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Q ti l t d t ifi t i l th d dQuestions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Learning ObjectivesBeyond LEDs: Prepare for the Second
As lighting professionals become comfortable with LED technology a second lighting tsunami
Tsunami in Lighting
As lighting professionals become comfortable with LED technology, a second lighting tsunami looms on the horizon. This second wave will change everything, as LED technology facilitates the expansion of lighting control systems. The combination of LEDs and lighting controls brings new choices: wired versus wireless, stand‐along versus system control, open versus proprietary protocols, color choices, sensor choices, programming choices, the list goes on.
Various market segments will once again move into unfamiliar territory. Many industry players do t k th i i d th th t d ll f d t h t it fnot even know the wave is coming, and those that do are usually confused as to what it means for
them. What are the implications of this synergy for those in the lighting business? For example: How will the needs of customers change as controls become ubiquitous? What potential business opportunities will come from this change? What health benefits will color‐changing pp g g gproducts provide to customers (if any) and how to distinguish the facts from the hype? Who will support lighting control networks as they begin to look like those run by IT departments? Why will eliminating (or at least hiding) complexity will be the key to future success? In this presentation, J k ill i k i f i th li hti k t th ld h t i
TrendsSpecialty Lighting – Non‐conventional uses of light
• Architainment – using the color capabilities of LED and OLED• Architainment – using the color capabilities of LED and OLED technologies to provide new and unique lighting environments
• Plant growth – tailoring light spectra to plant needs at variousPlant growth tailoring light spectra to plant needs at various stages of growth
• Productivity of farm animals – improving milk and egg y p g ggproduction
• Combining photovoltaic and LED lighting for off‐grid systems
Ph h i iPhotosynthesis is a process where plants use light to strip a hydrogen atom from water and combine it with carbon from CO2 to product glucoseglucose. Chlorophyll is the most efficient pigment atpigment at performing this function
Lifecycle Operating Costs – For a typical office building
Construction5%
Operating7%
Ventilation5%
Water Heating2%
Cooking1%
Other6%
Space Heating25%
Lighting17%
5%
Salary/Benefits88%
Cooling23%Office
Equipment20%
Refrigeration1%
Data source: E SourceData source: Graham Ive
20%
A 50% reduction in energy usage due to lighting changes represents a 0.6% decrease in lifecycle operating costs, while a 1% decrease in office worker performance represents a 0 9% increase in lifecycle operating costs
performance represents a 0.9% increase in lifecycle operating costs
TrendsPeople Economics – A pre‐LED example
Reno Nevada Main Post Office
A $300,000 renovation in the facility’s lighting system, produced a little over $50,000 annualsystem, produced a little over $50,000 annual savings ($22,400 in direct energy savings and $30,000 in reduced maintenance)
That same renovation resulted in j d ti i t
2,150
Hr
Productivity Improvement
major reductions in operator errors (to 0.1%) as well as a 6% improve‐ment in employee productivity 2,000
2,050
2,100
f Mail Sorted/H
ment in employee productivity which was worth an additional $400,000 annual savings
TrendsPeople Economics – Some lifecycle operating cost examples
Pennsylvania Power & Light
Drafting department upgrade for a 2,275 square foot portion of a 12,775 square foot Engineering group facility where veiling12,775 square foot Engineering group facility where veiling reflections “washed out the contrast between the foreground and background of task surfaces."• Net cost of changes $8,362• Energy savings 69%A l ti t i 73%• Annual operating cost savings 73%
• Payback 4.1 years• Productivity improvement 13.2% (value of $42,240/yr)Productivity improvement 13.2% (value of $42,240/yr)• Net payback 69 days• Reduction in sick leave 25%
Source: Effect of changing room light on the productivity of permanent morning shift workers at industrial workstations, Markus Canazei and Dehoff, Zumtobel Lighting, 3/13
TrendsPeople Economics – More examples
LOCKHEED BUILDING 157COS $2 000 000COST: $2,000,000MEASURES: Daylighting, Energy EfficiencyENERGY SAVINGS/YR: $500,000PRODUCTIVITY: 15% productivity rise; 15% reduction in absenteeism
WEST BEND MUTUAL INSURANCECOST: N/AMEASURES: Lighting, HVAC, Individual lighting controlsENERGY SAVINGS/YR: 40% reduction in electricity usagePRODUCTIVITY: 16% productivity increase in claims processed
WAL‐MARTWAL MARTCOST: N/AMEASURES: Daylighting, HVACENERGY SAVINGS/YR: N/APRODUCTIVITY: Increased sales in daylit portion of storePRODUCTIVITY: Increased sales in daylit portion of store
ING BANKCOST: $700,000MEASURES: Daylighting HVAC Overall Building Improvements
Lightness: The attribute by which a perceived color is judged to Saturation or Chroma: degree of departure from a gray of equal Hue: The perception of relative redness, blueness, greenness, or
more fully characterize a light source Source: Understanding and Applying TM‐30‐15, Royer & Houser, DOE & IES webinar, 9/15/15
Human Physiology
• Provides a method for evaluating light source color rendition
Sidebar #2 – TM‐30‐15: A new standard for representing color
that takes an objective and statistical approach, quantifying the fidelity (closeness to a reference) and gamut (increase or decrease in chroma) of a light source.dec ease c o a) o a g t sou ce
• Fidelity Index (Rf) – A measure of the closeness of the color of a light source to a reference light source
A l t CIE R (0 100 ) b t ith t– Analogous to CIE Ra (0 – 100 range) but with greater accuracy
– Equal weight to all directions of shift
• Gamut Index (Rg) – Ameasure of the average area spanned by the (a', b') di f h CES i h CAM02 UCS i i l i icoordinates of the CES in the CAM02‐UCS; it is a relative measure, comparing
the CES under the test and reference conditions
• Applicable to light sources and lighting systems intended for general pp g g g y gillumination of indoor spaces and some outdoor settings, at light levels where photopic vision is dominant. It is best suited to characterize nominally white light sources (i.e., those that fall on/near the Planckian locus).
