot area at the rear. There’s no animals sighted

on the project site.

3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment

The effect of this project to the socio-cultural and economic is insignificant since it is a

residential building that will be occupied by more or less 4 people but on political term it’s

on a different matter. It will affect the home owners’ organization and also their decision

making system.

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

The effect of this project being undone is also insignificant, even without the completion

of the project; the area will remain as it was before.

14

3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and

their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Table 1. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development.

Environmental Issues Level of Significance

Noise Generated Low Impact

Population Increase Medium Impact

Air Quality Medium Impact

Water Quality Medium Impact

3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and

Biological Resources

The environmental issues are noise generated, air quality, and water quality. Noise

generated in the site greatly affects the surrounding area, since it is a residential

subdivision, people might complain about it. Other factor like air and water quality also

affects the area. The air is quite critical because of the dust and debris that could lead to

accidents. Water quality needed to secure for the workers and the removal of water during

rainy season in the site.

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of

the Project

The population increase in the subdivision affects the lives of the residents since the

people voting for the organization within will increase. It will also affect the traffic in the

area due to the falling debris from the construction.

15

3.4 Environmental Management Plan

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Table 2. Summary Matrix of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Significant

Environmental Impact Possible Impacts

Mitigating/Enhancement

Measure

Responsibilities

1. Air quality Increase in noise levels.

Increase in level of particulate matter.

Regular maintenance of

heavy equipment & transport

machineries to check on

noise.

Disseminate scheme of

Deliveries.

Access road and dusty civil

work areas shall be sprinkled

with water to reduce re-

suspension of dust.

Contractor

2. Solid waste Causes pollution and spread of disease

By employing a good solid

waste management program

Regular garbage collection

shall be done

Association

3. Traffic Falling debris Provide adequate caution

signs and warnings

Contractor

16

4. Ecological Existing plants will almost likely to be

completely wiped out

Planting plants on every

available space will

compensate the plants and

trees that was removed

Developer

17

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Table 3. Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Project activities

source of impact

Impact description

per parameter Classification

Time

scale of

impacts

Magnitude

of impact

Recommended

mitigating measures

Construction Stage

Excavation/site

clearing operations

Building

construction ground

preparation, and

other construction

activities

1. Water quality

situation of

drainage

system due to

washed soil

from

excavation

Increase water

demand in the

construction

site

Negative

Impact

Negative

Impact

Short

term

Short

term

Moderate

Impact

Low

Impact

Turbidity/siltation

control measures

by continuous

cleaning of

drainage system

Conservation

practices to

maximize the use

of water supply

When needed,

water will be

sourced externally

Excavation/site

clearing operation,

movement/operation

of heavy

construction

equipment

2. Air Quality

Increase in

ambient total

suspended

particulate

Negative

Impact

Short

term

Low

Impact

Constant wetting

of ground surface

18

Noise

generation

Negative

Impact

Short

term

Low

Impact

Regular

maintenance of

equipment/

limiting operation

to daytime only

Collection and

storage, disposal

19

3.4.3 Monitoring Plan

Table 4. Monitoring Plan

Environmental Problem Enhancement Measure Monitoring

1. Construction Waste Proper waste

management

D

aily

2. Noise Noise control D

aily

3. Dust Sprinkle with water to

reduce re-suspension of dust

W

eekly

4.Water Proper water

management

W

eekly

5. Traffic Signs and Cautions

Traffic management

D

aily

3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements

For institutional responsibilities and agreements of this project, the design needs to meet

the NSCP standards except the wind load adoption. It will also comply with the

requirements implemented by the association of the subdivision and the city building

official of Quezon City.

20

CHAPTER 4

Research Component

4.1 Abstract

The terms global warming and climate change has been commonly used and hear

recently. This is due to the erratic weather the planet Earth has been undergoing lately. It

can be attributed to the growth of population, and the subsequent destruction of the

environment. Super Typhoons are beginning to reach never-before-heard-of speeds

surpassing the 250kph mark wind velocity, which greatly affects the structural integrity as

the NSCP codes for wind velocity. As a possible response to this, the proponents thought

that a residential structure with roof deck for additional spaces and for safety purposes

seemed like a viable project to do. Coupled with the innovation of using substitute

aggregates in a form of recycled glass, it also keeps within the theme of being

environmental-friendly, and economical by helping to reduce waste that damages the

surrounding environment.

“Refrain from using glass cladding for your structure” (Engr. Cervantes, 2013).

From the above statement; the researchers gained the inspiration to present a new field

on where the glass material can be used. Since the recent typhoon that hit the Visayas region

results to devastating damages to residential structures, specifically in windows and glass

structures. The researchers will try to promote the awareness in the society that nowadays

normal glass structures may not be able to withstand the future typhoon wind loads, and

for the authorities to consider revising the structural codes of the Philippines.

4.2 Review of Literature

4.2.1 Aspects of Structural Design of Glass




of this thesis.

There has been much work on out-of-plane loading of glass, and in-plane loading of

traditional materials is well described. In reality engineers have been borrowing design

concepts from the two former areas to try and satisfy the latter. It was shown that the current

design methods for glass, based predominantly on design against transient lateral loading

for windows, do not adequately account for the behavior of glass when used in these new

applications. In this thesis it is demonstrated that this is not satisfactory.

21

A new design method was then developed, based on the principles of fracture mechanics

and incorporating limit state design concepts. This new “Crack Size Design” method was

as an alternative to the allowable stress method currently used in structural glass design

(Porter, 2001).

4.2.2 Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering

Britain is one of the countries which have many sources with regards to the natural

aggregate and its approvals to develop new quarries are running at about half the rate of

extraction. The use of secondary materials would not create a major source of aggregate

but the quantity of natural aggregate required by the construction industry would be

reduced significantly.

This reports mainly on laboratory tests conducted on crushed concrete and demolition

debris to examine the potential use of these materials in new construction. Other tests were

conducted to check the compliance with the Specification for Highway Works (1986) and

more detailed tests conducted with regard to CBR. Frost susceptibility where the influences

of moisture content, density and particle packing on these properties were investigated.

From the frost susceptibility results, further work would be required in this area to

determine the main factors which influence the frost heave of recycled aggregates. The

comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate concrete appeared to be of superior

quality than that produced in other research.

During the study, the recycled aggregates could perform as well as limestone and can

be considered for many potential uses. It only involved physical properties of recycled

materials therefore their ability to perform as construction aggregates could be enhance

further (O'Mahoney, M.M., 1990).

4.2.3 Assessment of design procedures for structural glass beams

This is about the structural use of glass. Glass is the most perfectly brittle materials that

exist. Glass also demonstrates linear elastic behavior right up to the point of failure. This

study reviews the current design methods tracing their development through the century.

Current code formers are keen to bring all materials under the umbrella of Limit State

Design. This philosophy is somewhat inappropriate for materials where the main design

criterion is not ultimate strength.

22

Glass cannot be made to conform to a design method created for ductile materials. “The

so-called plastic design theory of structures applies therefore to steel and to reinforced

concrete frames … but not to materials like cast iron and glass which are brittle”(Heyman

1995). The multi-ply beam shows that statistically two or more beams are always better

than one equivalent thickness. This method reduces the thickness of glass beams without

affecting its probability to failure.

This is not about face-loaded glass elements where designs are governed by deflection

but about edge-loaded elements where strength governs and more rigorous design rules is

required. The strength of multi-ply beams are predicted from the strength distribution load

found for single beams (Crompton, P.R., 1999).

4.2.4 Glass masonry

Glass masonry units are used in the openings of typical masonry exterior or interior

walls. These non-load bearing filler panels must be at least 3 inch thick and the mortared

surfaces of the blocks have to be treated to provide an adequate mortar-bonding effect. The

glass panels should also be restrained laterally to resist lateral force effects of winds or

earthquakes. The sizes of the exterior panels are limited to a maximum vertical or

horizontal dimension of 15feet and an area of 144ft2 of unsupported wall surface. For

interior glass block panels, these limits are increased to 25ft and 250ft2.

The glass blocks must be laid in type S or N mortar with both vertical and horizontal

joints being ¼ and 3/8-in. thick and completely filled. Exterior glass block panels have to

be provided with ½ in. expansion joints at the sides and at the top, and must be entirely

free of mortar so that the space can be filled with resilient material to provide for needed

in-plane movement. The expansion joint must also provide for lateral support while

permitting expansion and contraction of the glass panel (Schneider, R.R. and Dickey, W.

L., 1994).

4.2.5 Use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete

In many countries, waste glass is one of the major components of the solid waste stream.

It can be found in many forms, including container glass, flat glass such as bulb glass,

windows and cathode ray tube glass. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds

up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its

significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for

value-added concrete production. Literature survey indicates that the use of waste glass as

aggregates in concrete was first reported over 50 years ago. The concomitant alkali-silica

reaction (ASR) by using glass in concrete and its unique aesthetic properties have been

investigated since then. However, no complete solution to ASR has been found and the

application of glass in architectural concrete still needs improving. Laboratory experiments

were conducted to further explore the use of waste glass as coarse and fine aggregates for

both ASR alleviation as well as the decorative purpose in concrete.

23

This study presents the latter aspect, in which study, both fresh and hardened properties

of architectural concrete were tested. The results demonstrate that the use of waste glass as

aggregate facilitates the development of concrete towards a high architectural level besides

its high performances, thereafter, the increasing market in industry (Liang, H et al., 2007).

4.2.6 The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement in

Concrete

The use of sheet glass powder (SGP) in concrete leads to a greener environment. In

shops, many sheet glass cuttings go to waste, which are not recycled at present and usually

delivered to landfills for disposal. Using sheet glass powder in concrete is an interesting

possibility for economy on waste disposal sites and also for the conservation of natural

resources. This study examines the possibility of using sheet glass powder as a replacement

in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced with SGP (10%,

20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and

cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of

concrete made with natural fine aggregates. The water absorption, fineness modulus,

moisture content, specific gravity, bulk density, percentage of porosity, percentage of voids

(loose and compact) state for sand (S) and SDA were also studied. The results indicate that

it is possible to manufacture concrete containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with

characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete provided that the

percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 10-20%, respectively (M. Mageswari and

Dr. B. Vidivelli, 2010).

