Beta Glucan Scientific 1

8/6/2019 Beta Glucan Scientific 1

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Beta GlucanBeta Glucan

Presented byPresented by

NITU JHANITU JHA

Guided byGuided byDR. M.G SARALAIDR. M.G SARALAI


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What are beta glucans?What are beta glucans?

Polysaccharides formed from linking many glucosePolysaccharides formed from linking many glucose

molecules together (glycosidic linkages)molecules together (glycosidic linkages)

Found in yeast, oats, barley, and mushrooms. YeastFound in yeast, oats, barley, and mushrooms. Yeastand mushroomand mushroom--derived beta glucans have the abilityderived beta glucans have the ability

to boost our immune systemto boost our immune system

Depending on the linkage, a glucan is either anDepending on the linkage, a glucan is either an

alpha ()alpha ()--glucan or a beta ()glucan or a beta ()--glucan. glucan. --glucanglucan

exerts the primary effect on the immune system.exerts the primary effect on the immune system.


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--glucan is a key component of the fungal cell wallglucan is a key component of the fungal cell wall. The basic subunit of. The basic subunit of

fungal fungal --glucan is glucan is --DD--glucose linked to one another by 13 glycosidic chainglucose linked to one another by 13 glycosidic chain

with 16 glycosidic branches. The length and branches of with 16 glycosidic branches. The length and branches of --glucan fromglucan from

various fungi are widely different.various fungi are widely different.


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BetaBeta--1,3/1,6 glucan1,3/1,6 glucan

The most active form of betaThe most active form of beta--glucans are thoseglucans are those

comprised of Dcomprised of D--glucose units attached to oneglucose units attached to one

another at the (1,3) position with side chains ofanother at the (1,3) position with side chains ofDD--glucose attached at the (1,6) position.glucose attached at the (1,6) position.

They are referred to as betaThey are referred to as beta--1,3/1,6 glucan.1,3/1,6 glucan.


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BetaBeta--1,3/1,6 glucan1,3/1,6 glucan


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Black yeast:Black yeast:Aureobasidium pullulansAureobasidium pullulans

((A. pullulansA. pullulans))


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Beta glucans and ImmunityBeta glucans and Immunity

BetaBeta--glucans found in bacterial or fungal cell wallsglucans found in bacterial or fungal cell walls

have been shown to initiate antihave been shown to initiate anti--microbial immunemicrobial immune

response.response.

Pattern recognition receptors detect nonPattern recognition receptors detect non--selfself

(foreign) structures in our body such as microbes.(foreign) structures in our body such as microbes.

--glucans are recognized by these receptors asglucans are recognized by these receptors as

nonnon--self, thereby initiating immune responses.self, thereby initiating immune responses.


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StudiesStudies Confirm EffectivenessConfirm Effectiveness

Hundreds of scientific studiesHundreds of scientific studies have beenhave been

performed bothperformed both in vitroin vitro andand in vivoin vivo by suchby such

prestigious institutions asB

aylor Medicalprestigious institutions asB

aylor MedicalSchool, Tulane University, Harvard MedicalSchool, Tulane University, Harvard Medical

School.School.

All attest to the immunoAll attest to the immuno--activating andactivating and

protective effects ofBetaprotective effects ofBeta--1,3/1,61,3/1,6--glucanglucan..


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Beta glucans are very powerful antagonists to bothBeta glucans are very powerful antagonists to bothbenign and malignant tumors. They are known asbenign and malignant tumors. They are known asbiological response modifiers because of theirbiological response modifiers because of theirability to activate the immune system.ability to activate the immune system.

They act as powerful immune stimulators byThey act as powerful immune stimulators byactivating macrophages and creating a positiveactivating macrophages and creating a positiveimmune action on B lymphocytes, natural killerimmune action on B lymphocytes, natural killercells and suppressor T cells.cells and suppressor T cells.

Research has shown that insoluble (1,3/1,6) Research has shown that insoluble (1,3/1,6) --glucan has greater biological activity than that ofglucan has greater biological activity than that ofits soluble (1.3/1,4) its soluble (1.3/1,4) --glucan counterparts.glucan counterparts.


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Based onBased on in vitroin vitro studies, betastudies, beta--glucans act on severalglucans act on severalimmune receptors including Dectinimmune receptors including Dectin--1, complement1, complementreceptor (CR3) and TLRreceptor (CR3) and TLR--2/6 and trigger a group of2/6 and trigger a group ofimmune cells including macrophages, neutrophils,immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils,

monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells.monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. Both innate and adaptive response are modulated byBoth innate and adaptive response are modulated by

betabeta--glucans; they also enhance opsonic and nonglucans; they also enhance opsonic and non--opsonic phagocytosis.opsonic phagocytosis.

DectinDectin--1 has been shown to be the most important1 has been shown to be the most important

receptor in activating an immune response inreceptor in activating an immune response inmacrophagesmacrophages


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Mechanism ofActionMechanism ofAction

Stimulates other

components of the

immune system

e.g. T cells, TNF-E,

IL-1, NK Cells, LAK

binds to

Yeast Beta Glucan

Macrophage

Activates the

Macrophage


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Uptake and actions of Uptake and actions of --glucan on immune cellsglucan on immune cells--glucans are captured by macrophages via Dectinglucans are captured by macrophages via Dectin--1 receptor. Large 1 receptor. Large --glucanglucan

molecules are fragmented into smaller fragments within macrophages, carriedmolecules are fragmented into smaller fragments within macrophages, carried

to marrow and ERS and released; taken up by circulating granulocytes,to marrow and ERS and released; taken up by circulating granulocytes,monocytes or macrophages via CRmonocytes or macrophages via CR--3. The immune response is turned on,3. The immune response is turned on,

including phagocytosis of monoclonal antibody tagged tumor cells.including phagocytosis of monoclonal antibody tagged tumor cells.