24

4.3 Methodology

4.3.1 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

In order for the researchers to obtain all their objectives for material testing, the research

framework should be followed

Figure 3 The research framework

The first step is to propose their topic to the panels so that the researchers could get an

approval for them to start their study about their chosen topic. After the approval, the

researchers are to collect data and to review literatures that are connected to their study. In

order to collect the data that will be used for their chosen topic, the researchers will be

using a wide variety of sources available. One of the most important materials to be used

in the study is the internet. The internet provided easier access for the related literatures

and other innovative methods and designs that were suitable in the design of the three-

storey residential building with roof deck. In addition to this, the researchers also go to

libraries to gather more related literatures that may add more ideas to their project.

The researchers are also required to have beneficiaries in which their designs will be

given to. In addition, the beneficiaries were consulted to provide details for the design of

the structure. The beneficiaries for this study would be Juan B. Apit. The researchers were

to provide them the design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck in which

the researchers will apply the use of recycled glass as a concrete admixture and also a

building that would resist a strong wind load similar to the wind load of the recent typhoon

Yolanda.

START

LITERATURE

REVIEW

DATA OF

CONCRETE

WITH GLASS

AGGREGATE

TECHNICAL

DATA

DATA

GATHERING

END

25

The next step is for the researchers to now gather technical data for their study and one

of it is by material testing since their topic is about waste glass admixture for concrete. The

soil bearing capacity test will be also conducted in the lot.

4.4 Results and Discussion

In this study, the researchers determined that recycled glass has a potential and could

be used as a concrete admixture. Laboratory tests showed that with the addition of recycled

glass per 10 percent volume of concrete helped the concrete to gain a minimal increase in

its 28th day compressive strength, though further research is still needed. And the data

gathered in this research is used in designing the structure to observe what could be the

effect of increasing the compressive strength of concrete to disaster resilient residential

building. Based from the laboratory tests the 7th day compressive strength of the concrete

cylinder with recycled glass as admixture is 20.56MPa and the 28th day compressive

strength is 30.19MPa.

After some thorough discussions and design analysis, the proponents of the project have

come up with a full design of a three-story residential building that’s constructed with the

use of 28th day compressive strength from the test results of the recycled glass as a concrete

admixture.

The use of computer software such as STAAD was observed to analyze the structural

design of the building including its foundation. On the other hand, the architectural or

aesthetic design was created using AutoCAD and SketchUp to be able to illustrate the

supposed outside appearance of the structure.

The structural design of the building is done with the recent onslaught of disasters in

mind. Since several super typhoons have been hitting the Philippines in the recent years,

the researchers considered to enhance the capacity of the structure to withstand wind loads

just like the recent Super Typhoon Yolanda that swept the Visayas region. With these

factors, the design of the residential building is made to conform to building codes that take

in consideration the effects of forces of nature.

For the design wind load; the researchers considered the highest wind velocity that hit

the Visayas region during the Super Typhoon Yolanda which is 275 KPH. By using the

Bernoulli’s energy equation and considering air flow with a density of 1.225 Kg/m³, the

researcher came up with the equation; 1

2𝜌𝑉2 = 𝑃

0.6125𝑉2 = 𝑃 Where: V = wind velocity (m/s)

P = Equivalent pressure (N/m²) (Pa)

26

Substituting the wind velocity of 76.889m/s to the conversion of wind speed to free

stream dynamic pressure, the equivalent pressure that the Super Typhoon Yolanda

produced is 3.621 KPa. Take note that this computation is to compare what is the effect of

this wind velocity converted to pressure and it is not included in the NSCP, thus the purpose

of this research is to introduce a higher wind velocity as compared to the NSCP and to

examine the effects of this wind velocity to the structure. As of NSCP 2010, figure 207-24

Referenced Wind Zone Map of the Philippines; the highest wind velocity is at Zone 1

which is 250KPH but the recent calamities that stroked the Philippines bearing a wind

velocity of 275KPH.

4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations

The use of recycled materials in construction is now becoming popular; countries such

as Britain conducted laboratory tests and found out that materials such as glass could be

used as a concrete additive. During the study, they found out that recycled aggregates such

as glass could perform as well as limestone and can be considered for many potential uses.

According to the studies of S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal which are

all about the use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in concrete, this material can significantly

enhance the concrete. They concluded that by substituting up to 10% of recycled glass





strength of the concrete. But the study of S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal

is not reliable in a sense that the concrete sample used did not conform accordingly to the

ASTM standards of testing of materials, because they use a cubical sample to dimension

of 100mm which is should be a cylindrical sample with a height which is twice of the width

of the sample.





product.

27

Initial test results

Figure 4 7th day compressive strength test result part 1

28

Figure 5 7th day compressive strength test result part 2

29

Figure 6 28th day compressive strength test results part 1

30

Figure 7 28th day compressive strength test results part 2

31

Proof of Work

Figure 8 Crushing of Glass

Figure 9 Sieving of Glass

32

Figure 10 Mixing of Concrete materials

Figure 11 Pouring of concrete into slump cone

33

Figure 12 Testing for slump test

Figure 13Concrete cylinders ready for curing

34

Figure 14 Concrete cylinders

Figure 15 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

35

Figure 16 Testing of Concrete cylinders

Figure 17 Crushed concrete cylinder after testing

36

Chapter 5

Detailed Engineering Design

5.1 Structural Design

5.1.1 Introduction

The assumptions, analysis and design of the three-story structure conform to code

provisions found in the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume

1: Buildings, Towers, and other Vertical Structures. Tables of loads were taken from the

minimum loads indicated on the codes; live loads, dead loads, and for the wind load is

taken from the recent data of the PAG-ASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and

Astronomical Service Administration) and also from NDRRMC (National Disaster and

Risk Reduction Management Council)

5.1.2 Dead Loads




5.1.3 Live Loads





5.1.4 Wind Loads

Table 5: Wind Considerations

*Wind Velocity is taken from the recent data from PAG-ASA and NDRRMC





Exposure Type B

37

5.1.5 Beam, Column and Slab Design

Software such as STAAD V8i is used in designing the beams, columns, and slabs. This

particular software was chosen because of its ease of use in analyzing the said structural

elements.

Figure 18 Stress Distribution View From Z -axis

38

Figure 19 Stress Distribution View from X-axis

39

Figure 20 Stress Distribution Isometric View

40

Typical Framing Plan:

Figure 21: Typical Girder Framing

41

Figure 22: Typical Girder Detailing

Table 6: Girder Details

Girder

Mark

Girder

Size,

mm

Bar

Dia.

Bar

Loc.

Longitudinal Reinforcements Stirrup No./Set

and Spacing,

Ø10mm A B C D E

G-1 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,

Rest@170 to CL Bot 4

G-2 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


G-3 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


G-4 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


42

Beam Design:

Figure 23: Typical Beam Detailing

Table 7: Beam Details

Beam

Mark

Beam

Size, mm

Bar

Dia.

Bar

Loc.

Longitudinal Reinforcements Stirrup No./Set

and Spacing,

Ø10mm A B C D E

B-1 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


B-2 200x400 12

25

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


B-3 200x400 12

12

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


B-4 200x400 12

12

Top 2 2 2 2 2; 1@50,


FTB - 1 150x200 16

16

Top 2 2 2 2 2;1@50, Rest@170

to CL Bot 2

43

Slab Design:

Figure 24: Typical Slab Detailing

Table 8: Slab Details

Slab

Mark

Thickness,

mm

Bar Dia.,

mm

Spacing

mm

S-1 100 12 300 OC

S-2 100 12 300 OC

S-3 100 12 300 OC

S-4 100 12 300 OC

S-5 100 12 300 OC

44

5.2 Foundation Design

5.2.1 Introduction

Soil properties are important so that the researchers may determine the proper type of

footing to be used. According to the soil investigation report, the soil bearing capacity of

the land in Quezon City is 125KPa. The soil bearing capacity is said to be strong therefore

the researchers used an isolated square footing for their project.

5.2.2 Design Considerations

b. Soil bearing capacity = 125 kPa

c. Water depth = 2.5 m

d. Water unit weight = 9.81 kN/m3

Figure 25: Typical Footing Detailing

Table 9: Footing Details

Ftg

Mark

Thickness

mm

Width

mm

Length

mm

Bar 1

Dia., mm

Bar 2

Dia., mm

Remarks

F-1

500

2000

2000

20

20

Isolated

Square

Footing

45

Wall Footing Detail:

Figure 26 Wall Footing Detail

46

Figure 27 Footing Tie Beam

2-16mm Ø bar

5.3 Concrete Mix

The table show the percentage of recycled glass aggregate that can be substituted to

enhance the concrete properties in relation to the results provided by the studies. The

final mix used was 1:2:3; which is almost similar with the computations using ACI

method.

Table 10: Concrete Mix

CONCRETE MIX

Conventional Recycled Glass 90% 10%

Through the ACI method the amount of conventional concrete were estimated thus

providing also the amount recycled glass aggregates to be used.

Total Volume of Concrete = 75.895 cu.m

47

5.4 Plan Set

5.4.1 3D Model

Figure 28 SkechUp Model

48

5.4.2 Architectural Plans

Figure 29 Ground Floor

49

Figure 30 Second Floor

50

Figure 31: Third Floor

51

Figure 32 Roof Deck

52

Elevation plan:

Figure 33 Front Elevation

53

Figure 34 Left Side Elevation

54

Figure 35 Rear Elevation

55

Figure 36 Right Side Elevation

56

5.4.3 Structural Plan

Figure 37 STAAD Model

57

5.4.4 Typical Framing Plan

Figure 38 Typical Framing Plan

58

5.4.5 Column Layout Plan

Figure 39 Column Layout Plan

59

5.4.6 Foundation Plan

Figure 40 Foundation Plan

60

Major Field in Civil Engineering

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

The major area of engineering here is mainly structural engineering, which include

forming the calculations on design and the estimation of the building cost. The minor areas

where other fields of engineering are required are electrical engineering for wirings,

architectural engineering for the aesthetic of building, and water engineering for the water

pipes and pressure.

Reinforced concrete design principles and design were done by taking into

consideration the provisions from the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP

2010) and the Uniform Building Code (UBC 1997). Earthquake loads and wind loads were

also taken into consideration for a more conservative and safe design. Different load

combinations were used and applied to the design of the reinforced concrete members in

accordance to both the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) and the

Uniform Building Code (UBC 1992). The designs of the structural members were made

using STAAD Pro V8i, excluding the design of the isolated footings. The isolated footings

were designed using Microsoft Excel.

DEAD LOADS

As stated in Section 204 of the National Structural of the Philippines: “Dead loads

consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other

structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in

partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural

items, and fixed equipment, including the weight of cranes.”

From Table 204-2 (Minimum Design Loads), the researchers determined the

superimposed dead loads incorporated in the structure.

Superimposed dead loads:




LIVE LOADS

As stated in Section 205 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines: “Live loads

shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall

be less than the loads required be this section”.

61

From Table 205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads), the group

determined the superimposed live loads into the structure.





WIND LOADS

Section 207 of the National Structural Code of the Philippines states that: “Buildings,

towers, and other vertical structures, including the Main Wind-Force Resisting System

(MWFRS) and all components and cladding thereof, shall be designed and constructed to

resist wind loads as specified herein. In the design wind loads for the MWFRS and for the

components and cladding for buildings, the algebraic sum of the pressures acting on

opposite faces of each building surface shall be taken into account”.

The researchers used Microsoft Excel to solve and calculate for the wind loads that

the structure is experiencing.

Wind Considerations

Wind Velocity is taken from the recent data from PAG-ASA and NDRRMC. The

following data’s are used for the design of the residential building.

COMBINATION OF LOADS

As defined on the National Structural Code of the Philippines, “Buildings, towers and

other vertical structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resist load

combinations specified of Section 203 of this code”. In the designing process, all design

loads were considered including earthquake loads and wind loads on the roofing. Basic

load combinations were employed from Section 203.3.1 of the code.





Exposure Type B

62

Four major load combinations were considered in designing the structural members of

the project:

Load Combination 1: DL + LL + WL

Load Combination 2: 1.2DL + 0.5LL

Load Combination 3: 1.2DL + 0.5LL + 1.6WL

Load Combination 4: 0.9DL + 1.6WL


Construction Methods

Construction methods focuses on the fundamentals of structural and construction

engineering like design and analysis, material testing and quality assurance, building

systems and construction technologies. It also studies the deep understanding of

management principles and their applications that are essential in construction projects.

People have constructed buildings and other structures which includes bridges,

amphitheaters, dams, roads and canals. Building materials in present use have a long

history and some of the structures built thousands of years ago are regarded as remarkable.

The researchers chose the construction method engineering as one of the minor fields

of the study because the researchers promotes the use of waste glass aggregate as an

admixture in concrete. Using recycled glass waste as concrete admixture could not only

lessen the amount of increasing glass waste in our country but could also improve the

compressive strength of concrete.

Construction Innovation (Alternative Aggregates)

As an innovation of the project, the proponents went with the growing list of alternative

aggregates being substituted to concrete. Some alternatives that had already been touched

upon were using fly ash, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, brick bats, and broken glass waste.




of this thesis. In this thesis, the researchers studied the effect of waste glass on concrete.

Using different materials that can substitute various parts of a concrete mix are slowly

getting recognized. In this project, recycled glass would be used as a substitute aggregate.

Concrete mix substitutes are advantageous in a number of ways. Also, production of glass

waste is said to be increasing every year and by utilizing these trash can eliminate glass

waste production. In construction, recycled glass is also a reliable substitute to the

conventional aggregates provided that only a certain percentage will be replaced.

63

Waste Glass as Concrete Admixture

Waste glass is one of the major components of the solid waste stream. It can be found

in many forms, including container glass, flat glass such as bulb glass, windows and

cathode ray tube glass. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections

on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant

contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for value-added

concrete production. Literature survey indicates that the use of waste glass as aggregates

in concrete was first reported over 50 years ago. The concomitant alkali-silica reaction

(ASR) by using glass in concrete and its unique aesthetic properties have been investigated

since then. However, no complete solution to ASR has been found and the application of

glass in architectural concrete still needs improving.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to further explore the use of waste glass as

coarse and fine aggregates for both ASR alleviation as well as the decorative purpose in

concrete. This study presents the latter aspect, in which study, both fresh and hardened

properties of architectural concrete were tested. The results demonstrate that the use of

waste glass as aggregate facilitates the development of concrete towards a high


industry.

According to studies about the use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in concrete, this

material can significantly enhance the concrete. By substituting up to 10% of recycled glass





strength of the concrete.





product.

Concrete Mix Design

For the design of concrete mix, the researchers used the ACI concrete mix design

method. With this type of design method, the researchers were able to determine the

amount of cement, sand, gravel, water and the amount of the glass that will be used as an

admixture for the concrete sample.

64

Total weight of materials to be used for 7 cylinder samples

Weight (kg)

Cement 13.97

Sand 24.72

Gravel 40.41

Glass 2.747

Water 6.49

The researchers used 7 concrete cylinder samples in which all will be tested for its 7th

and 28th day compressive strength. The amount of the glass admixture would be 10% of

the volume of the concrete. Using the ACI concrete mix design, the researchers were able

to compute weight of each of the materials needed to create a concrete cylinder. Using this,

the researchers could also estimate how many sacks of cement, sand and gravel is needed

to create 7 concrete cylinder samples.


Environmental Engineering

Through recycling of glass as an admixture, the environment would be save from waste

materials because recycling is a process to change waste materials into new products to

prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw

materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution

(from landfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal, and lower

greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production. Recycling is a key component

of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle"

waste hierarchy.

By recycling, this act to improve the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air,

and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites are

the basic principles of environmental engineering.

The crushing of glass is an act of recycling which not only helps the community get rid

of the waste materials but also to help the environment clean and to help the other people

making a profit from it. There are so many people selling glass bottles to be recycled in

glass plants which these factories will then use high powered machine to remolded these

glasses. These machine uses produces heat from incineration and thus polluting the air

through the production of carbon dioxide and the chemical solutions used to disinfect the

materials which is then dropped to a nearby rivers and lakes and thus polluting the water.

65

Use of recycled glass waste in construction

The use of secondary materials would not create a major source of aggregate but the

quantity of natural aggregate required by the construction industry would be reduced

significantly.

During the study, the recycled aggregates could perform as well as limestone and can

be considered for many potential uses. It only involved physical properties of recycled


further.



problems that need to be addressed.

Glass is the most perfectly brittle materials that exist. Glass also demonstrates linear

elastic behavior right up to the point of failure. This study reviews the current design

methods tracing their development through the century. Current code formers are keen to

bring all materials under the umbrella of Limit State Design. This philosophy is somewhat

inappropriate for materials where the main design criterion is not ultimate strength.

Waste glass is one of the major components of the solid waste stream. It can be found

in many forms, including container glass, flat glass such as bulb glass, windows and

cathode ray tube glass. The increasing awareness of glass recycling speeds up inspections

on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One of its significant

contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused for value-added

concrete production.





resources.

66

Sample of Glass Aggregate

The figure shows the sample of the crushed glass sieve in the sieve # 100. The size of

aggregate is 4.75mm. It will be used as a concrete admixture which covers the 10% of the

total volume of the ASTM standard concrete cylinder for material testing.







not contain cementing property but in a finely divided form and in the presence of

moisture and chemically react to calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form

compounds possessing cementitious properties.

67

Chapter 6

Cost Estimates

Budget Estimation

The researchers provided the budget estimation using the conventional method of

construction. The budget estimation was broken down to 7 main components:

1. General Requirements

2. Earthworks

3. Civil and Structural works

4. Architectural works

5. Waterproofing

6. Electrical works

7. Sanitary works

These 7 components were summed up as the total material cost. The researchers also

included the labor cost for each of the 7 components.

The computation of the general requirements includes the mobilization and

demobilization cost consisted of the mobilization of materials from the manufacturers of

suppliers to the project site, cost of temporary facilities, permits, licenses and other required

papers, and also the water and power supply.

The computation of the civil and structural works included concreting, rebar works,

masonry works, formworks and also the labor cost.

The computation of the architectural works included the cost of the interior and exterior

walls, flooring and ceiling.