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--glucans also enhance opsonic and nonglucans also enhance opsonic and non--opsonic phagocytosis.opsonic phagocytosis.

NonNon--opsonic phagocytosis is mediated by cellopsonic phagocytosis is mediated by cell

surface receptors on leukocytes that recognizesurface receptors on leukocytes that recognizerepeating CHO subunits (comprising molecularrepeating CHO subunits (comprising molecularpatterns) on microbes.patterns) on microbes.

Opsonic phagocytosis is mediated by depositionOpsonic phagocytosis is mediated by deposition

of proteins (e.g., antibodies) on microbes thatof proteins (e.g., antibodies) on microbes thattarget them for recognition by specific phagocytictarget them for recognition by specific phagocyticreceptors on leukocytes.receptors on leukocytes.


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Uses of beta glucansUses of beta glucans

Powerful antibiotic actionsPowerful antibiotic actions

Powerful antiPowerful anti--oxidant propertiesoxidant properties

Promotes TPromotes T--Cell activationCell activation Stimulates new tissue growth for woundStimulates new tissue growth for wound

HealingHealing

Reduces inflammation Of arthritis &Reduces inflammation Of arthritis &inflammatory skin conditionsinflammatory skin conditions

Increases number of immune system cellsIncreases number of immune system cells


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Beta glucansBeta glucans -- Clinical UsesClinical Uses

CancerCancer

Infections from germs (viruses, bacteria,Infections from germs (viruses, bacteria,

fungi, and parasites)fungi, and parasites)

High cholesterol (hypercholesteremia)High cholesterol (hypercholesteremia)

DiabetesDiabetes

Radiation exposureRadiation exposure

Wound healingWound healing

Improve intestinal flora and digestion,Improve intestinal flora and digestion,

ulcers, and irritable bowel syndromeulcers, and irritable bowel syndrome


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Beta glucan and cancerBeta glucan and cancer

NonNon--prescriptional use of medicinal herbs amongprescriptional use of medicinal herbs amongcancer patients is common.cancer patients is common.

AntiAnti--cancer effects of most herbal extracts mainlycancer effects of most herbal extracts mainly

based on in vitro or in vivo animal studies.based on in vitro or in vivo animal studies. Current information suggests herbal extracts exertCurrent information suggests herbal extracts exert

a biological effect either through cytotoxic ora biological effect either through cytotoxic orimmunomodulatory mechanisms.immunomodulatory mechanisms.

One active compound responsible for the immuneOne active compound responsible for the immuneeffects of herbal products is the complexeffects of herbal products is the complexpolysaccharide known as betapolysaccharide known as beta--glucan.glucan.


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Beta glucans and CancerBeta glucans and Cancer

AntiAnti--tumor activity of beta glucans was firsttumor activity of beta glucans was firstdemonstrated over 50 years agodemonstrated over 50 years ago

Beta glucans have been used as immunoadjuvantBeta glucans have been used as immunoadjuvant

therapy for cancer since 1980, primarily in Japan.therapy for cancer since 1980, primarily in Japan. Numerous studies have demonstrated that betaNumerous studies have demonstrated that beta

glucans have antiglucans have anti--tumor and antitumor and anti--cancer activity.cancer activity.

Many animal experiments have shown the effectsMany animal experiments have shown the effects

of fungal of fungal --glucans on different tumors. Severalglucans on different tumors. Severalhuman clinical trials have also shown beneficialhuman clinical trials have also shown beneficialtreatment benefits.treatment benefits.


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Beta glucans and CancerBeta glucans and Cancer

Beta glucans are anticancer and antitumor agents.Beta glucans are anticancer and antitumor agents.

As immunostimulators by activation ofAs immunostimulators by activation of

macrophages and NK cellsmacrophages and NK cells

prevent tumor metastasis.prevent tumor metastasis.

BetaBeta--Glucan is used as adjuvant treatment forGlucan is used as adjuvant treatment for

cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


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Limitations of Current Limitations of Current --glucan Researchglucan Research

No No --glucan control standard with specific molecularglucan control standard with specific molecularweight and branches. Most publications used zymosanweight and branches. Most publications used zymosan(mixture of chitosan, (mixture of chitosan, --glucans, and cell wall particles)glucans, and cell wall particles)

Most Most --glucanglucan--containing research based on extractscontaining research based on extractsrather than purified rather than purified --glucansglucans

No well characterized method for assessing/ comparingNo well characterized method for assessing/ comparing--glucans from different sourcesglucans from different sources

Lack of translational approach to apply knowledge ofLack of translational approach to apply knowledge of

receptor and signal pathways of receptor and signal pathways of --glucan to clinical trialsglucan to clinical trials Exact immunological actions and signaling pathwayExact immunological actions and signaling pathway

induced by induced by --glucan need to be further definedglucan need to be further defined


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