The total project cost for the conventional design is ₱ 6,178,500.00

68

Table 11: Cost Estimates

ITEM Description of Work Qty. Unit MATERIAL

I GENERAL REQUIREMENT Unit Cost Amount

1 Mobilization 1 Lot 30,000.00 30,000.00

2 Demobilization 1 Lot 30,000.00 30,000.00

3 Temporary Facilities 1 Lot 40,000.00 40,000.00

4 Plans, Documentation, and Fees 1 Lot 250,000.00 250,000.00

5 Permits and Licenses 1 Lot 130,000.00 130,000.00

6 Bonds and Insurance 1 Lot 120,000.00 120,000.00

7 Temp. Water & Power Supplies 1 Lot 80,000.00 80,000.00

8 Contractor’s All risk ensurance 200,000.00

Sub-total 880,000.00

II EARTH WORKS

1 Excavation:

Manual 77.76 cu.m 550.00 45,000.00

2 Earthfill/ backfilling with

compaction 58.356 cu.m 250.00 20,000.00

3 Gravel Fill 1.8 cu.m 720.00 3,000.00

4 Soil poisoning 84 sq.m 75.00 7,000.00

5 Moisture Protection 84 sq.m 60.00 6,000.00

6 Labor cost 35,000.00


III CIVIL / STRUCTURAL

WORKS

A Concreting

Ready mixed concrete class A 80.287 cu.m 3,500.00 282,000.00

Labor cost 450,000.00


B Rebar works

Reinforcing Bars

Total Rebars 11,228,95 kgs. 34.00 382,000.00



C Masonry Works

6’’ thk CHB ordinary Pcs 6592 8.00 53,000.00

Portland cement bags 3000 220.00 660,000.00

White sand Cu. m 400 500.00 200,000.00

S1 Gravel Cu. m 250 500.00 125,000.00

Labor Cost 450,000.00

Sub-total 1,488,000.00

D Formworks

Coco lumber b. ft. 5000 8.00 40,000.00

Ordinary plywood Pcs 60 650.00 39,000.00

#16 G.I. Wire Kgs 50 50.00 2,500.00

Nails Kgs 150 50.00 7,500.00



IV ARCHITECTURAL

69

A. Walls

Partition Walls 203.76 sq.m 500.00 102,000.00

Exterior Walls 255.56 sq.m 500.00 128,000.00

Labor 70,000.00

B Floorings 336q.m

Tileworks

Polished Tiles (300mmx300mm) 2800 pcs 30 84,000.00

Labor 70,000.00

C Ceiling

Gypsum board (0.60mx0.60m) 700 pcs 110.00 77,000.00

Others

ABC Tile Adhesive 50 bags 970.00 49,000.00

Labor 70,000.00


V WATERPROOFING

Cement waterproofing solution

(Integral type) gallons 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Cementicious water proofing

compound (Top Coat) gallons 5 5,000.00 25,000.00

Labor Cost 1,000.00

Sub-total 51,000.00

VI Electrical + Labor cost Sub-total 600,000.00

VII Sanitary + Labor Cost Sub-total 640,000.00

TOTAL COST = ₱ 6,178,500.00

70

Chapter 7

Project Schedule

The researcher’s proposed three-storey residential building with roof deck with recycled

glass as concrete admixture has a duration of 167 days or roughly six (6) months. The first

stage of the project includes the permit acquisition which includes the barangay and

municipal permit. After it, sourcing and purchasing of the needed materials and

construction equipment is done. The next stage is the implementation of the project which

includes the foundation works (20 days), substructure construction (10 days) and the

superstructure construction (120 days). The last stage of the project includes the testing and

commissioning, and the awarding of final acceptance tests and certificates.

Once all major construction works are done, finishing works will follow including tile

and welding works, schedule of doors and windows, hardware, electrical, plumbing, and

lastly painting works.

71

Figure 41 A Gantt Chart of the Project Schedule

72

Chapter 8

Promotional Material

Figure 42 Building Facade

73

Chapter 9

Conclusion and Summary

This project, Three-story residential building with roof deck using recycled glass as

aggregates— and designed in fulfillment of the course CE Project, is a type of residential

building that is designed to withstand a huge amount of wind load such as the wind load of

the recent Super Typhoon Yolanda. This project is also for the benefit of residents of

Quezon City in case such typhoon with a high wind load hit the place.

Using different materials that can substitute various parts of a concrete mix are slowly

getting recognized. In this project, recycled glass would be used as a substitute aggregate.

Concrete mix substitutes are advantageous in a number of ways. Also, production of glass

waste is said to be increasing every year and by utilizing these trash can eliminate glass

waste production. In construction, recycled glass is also a reliable substitute to the

conventional aggregates provided that only a certain percentage will be replaced, in this

case, 10% of the volume of the concrete.







not contain cementing property but in a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture

and chemically react to calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds

possessing cementitious properties.

The data’s from the test results showed that substituting glass as an aggregate does affect

the compressive strength of the concrete though further research is still needed. The effect

of 10% mixture with the 28th day compressive strength of concrete is not very evident. It

is advisable to try a different percentage in the mixture for other researchers in using waste

glass as a concrete admixture.

The objective of the group is to disseminate the idea of using substitute aggregates in

further constructions as it brings benefits to the structure, and the environment. More

people ought to learn of these innovations as to be able to contribute for the greater good

of the gradually disintegrating nature.

74

Overall, the construction of the residential building is a big gain not only for the people

who will live there but also for the environment because by knowing the fact that recycled

glass waste could be used as a substitute aggregate would lessen the increasing number of

glass waste and also lessen the use of traditional gravel and sand, which is usually sourced

from mining and quarrying sites that in turn can be a hazard to the environment.

Also, in lieu of increasing frequency of natural disasters, the said residential building is

designed to resist a huge wind load up to 275KPH. All said, the 3-storey residential project

aims to be a big contribution to the people and to the city it belongs to.

75

Chapter 10

Recommendations

The Philippines is a disaster-prone country. Super typhoons hit every year causing

massive devastations on structures and lives of people, not only in National Capital Region

but on the whole country. These disasters are caused by nature, and thus can’t be prevented,

but the people should learn from past experiences and adopt to be prepared for the future

although accidents can’t be helped to happen but it can be minimized.

Appropriate measures in response to these disasters are a different matter though. With

proper preparations and facilities, casualties and fatalities can be prevented, or at least

toned down to acceptable values. Having a residential structure that can withstand a super

typhoons should now be considered, and also the researchers would like to recommend a

structure with roof deck instead of having a GI roof of metal sheet roof because it is more

prone to get blown up by the wind pressure on the other hand roof deck is more logical

concept in residential structures.

Roof deck is made of concrete, the weight itself is enough to prevent suction due to

wind pressures and it has no inclination compared to conventional roofing with trusses

therefore it is not affected by the wind pressure directly and the wind pressure will be

carried by the wall around the roof deck. And lastly here in metro manila, space is very

important due to increasing number of structures and occupants, but providing roof decks

will give the owner additional space for recreational activities or for any other means.

The wind load that is used to design the said structure still needs to further analyze by

the experts. Though the purpose of this research is to spread awareness that the wind

velocities listed in the NSCP 2010 needed to be evaluated and to update as per the current

calamities are having a much greater velocities compared to the design criteria of the NSCP

2010. The researchers used the same wind velocity that stroked the Tacloban area to

investigate the effect of this increased wind load to the structure. And it is found out that

using higher wind velocity to the structure with Fc’ = 30.19MPa and having a roof deck

instead of GI roof would definitely increase the structure’s capacity against disasters.

For the concrete to be used in the structure the use of admixture is also a gradually

growing concept, though there are many more tests and experiments needed to find more

suitable materials that can qualify as concrete mixtures. Recycled glass is just some of

many available alternates to aggregates for concrete. Though the researchers cannot

conclude that using glass admixture would definitely enhance the concrete, it is advisable

to conduct further analysis and investigation to the said admixture. The 10% by volume

addition of glass aggregates results only to a very minimal increase compared to the design

mix. And it is recommended for other researchers to try a different percentage in the

concrete mix.

76

Chapter 11

Acknowledgements

This CE Project entitled “Three-Storey Residential Building with Recycled Glass as

Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda” would have not been accomplished without the efforts of each and every member. Three

people in a group sometimes can’t really be enough, and so external help from friends,

schoolmates, advisers, and various sources are well appreciated.

To our thesis adviser, Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes, we are truly grateful for your help

and supervision. We thank you for answering our every question and inquiry and your

numerous effective advices that helped us improve our work.

We’d also like to thank our beneficiary who backed us up and showed his support for

our cause despite being occupied with his own duties and responsibilities to serve his

constituents.

We offer our gratitude to our families who never tired in supporting us in every endeavor

we underwent in the process of completing this project. And we thank God above all for

none of this is possible without His will, His wisdom, and His guidance bestowed upon us.

77

Chapter 12

References

Bacani, L. (2013). 'Yolanda' death toll jumps to 4,011; Damage cost pegged at P12-B

Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/20/1258841/yolanda-death-

toll-jumps-4011-damage-cost-pegged-p12-b

Porter, M.I. (2001). Aspects of Structural Design with Glass

Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/porter.pdf

O'Mahoney, M.M. (1990). Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering

Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/o_mahony.pdf

Crompton, P.R. (1999). Assessment of Design Procedures for Structural Glass

Beams Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/crompton.pdf

Schneider, R.R., & Dickey, W. L. (1994) Reinforced Masonry Design, third edition

Liang, H., Zhu, H. & Byars, E. A. (2007) “Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in

Concrete” University of Edinburgh, UK

M. Mageswari, & Dr. B. Vidivelli (2010). “The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine

Aggregate Replacement in Concrete” The Open Civil Engineering Journal

McCormac J. Design of Reinforced Concrete, Seventh Edition, ACI 318-05 Code

Edition.

Gillesania, D.I.T., (2003). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second

Edition. Cebu: GERTC.

Sekar, T., Ganesan, N., Nampoothiri, N.V.N., (2011). Studies on strength

characteristics on utilization of waste materials as coarse aggregate in concrete.

International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 7.

Fajardo, M., (2000). Simplified Construction Estimate. 5138 Merchandising

Publisher

78

Appendices

Figure 43 Test Result of concrete with Glass aggregates for 28th day compressive strength

.

79

Figure 44 Test Result of concrete with Glass aggregates for 7th day compressive strength.

80

For each batch of concrete, seven cylindrical samples of 150mmx300mm size were

tested to determine its 7th and 28th compressive strength.

Test Results and Discussion

From the test results, it is observed that the recycled glass can be used as conventional

fine aggregate. It can be observed from Figure 20 that the strength of concrete increases

with a minimal value due to the usage of recycled glass as fine aggregate. In Figure 21,

though the strength increases, some sample materials failed due to some possible

experiment errors. The use of recycled glass can be used as fine aggregate but it requires

proper handling.

81

Conventional Concrete and Modified Concrete Comparison

Alternative Aggregates

A conventional concrete aggregate is composed of sand (fine aggregate) and various

sizes and shapes of gravel or stones (course aggregate). However, there is a growing

interest in substituting alternative aggregate materials, largely as potential use for recycled

materials. From the tests and researches done on stone dusts and ceramic scraps, these two

materials have proven to be used as partial alternatives for concrete production.

Even though aggregate usually accounts for 70% to 80% of the concrete volume, it is

commonly thought of as inert filler having small effects on the finished concrete properties.

However, studies have proven that aggregate plays an important role in determining the

workability, strength, dimensional stability, and durability of the concrete. It is also evident

that aggregates can have a significant effect on the cost of the concrete mixture.

Some parameters of aggregates are known to be important for engineered-use concrete:

strength, hardness and durability. Aggregate composed of recycled concrete generally has

a lower specific gravity and a higher absorption than conventional gravel aggregate. New

concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate typically has good workability and

durability. It has been found that recycled glass can be effectively used as fine aggregate

in place of conventional sand in concrete. By substituting recycled glass up to 10% by

volume of concrete could increase its compressive strength.

Installation

The installation of alternative aggregate concrete is basically the same as for

conventional concrete. The use of alternative aggregates addressed in this study (recycled

glass) does not present a significant deviation from standard concrete mixing and

application methods.

82

Benefits

Some of the additional benefits of the alternative aggregates in concrete include:

Use of any recycled material helps to keep that material out of landfills. Recycling

practices also can decrease the environmental impact of obtaining / manufacturing

the material from virgin resources.

New concrete made from recycled concrete aggregate generally has the same

properties as stone or gravel aggregate.

May result to boosting or creating secondary markets around recycling and selling

such materials.

Concrete unit cost is decrease

Freight cost is lowered.

Landfill costs are avoided and waste generation reduced.

And it makes maximum use of the energy already contained in the waste

Together, these factors constitute one of the basic cornerstones of sustainable development.

83

Figure 45: Borehole Log

84

Figure 46 Soil Report of the adjacent lot

85

STATISTICAL DATA FOR SMALL SAMPLE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:

(From Appendix: Test results of 28th day compressive strength)

X1 = 29.87 MPA

X2 = 28.91 MPA

X3 = 31.29 MPA

X4 = 30.73 MPA

X5 = 29.49 MPA

X6 = 30.56 MPA

X7 = 30.48 MPA

Xave = 30.19 MPA

S = 0.8117265549

N = 7; V = 7-1 = 6

μ = 30 ; μ ≠ 30

α = 10%

Figure 47 Distribution Curve

Using Normal Distribution formula for the average of a small sample n from a population

in which the mean is μ and the standard deviation is S, the standard error is S/√n:

𝑡 = 𝑥𝑎𝑣𝑒 − 𝜇

𝑠√𝑛⁄

𝑡 = 30.19− 300.8117

√7⁄

; 𝑡 = 0.61931

−𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟑 < 𝑡 < 1. 𝟗𝟒𝟑

Therefore, t is within the acceptable range.

86

Figure 48 Distribution Curve Table

ARTICLE

TYPE PAPER

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH ROOF DECK WITH

RECYCLED GLASS AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE THAT CAN WITHSTAND

THE WIND LOAD OF SUPER TYPHOON YOLANDA

Project By

APIT, JOHN CARLO T., BONGALOS, JAKE ANDREW T., LAGGUI, JOHN PAUL M.,

ENGR. BIENVENIDO A. CERVANTES

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering


Intramuros, Manila

SEPTEMBER 2014

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

ABSTRACT

The terms global warming and climate change has been commonly used and hear recently.

This is due to the erratic weather the planet Earth has been undergoing lately. It can be

attributed to the growth of population, and the subsequent destruction of the environment.

Super Typhoons are beginning to reach never-before-heard-of speeds surpassing the

250kph mark wind velocity, which greatly affects the structural integrity as the NSCP codes

for wind velocity. As a possible response to this, the proponents thought that a residential

structure with roof deck for additional spaces and for safety purposes seemed like a viable

project to do. Coupled with the innovation of using substitute aggregates in a form of

recycled glass, it also keeps within the theme of being environmental-friendly, and

economical by helping to reduce waste that damages the surrounding environment.

Keywords: NSCP codes for wind velocity, Glass Aggregates, Environmental-friendly,

and Economical

Acronyms / Abbreviations

ASR Alkali-Silica Reaction

CAD Computer Aided Design

CBR California Bearing Ratio

NCR National Capital Region

NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines

PAG-ASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service

Administration

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

SGP Sheet Glass Powder

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

1 Introduction

Global cement industry contributes large percentage of greenhouse gas emission to

Earth. Concrete and cement production requires 700 and 1750 kW-hour of energy. The

energy is somehow smaller than the aluminum, steel and PVC production (141,500, 46,000

and 24,700) but concrete and cement are widely used in construction so therefore,

producing these materials definitely requires a large amount of energy which affects the

environment due to CO2 emissions.

Because of this, efforts have been made to introduce coarse or fine aggregate waste

materials and in this study; the group will focus on recycled waste glass material and also

to determine if this could be used as an admixture for concrete.

It has been recognized that glass waste is increasing year by year in the shops, factories

and construction areas. Glass is commonly used in our lives because of products such as

bottles, glass wares and sheet glass. Glass is an ideal material for recycling and using

recycled glass would definitely help the environment and will save energy. The increasing

awareness of glass recycling makes the use of waste glass into different forms in various

fields. One of this is in the construction field where waste glass is recycled and reused for

concrete production. In addition to this, using waste glass in the concrete production is

advantageous, because this would lessen the production cost of concrete.

And for the design parameter of the proposed structure the researchers consider the

recent calamity that attacked the eastern Visayas; Super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda).

Typhoon Haiyan devastated the province of Samar and Leyte resulting to a damage cost of

₱12-Billion with a death toll of 4,011. This serves as an inspiration for the researchers to

introduce a higher Wind Load in considering the design parameters of the proposed

building. [1]

1.1 Problem Statement

In this study, the group focused on recycled glass material and also to determine if this type

of material could be used as an admixture for the concrete that is going to be used in a

residential structure that can sustain the wind load of Typhoon Yolanda. Other problems

that are connected in this project includes analyzing whether the recycled glass aggregates

will affect the compressive strength of a concrete mixture, and determining if using

recycled glass aggregate would be more economical than using normal aggregate. ___________________ 1 Bacani, L. (2013). 'Yolanda' death toll jumps to 4,011; Damage cost pegged at P12-B Retrieved

from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/20/1258841/yolanda-death-toll-jumps-4011-

damage-cost-pegged-p12-b

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

1.2 Project Objective

This study aims to first research on the strength of the concrete using waste recycled

glass as an admixture. Material testing will also be conducted to determine the 28th day

compressive strength of the concrete. The data that will be gathered from the material

testing will be compared to the data of commercially available and widely used concrete.

This also includes the design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck on

which the researchers will apply the waste recycled glass as an admixture and to adopt a

new maximum wind load based on the recent calamities. The objective also includes

estimation of the overall cost of the proposed building and research on glass as construction

material.

In addition, the group would also like to address what engineers should reconsider in

light of Typhoon Yolanda, that is using glass as a wall for structures, since glass is very

brittle and the effort is to introduce a new approach in which the glass can be used. Finally,

the study aims to provide additional research on the use of recycled glass aggregates here

in the Philippines.

1.3 Design Norms Considered

Engineers involved in projects must ensure safety of occupants of the building thus

following the standard procedure. Making the structure economical is also an important

factor without impairing the quality of the structure. Another important norm considered is

aesthetics.

1.4 The Project Beneficiary The beneficiary of this project is Juan B. Apit. The design statistics will be given to them

and they will be occupying the said structure.

1.5 The Innovative Approach

The project will be utilizing software and other technology that give better outputs and

hasten the completion of the project. These software and technology are as follows:

AutoCAD

This software will provide mostly the architectural and structural plans of the

structure.

Staad PRO V8i

This software will help in designing the structure frames. It uses mainly on

beams, columns, foundations, and trusses. It also checks the stability of the

structure and its adequacy.

Google SketchUp

This is used to create better perspective view on the structure.

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

1.6 The Research Component

This project also includes material testing to determine the strength of the concrete

when the glass admixture is added. This will also support the different data researched by

other people in terms of recycled glass admixtures. This project will also determine the

most economical materials needed to build the structure.

1.7 The Design Component The design component will cover the design of the superstructure and substructure.

Superstructure will include the design of structural members which are roof truss, slabs,

columns, beams and walls; while the substructure is composed of the foundation. The

design of the project will refer to the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines)

2010, 6th Edition, Volume 2 for the loadings of the structure and American Concrete

Institute Specifications.

The design of the substructure will depend on the strength or soil bearing capacity

of the site. Included here is the conduct of soil investigation of the site. This will shows

what kind of footing is needed for the said building.

1.8 Sustainable Development Concept

For the environmental protection and conservation, the materials to be used for the

construction of the said project will meet the norms for green design and will help in

reducing the emission of carbon dioxide as much as possible. Improved ventilation design

will be incorporated with the structure so that power consumption will be minimized.

2 Environmental Examination Report

2.1 Project Description

This project is a design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck is

located at Lot 14 Block 2 Newton Street Filinvest 2-Heights Quezon City. The materials

used in the structure will be economical and the added admixture will enhance the strength

of the concrete thus making the structure safe and compliant.

2.2 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

2.2.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level

of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Environmental Issues Level of Significance

Noise Generated Low Impact

Population Increase Medium Impact

Air Quality Medium Impact

Water Quality Medium Impact

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

2.2.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological

Resources

The environmental issues are noise generated, air quality, and water quality. Noise

generated in the site greatly affects the surrounding area, since it is a residential

subdivision, people might complain about it. Other factor like air and water quality also

affects the area. The air is quite critical because of the dust and debris that could lead to

accidents. Water quality needed to secure for the workers and the removal of water during

rainy season in the site.

2.2.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project

The population increase in the subdivision affects the lives of the residents since the

people voting for the organization within will increase. It will also affect the traffic in the

area due to the falling debris from the construction.

3 The Research Component

3.1 Introduction

“Refrain from using glass cladding for your structure”.

From the above statement; the researchers gained the inspiration to present a new field

on where the glass material can be used. Since the recent typhoon that hit the Visayas region

results to devastating damages to residential structures, specifically in windows and glass

structures. The researchers will try to promote the awareness in the society that nowadays

normal glass structures may not be able to withstand the future typhoon wind loads, and

for the authorities to consider revising the structural codes of the Philippines.

3.2 Review of Related Literature

Aspects of Structural Design of Glass

Glass is being used as a structural material. The most recent developments have

seen glass used as beams and columns. These new applications present a series of design


of this thesis.

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

There has been much work on out-of-plane loading of glass, and in-plane loading

of traditional materials is well described. In reality engineers have been borrowing design

concepts from the two former areas to try and satisfy the latter. It was shown that the current

design methods for glass, based predominantly on design against transient lateral loading

for windows, do not adequately account for the behavior of glass when used in these new

applications. In this thesis it is demonstrated that this is not satisfactory.

A new design method was then developed, based on the principles of fracture

mechanics and incorporating limit state design concepts. This new “Crack Size Design”

method was proposed as an alternative to the allowable stress method currently used in

structural glass design. [2]

Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering

Britain is one of the countries which have many sources with regards to the natural

aggregate and its approvals to develop new quarries are running at about half the rate of

extraction. The use of secondary materials would not create a major source of aggregate

but the quantity of natural aggregate required by the construction industry would be

reduced significantly.

This reports mainly on laboratory tests conducted on crushed concrete and

demolition debris to examine the potential use of these materials in new construction. Other

tests were conducted to check the compliance with the Specification for Highway Works

(1986) and more detailed tests conducted with regard to CBR. Frost susceptibility where

the influences of moisture content, density and particle packing on these properties were

investigated. From the frost susceptibility results, further work would be required in this

area to determine the main factors which influence the frost heave of recycled aggregates.

The comparison of recycled aggregate and natural aggregate concrete appeared to be of

superior quality than that produced in other research.

During the study, the recycled aggregates could perform as well as limestone and

can be considered for many potential uses. It only involved physical properties of recycled


further. [3]

___________________ 2 Porter, M.I. (2001). Aspects of Structural Design with Glass Retrieved from

http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/porter.pdf

3 O'Mahoney, M.M. (1990). Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering Retrieved from

http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/o_mahony.pdf

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

Assessment of design procedures for structural glass beams

This is about the structural use of glass. Glass is the most perfectly brittle materials

that exist. Glass also demonstrates linear elastic behavior right up to the point of failure.

This study reviews the current design methods tracing their development through the

century. Current code formers are keen to bring all materials under the umbrella of Limit

State Design. This philosophy is somewhat inappropriate for materials where the main

design criterion is not ultimate strength.

Glass cannot be made to conform to a design method created for ductile materials.

“The so-called plastic design theory of structures applies therefore to steel and to reinforced

concrete frames … but not to materials like cast iron and glass which are brittle”. The

multi-ply beam shows that statistically two or more beams are always better than one

equivalent thickness. This method reduces the thickness of glass beams without affecting

its probability to failure.

This is not about face-loaded glass elements where designs are governed by

deflection but about edge-loaded elements where strength governs and more rigorous

design rules is required. The strength of multi-ply beams are predicted from the strength

distribution load found for single beams. [4]

Glass Masonry

Glass masonry units are used in the openings of typical masonry exterior or interior

walls. These non-load bearing filler panels must be at least 3 inch thick and the mortared

surfaces of the blocks have to be treated to provide an adequate mortar-bonding effect. The

glass panels should also be restrained laterally to resist lateral force effects of winds or

earthquakes. The sizes of the exterior panels are limited to a maximum vertical or

horizontal dimension of 15feet and an area of 144ft2 of unsupported wall surface. For

interior glass block panels, these limits are increased to 25ft and 250ft2.

The glass blocks must be laid in type S or N mortar with both vertical and horizontal

joints being ¼ and 3/8-in. thick and completely filled. Exterior glass block panels have to

be provided with ½ in. expansion joints at the sides and at the top, and must be entirely

free of mortar so that the space can be filled with resilient material to provide for needed

in-plane movement. The expansion joint must also provide for lateral support while

permitting expansion and contraction of the glass panel. [5]

___________________ 4 Crompton, P.R. (1999). Assessment of Design Procedures for Structural Glass Beams Retrieved from

http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/crompton.pdf

5 Schneider, R.R., & Dickey, W. L. (1994) Reinforced Masonry Design, third edition

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

Use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete

In many countries, waste glass is one of the major components of the solid waste

stream. It can be found in many forms, including container glass, flat glass such as bulb

glass, windows and cathode ray tube glass. The increasing awareness of glass recycling

speeds up inspections on the use of waste glass with different forms in various fields. One

of its significant contributions is to the construction field where the waste glass was reused

for value-added concrete production. Literature survey indicates that the use of waste glass

as aggregates in concrete was first reported over 50 years ago.

The concomitant alkali-silica reaction (ASR) by using glass in concrete and its

unique aesthetic properties have been investigated since then. However, no complete

solution to ASR has been found and the application of glass in architectural concrete still

needs improving. Laboratory experiments were conducted to further explore the use of

waste glass as coarse and fine aggregates for both ASR alleviation as well as the decorative

purpose in concrete. This study presents the latter aspect, in which study, both fresh and

hardened properties of architectural concrete were tested. The results demonstrate that the

use of waste glass as aggregate facilitates the development of concrete towards a high


industry. [6]

The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete





resources. This study examines the possibility of using sheet glass powder as a replacement

in fine aggregate for a new concrete. Natural sand was partially replaced with SGP (10%,

20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The Compressive strength, Tensile strength (cubes and

cylinders) and Flexural strength up to 180 days of age were compared with those of

concrete made with natural fine aggregates. The water absorption, fineness modulus,

moisture content, specific gravity, bulk density, percentage of porosity, percentage of voids

(loose and compact) state for sand (S) and SDA were also studied. The results indicate that

it is possible to manufacture concrete containing Sheet glass powder (SGP) with

characteristics similar to those of natural sand aggregate concrete provided that the

percentage of SGP as fine aggregate is limited to 10-20%, respectively. [7]

___________________ 6 Liang, H., Zhu, H. & Byars, E. A. (2007) “Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in Concrete” University

of Edinburgh, UK 7 M. Mageswari, & Dr. B. Vidivelli (2010). “The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate

Replacement in Concrete” The Open Civil Engineering Journal

CEGE Journal

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3.3 Methodology

The first step is to propose their topic to the panels so that the researchers could get

an approval for them to start their study about their chosen topic. After the approval, the

researchers are to collect data and to review literatures that are connected to their study. In

order to collect the data that will be used for their chosen topic, the researchers will be

using a wide variety of sources available. One of the most important materials to be used

in the study is the internet. The internet provided easier access for the related literatures

and other innovative methods and designs that were suitable in the design of the proposed

three-storey residential building with roof deck. In addition to this, the researchers also go

to libraries to gather more related literatures that may add more ideas to their proposed

project.

The researchers are also required to have beneficiaries in which their designs will

be given to. In addition, the beneficiaries were consulted to provide details for the design

of the structure. The beneficiaries for this study would be Juan B. Apit. The researchers

were to provide them the design of a three-storey residential building with roof deck in

which the researchers will apply the use of recycled glass as a concrete admixture and also

a building that would resist a strong wind load similar to the wind load of the recent

typhoon Yolanda.

The next step is for the researchers to now gather technical data for their study and

one of it is by material testing since their topic is about waste glass admixture for concrete.

The soil bearing capacity test will be also conducted in the proposed lot.

Statistical Treatment

The gathered data will be analyzed and interpreted in order to come up with an

accurate and a well-engineered structure and provide a new horizon in structural

engineering. The books, articles and previous researches about recycled glass aggregates

will be used as a basis and reference in the design of the structure and come up with a more

thorough understanding of using recycled glass in structures. The researchers also uses

statistical formulas to verify the small sample testing and the validity of the study.

4 Results and Discussions

In this study, the researchers determined that recycled glass has a potential and

could be used as a concrete admixture. Laboratory tests showed that with the addition of

recycled glass per 10 percent volume of concrete helped the concrete to gain a minimal

increase in its 28th day compressive strength, though further research is still needed. And

the data gathered in this research is used in designing the proposed structure to observe

what could be the effect of increasing the compressive strength of concrete to disaster

resilient residential building. Based from the laboratory tests the 7th day compressive

strength of the concrete cylinder with recycled glass as admixture is 20.56MPa and the

28th day compressive strength is 30.19MPa.

CEGE Journal

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After some thorough discussions and design analysis, the proponents of the project

have come up with a full design of a three-story residential building that’s constructed with

the use of 28th day compressive strength from the test results of the recycled glass as a

concrete admixture.

The use of computer software such as STAAD was observed to analyze the

structural design of the building including its foundation. On the other hand, the

architectural or aesthetic design was created using AutoCAD and SketchUp to be able to

illustrate the supposed outside appearance of the structure.

The structural design of the building is done with the recent onslaught of disasters

in mind. Since several super typhoons have been hitting the Philippines in the recent years,

the researchers considered to enhance the capacity of the structure to withstand wind loads

just like the recent Super Typhoon Yolanda that swept the Visayas region. With these

factors, the design of the residential building is made to conform to building codes that take

in consideration the effects of forces of nature.

For the design wind load; the researchers considered the highest wind velocity that

hit the Visayas region during the Super Typhoon Yolanda which is 275 KPH. By using the

Bernoulli’s energy equation and considering air flow with a density of 1.225 Kg/m³, the

researcher came up with the equation; 1

2𝜌𝑉2 = 𝑃

0.6125𝑉2 = 𝑃 Where: V = wind velocity (m/s)

P = Equivalent pressure (N/m²) (Pa)

Substituting the wind velocity of 76.889m/s to the conversion of wind speed to free

stream dynamic pressure, the equivalent pressure that the Super Typhoon Yolanda

produced is 3.621 KPa. Take note that this computation is to compare what is the effect of

this wind velocity converted to pressure and it is not included in the NSCP, thus the purpose

of this research is to introduce a higher wind velocity as compared to the NSCP and to

examine the effects of this wind velocity to the proposed structure. As of NSCP 2010,

figure 207-24 Referenced Wind Zone Map of the Philippines; the highest wind velocity is

at Zone 1 which is 250KPH but the recent calamities that stroked the Philippines bearing a

wind velocity of 275KPH.

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

5 Conclusion and Recommendation

The use of recycled materials in construction is now becoming popular; countries

such as Britain conducted laboratory tests and found out that materials such as glass could

be used as a concrete additive. During the study, they found out that recycled aggregates

such as glass could perform as well as limestone and can be considered for many potential

uses.

According to the studies of S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal which

are all about the use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in concrete, this material can

significantly enhance the concrete. They concluded that by substituting up to 10% of

recycled glass wastes in concrete aggregate shows a marginal increase the compressive

strength of the concrete. They also concluded that the optimum replacement percentage of

the glass to the fine aggregate is 10%. There are also other researches and related literatures

which claims the same conclusion that the use of glass wastes as a fine aggregate affects

the compressive strength of the concrete. But the study of S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava

and V.C. Agarwal is not reliable in a sense that the concrete sample used did not conform

accordingly to the ASTM standards of testing of materials, because they use a cubical

sample to dimension of 100mm which is should be a cylindrical sample with a height which

is twice of the width of the sample.

Even though the researchers prove that using glass wastes as a fine aggregate

produce a minimal increase in concrete, the use of this recycled glass aggregate admixture

for the concrete still needs to be studied further. Because thing material could revolutionize

the conventional concrete mix in such a way that recycling wastes material into a more

useful product.

This project, Three-story residential building with roof deck using recycled glass

as aggregates—proposed and designed in fulfillment of the course CE Project, is a type of

residential building that is designed to withstand a huge amount of wind load such as the

wind load of the recent Super Typhoon Yolanda. This project is also for the benefit of

residents of Quezon City in case such typhoon with a high wind load hit the place.

Using different materials that can substitute various parts of a concrete mix are

slowly getting recognized. In this project, recycled glass would be used as a substitute

aggregate. Concrete mix substitutes are advantageous in a number of ways. Also,

production of glass waste is said to be increasing every year and by utilizing these trash

can eliminate glass waste production. In construction, recycled glass is also a reliable

substitute to the conventional aggregates provided that only a certain percentage will be

replaced, in this case, 10% of the volume of the concrete.

In this research silicate glass is used. This type of glass generally has the property

of being transparent, because of this it has many applications; bottles for alcoholic

beverages, light bulbs, and etc. Therefore making this type of glass as an abundant waste

material. Silica (SiO2) is the common fundamental constituent of this glass type. The

property of Silica has been used to advantage by grinding it into a fine glass powder (GLP)

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

for incorporation into concrete as a pozzolanic material. Pozzolanic material like Silica

does not contain cementing property but in a finely divided form and in the presence of

moisture and chemically react to calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form

compounds possessing cementitious properties.

The data’s from the test results showed that substituting glass as an aggregate does

affect the compressive strength of the concrete though further research is still needed. The

effect of 10% mixture with the 28th day compressive strength of concrete is not very

evident. It is advisable to try a different percentage in the mixture for other researchers in

using waste glass as a concrete admixture.

The objective of the group is to disseminate the idea of using substitute aggregates

in further constructions as it brings benefits to the structure, and the environment. More

people ought to learn of these innovations as to be able to contribute for the greater good

of the gradually disintegrating nature.

Overall, the construction of the residential building is a big gain not only for the

people who will live there but also for the environment because by knowing the fact that

recycled glass waste could be used as a substitute aggregate would lessen the increasing

number of glass waste and also lessen the use of traditional gravel and sand, which is

usually sourced from mining and quarrying sites that in turn can be a hazard to the

environment.

Also, in lieu of increasing frequency of natural disasters, the said residential

building is designed to resist a huge wind load up to 275KPH. All said, the 3-storey

residential project aims to be a big contribution to the people and to the city it belongs to.

The Philippines is a disaster-prone country. Super typhoons hit every year causing

massive devastations on structures and lives of people, not only in National Capital Region

but on the whole country. These disasters are caused by nature, and thus can’t be prevented,

but the people should learn from past experiences and adopt to be prepared for the future

although accidents can’t be helped to happen but it can be minimized.

Appropriate measures in response to these disasters are a different matter though.

With proper preparations and facilities, casualties and fatalities can be prevented, or at least

toned down to acceptable values. Having a residential structure that can withstand a super

typhoons should now be considered, and also the researchers would like to recommend a

structure with roof deck instead of having a GI roof of metal sheet roof because it is more

prone to get blown up by the wind pressure on the other hand roof deck is more logical

concept in residential structures.

Roof deck is made of concrete, the weight itself is enough to prevent suction due

to wind pressures and it has no inclination compared to conventional roofing with trusses

therefore it is not affected by the wind pressure directly and the wind pressure will be

carried by the wall around the roof deck. And lastly here in metro manila, space is very

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

important due to increasing number of structures and occupants, but providing roof decks

will give the owner additional space for recreational activities or for any other means.

The wind load that is used to design the said structure still needs to further analyze

by the experts. Though the purpose of this research is to spread awareness that the wind

velocities listed in the NSCP 2010 needed to be evaluated and to update as per the current

calamities are having a much greater velocities compared to the design criteria of the NSCP

2010.

The researchers used the same wind velocity that stroked the Tacloban area to

investigate the effect of this increased wind load to the structure. And it is found out that

using higher wind velocity to the structure with Fc’ = 30.19MPa and having a roof deck

instead of GI roof would definitely increase the structure’s capacity against disasters.

For the concrete to be used in the structure the use of admixture is also a gradually

growing concept, though there are many more tests and experiments needed to find more

suitable materials that can qualify as concrete mixtures. Recycled glass is just some of

many available alternates to aggregates for concrete. Though the researchers cannot

conclude that using glass admixture would definitely enhance the concrete, it is advisable

to conduct further analysis and investigation to the said admixture. The 10% by volume

addition of glass aggregates results only to a very minimal increase compared to the design

mix. And it is recommended for other researchers to try a different percentage in the

concrete mix.

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

7 Acknowledgment

This CE Project entitled “Proposed Three-Storey Residential Building with

Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture That Can Withstand the Wind Load of Super

Typhoon Yolanda” would have not been accomplished without the efforts of each and

every member. Three people in a group sometimes can’t really be enough, and so external

help from friends, schoolmates, advisers, and various sources are well appreciated.

To our thesis adviser, Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes, we are truly grateful for your

help and supervision. We thank you for answering our every question and inquiry and your

numerous effective advices that helped us improve our work.

We’d also like to thank our beneficiary who backed us up and showed his support

for our cause despite being occupied with his own duties and responsibilities to serve his

constituents.

We offer our gratitude to our families who never tired in supporting us in every

endeavor we underwent in the process of completing this project. And we thank God above

all for none of this is possible without His will, His wisdom, and His guidance bestowed

upon us.

CEGE Journal

ISBN ___________________

References

Bacani, L. (2013). 'Yolanda' death toll jumps to 4,011; Damage cost pegged at P12-B

Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/11/20/1258841/yolanda-death-

toll-jumps-4011-damage-cost-pegged-p12-b

Porter, M.I. (2001). Aspects of Structural Design with Glass Retrieved from

http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/porter.pdf

O'Mahoney, M.M. (1990). Recycling of Materials in Civil Engineering Retrieved from

http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/o_mahony.pdf

Crompton, P.R. (1999). Assessment of Design Procedures for Structural Glass Beams

Retrieved from http://www.eng.ox.ac.uk/civil/publications/theses/crompton.pdf

Schneider, R.R., & Dickey, W. L. (1994) Reinforced Masonry Design, third edition

Liang, H., Zhu, H. & Byars, E. A. (2007) “Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in Concrete” University of Edinburgh, UK M. Mageswari, & Dr. B. Vidivelli (2010). “The Use of Sheet Glass Powder as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete” The Open Civil Engineering Journal

McCormac J. Design of Reinforced Concrete, Seventh Edition, ACI 318-05 Code Edition.

Gillesania, D.I.T., (2003). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second Edition.

Cebu: GERTC.

Sekar, T., Ganesan, N., Nampoothiri, N.V.N., (2011). Studies on strength characteristics

on utilization of waste materials as coarse aggregate in concrete. International Journal of

Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 7.

Fajardo, M., (2000). Simplified Construction Estimate. 5138 Merchandising Publisher

ORIGINAL PANEL

PROJECT REPORT

ASSESSMENT SHEET

ENGLISH EDITOR

ASSESSMENT

ACCOMPLISHED

CONSULTATION FORMS

COMPILATION OF

ASSESSMENT FORMS

(RUBRICS)

COPY OF ENGINEERING

DRAWING AND

PLANS

Engineering Drawing & Plans

Figure 21: Typical Girder Framing

Figure 22: Typical Girder Detailing

Figure 23: Typical Beam Detailing

Figure 24: Typical Slab Detailing

Figure 25: Typical Footing Detailing

Figure 26 Wall Footing Detail

Figure 27 Footing Tie Beam

Figure 28 SkechUp Model

Figure 29 Ground Floor

Figure 30 Second Floor

Figure 31: Third Floor

Figure 32 Roof Deck

Figure 37 STAAD Model

Figure 38 Typical Framing Plan

Figure 39 Column Layout Plan

Foundation Plan

COPY OF

PROJECT POSTER

Proposed Three-Storey Residential Building with Roof Deck with

Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture and Adopting the Wind

Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda

PROBLEM STATEMENT This project aims to:

(1) Determine if recycled glass material could

be used as a concrete admixture,

(2) Design a residential structure that can sustain

the wind load of Typhoon Yolanda,

(3) Analyze whether recycled glass could affect

the compressive strength of a concrete

mixture, and lastly

(4) Determine if using recycled glass as an

admixture would be more economical than

using normal mixture.

DESIGN OBJECTIVES:

To determine the strength of concrete

with admixture through material testing

To design a 3 storey residential building

that can withstand the wind load of

typhoon Yolanda

To estimate the cost of the completion of

the project

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

RESEARCHERS:

Apit, John Carlo

Bongalos, Jake Andrew

Laggui, John Paul FACULTY ADVISER

ENGR. Bienvenido A. Cervantes

“For every house is built by

someone, but the builder of all

things is God.”

(1 Timothy 6:18-19 RSV)

PHOTOCOPY OF

RECEIPTS

RELEVANT PICTURES

Relevant Pictures

Location where the project will be constructed with existing infrastructure

Location of the project showing the streets

7th day compressive strength test result part 1

7th day compressive strength test result part 2

28th day compressive strength test results part 1

28th day compressive strength test results part 2

Crushing of Glass

Sieving of Glass

Mixing of Concrete materials

Pouring of concrete into slump cone

Figure 12 Testing for slump test

Figure 13Concrete cylinders ready for curing

Figure 14 Concrete cylinders

Figure 15 Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Testing of Concrete cylinders

Crushed concrete cylinder after testing

Gantt Chart of the Project Schedule

Building Facade

Borehole Log

Soil Report of the adjacent lot

OTHER REQUIRED

FORMS

STUDENT REFLECTIONS

APIT, JOHN CARLO T.

BS CIVIL ENGINEERING

2008103462

STUDENT REFLECTION

My soon to be graduation is finally approaching, I am

reminiscing my college life and it was legendary. Doing school

projects, homework and laboratory reports just a few hours before

the deadline will always be remembered as I venture into the wild

place called reality which it is not always that we are a student. There

are a time when we had to evolve from an infant who barely walk

into the man who will one day shape the future of the next

generation. As a future engineer, it is my duty and obligation to help

the society build a better community through the learnings I had

during my school years, but for now, I will have to repay the favour

my parents did to me. And that is to be the one doing most of the

work and supports my family financially so they will get a rest from

their hard daily work. It is time for me to man up and stand in my

own feet.

I see myself, 5 years from now, as a successful engineer who

diligently works to the fullest of my efforts. I already supporting my

sister financially for her college expenses. I already bought a house

and lot which I designed it.

I see myself in my own construction firm office, sitting in my

own chair, doing some paper works while drinking my coffee in my

own mug and I will say, “You’re hired”.

Bongalos, Jake Andrew T.


2009107075

REFLECTION

In our thesis which is entitled “Proposed Three-Storey Residential

Building with Roof Deck with Recycled Glass as Concrete Admixture That

Can Withstand the Wind Load of Super Typhoon Yolanda”. Me and my group

mates as the researchers put up so much hard work to for it to be finished. I

remember when we first think of our subject for our thesis and I am glad that

with all those topics, we picked one of the best subject.

This thesis not only made us knowledgeable with regards to civil

engineering subjects and designs, this thesis also made us ready for what we

may become or what we will do in our future jobs. Honestly, because of this

thesis, I increase my knowledge about using STAAD and how to estimate

residential buildings. I am sure that with those experiences, we will be more

ready for the future.

All in all I am happy that now we are almost done with our thesis and I

am also glad that all of our hard work pays off. I would like to thank our

adviser, Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes for helping us out in our thesis and also

to my group mates, John Paul Laggui and John Carlo Apit for working hard

to finish this thesis.

When I think about what would happen to me after 5 years, I think

positively that I become a successful working person, I also know that it will

take some time for me to be a project manager and I know that it would happen

someday because that is one of my dreams. So since we only talk about after

5 years, I hoped that after 5 years I do have a job and finally, I could give

money to my parents and finally pay them all their hard works just for me to

finish my course. Even though we have so many problems financially, they

still make solutions just only to pay my tuition fee. Honestly, I also hoped that

I will have my own car after 5 years because I love to have one. Even though

it is not a luxury car, I would love to have any car that I will buy with my own

money because of my hard work. I hoped that I would make my parents, my

other relatives and my friends proud to me after 5 years that’s all.

LAGGUI, JOHN PAUL M.


2009107754

STUDENT REFLECTION

As my final days here in this Institution is fast approaching,

and my sweet Graduation Day is almost at my door step; there

comes a point that I ask myself, what will it be after the graduation?

I won’t need to woke up early and struggle in the Philippine

transportation system to attend in my classes, no more hand written

reports, projects, oral presentations/defence and the last thing that

will really make me feel good about graduation is the fact that there

are no more tuition fees. My parent’s hardship for my tuition fees

ends now, and I know it’s time for me to return the favor.

What will I be 3-5 years from now? If there is something that

I can assure is that, I am already a licensed Civil Engineer. 5 years

from now, I already financially assisted my brother to graduate in

his course and as much as possible I don’t want my parents to work,

for this should be their time to rest and enjoy life as they are getting

old. 5 years from now, I am thinking that I should have an

investment for myself. I should have a savings for my own house

and for my own family, because I should now live separately from

my parents for this time I am on my own. Though Civil Engineer is

a very in demand job here and abroad, I should have other

investments that will help me. 5 years from now, I want to have my

own hardware stores and apartments for rent which I think is more

stable than working in abroad. If I already achieved those things, I

will now settle and start my own family, having kids and raising

them to the best that I could, just like how my parents raised me.

RESUME OF

EACH MEMBER

John Carlo Tamondong Apit Address: #021 Quail Street Veterans Bagong Silangan Quezon City

Contact #: 09273761784 Email: [email protected]

OBJECTIVE:

To pursue a venerable career in a professional organization enable achieving

company’s objectives of development, customer pleasure and service.

EDUCATIONAL BACKROUND

Tertiary: Mapua Institute of Technology 2008 – Present

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Intramuros, Manila

Secondary: Our Lade of Mercy School 2004 – 2008

Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City

Elementary: Golden Vineyard School 1996 – 2004

Filinvest II, Quezon City

SKILLS

Oriented in Microsoft Office applications such as:

o Microsoft Office Word

o Microsoft Office Excel

o Microsoft Office Powerpoint

o Microsoft Project

Capable of using Engineering applications such as:

o STAAD

o AutoCAD

o Google SketchUP

SEMINAR AND TRAINING EXPERIENCES

Student Conference on Transportation Research 2013 February 21-23, 2013


Intramuros, Manila

Building Information Modelling (BIM) Seminar October 23, 2013


Intramuros, Manila

Solstice Project of Makati Development Corporation

January 2014 – March 2014

Onsite Civil Engineering Trainee

Makati Circuit, Makati City

References available upon request

Objectives: I am looking for a suitable Job and an opportunity where I could

practice my knowledge with regards to civil engineering and to

develop my personality as a career person while utilizing my skills.

• Computer literate (M.S. Word, PowerPoint, Excel, AutoCAD, Sketch Up, STAAD)

• Highly trustworthy, discreet and ethical

• Can work properly under time pressure

• Can establish good relationship with others

• Adaptable with working environment

• With good analytical skills

Tertiary

Level: College Degree

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Name of Institution: Mapua Institute of Technology

Location: Intramuros, Manila

Secondary

Name of Institution: Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila School

Graduation Date: Location: March 2009

Vista Verde, Cainta, Rizal

2013 American Concrete Institute, Mapua student

chapter

Member

2014 Makati Development Corporation

On-the-Job trainee

Jake Andrew T. Bongalos

Address: L16 BLK 65 Kalayaan Street Karangalan Village, Cainta Rizal Mobile number: 09 1 7 - 984 - 1191 Email: jakeandrew22 @yahoo.com

Personal Qualifications

Educational Background

Other Information

2014 DDT Konstract Inc.

On-the-Job trainee

2014 Department of Public Works and Highways

On-the-Job trainee

2013 Building Information Modelling (BIM) Seminar

2013 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2013

Age: 21 Status: Single Date of Birth: January/12/1993 Religion: Roman Catholic Place of Birth: Marikina City Father’s Name: Andie B. Bongalos Occupation: Seaman Mother’s Name: Juliet T. Bongalos Occupation: Housewife

This is to certify that the above information is true and correct.

Jake Andrew T. Bongalos

S e m i n a r s A t t e n d e d

Personal Information

Objective

To be able practice and enhance my ability as a Civil Engineering student and

develop my personality towards my career through hands on experience.

Education

TERTIARY: MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INTRAMUROS, MANILA

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

2009 - 2014

SECONDARY: FORT BONIFACIO HIGH SCHOOL, MAKATI

2008 - 2009

MCA MONTESSORI SCHOOL, TAGUIG 2005 - 2008

PRIMARY: VILLAMOR AIR BASE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, PASAY

2000 – 2005

PAGRAI COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER, RIZAL

1999 - 2000

Skills & Abilities

KNOWLEDGEABLE IN MS OFFICE (WORD, EXCEL, POWERPOINT, & PROJECT)

KNOWLEDGEABLE IN THE FOLLOWING SOFTWARES:

O STAAD V8i

O ETABS

O AUTOCAD

O SKETCHUP PRO

STRONG DESIRE AND KEEN INTEREST TO LEARN, ENERGETIC, ADOPTABLE, AND

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR WHO EXHIBITS OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

Seminars Attended On the Job Trainings

Environmental Engineering on Green Building Suntrust Parkview Towers

SB 13 Manila Conference Millennium Erectors Corporation

BIM Seminar (Using tekla softwares)

Designing and Constructing Sustainable Buildings Shell Residences

Student Conference on Transportation Research 2013 DDT Konstract Inc.

DPWH Project (Bitis, Pampanga)

W.A.N.N. Construction Company

LAGGUI, John Paul M. Address: Block 33 Lot 39 Phase 2, Pinagsama Village,

Taguig City

Contact #: 09364283785

E-mail: [email protected]

Date post:	12-Apr-2017
Category:	Data & Analytics
Upload:	temoteo-pupa
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