light sources (i.e., those that fall on/near the Planckian locus).
Human PhysiologySidebar #2 – Gamut Index: What is it and why is it important
1. Plot the Fidelity Index values in the a', b' color space2. Divide the color space into 16 different Hue Angle Bins3. Calculate the average value for the test and standard light source for each bin4. Plot the gamut areas for the test and standard light source5. Calculate the ratio of the two areasRg > 100 increasing saturationRg < 100 decreasing saturation
The Gamut Index gives an indication of shifts in hue or saturation between the test and standard sources. It is information not provided byinformation not provided by either Ra (CRI) or Rf (Fidelity Index)
Source: Understanding and Applying TM‐30‐15, Royer & Houser, DOE & IES webinar, 9/15/15
Human Physiology
A total of 99 samples
Sidebar #2 – TM‐30‐15: Color Evaluation Samples (CES)
A total of 99 samples are used to determine the Color Fidelity (Rf) and Color Gamet (R )and Color Gamet (Rg) for TM‐30
Samples were selected from a set of about 105,000 spectral reflectance factors, representing the range of all possible colors of realpossible colors of real objects
• Without light, the human body's circadian cycle runs slightly
Human Physiology – Keeping the Circadian Cycle in sync with the universe
g , y y g ylonger than 24 hours
• In order to stay in synchronization with the earth's 24 hour cycle, requires exposure to sunlight
• Alternatively, circadian rhythms can be synced to a natural 24 hour cycle by the use of light with a CCT of 6500OK or greater at an intensity of 600 lux during the "daylight" period and 2700OK at an intensity of 50 80 lux during "evening" hours2700OK at an intensity of 50 ‐ 80 lux during evening hours
• Therefore the most healthy lighting system is one that mimics the natural daylight cyclethe natural daylight cycle
• This implies a lighting system that controls both the intensity and CCT of the light
Human physiologyLED Safety and Spectral Content – The blue light hazard
Examining the portion of the LED spectrum that lies under the g p pBlue Light Hazard Function shows that typically it is less than corresponding sunlight or halogen spectra
Source: "Optical Safety of LEDs;" US Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office; Solid‐State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet; June 2013
Human Physiology
Equilibrium
The Optic System – Some unexpected results
Equilibrium• The eyes are most stable when the primary colors (red, green, blue) are within their field of viewblue) are within their field of view
• Combinations of complimentary colors also suffice• The colors do not have to be present in equal amounts
Simultaneous Contrast• If only a single color is present the eye will try to generate the• If only a single color is present, the eye will try to generate the missing complement in any nearby achromatic (gray or colorless) areacolorless) area
Human PhysiologyHealthcare – Tampa General Hospital
Increased use of LED lighting in medical applications
• High color‐rendering index (CRI) allows doctors and nurses to accurately assess patient status and condition visually
• Controls adjust the LEDs with customized settings, but with one touch, can be turned to 100 percent keeping staff and patents comfortable whilepatents comfortable while saving money
• Luminaires adjust light output j g pover life of luminaires to keep constant illumination levels
• Use of LED lighting in operating rooms have resulted in a 10OF reduction in temperature on
Human PhysiologyA Word of Caution – Too early to draw conclusions regarding effects
While the impact of lighting on horticulture, physiological responses and productivity is becoming betterresponses, and productivity is becoming better understood, it is important to acknowledge that much of the supporting research for these effects is at an early stage and that additional research is necessary to fullystage and that additional research is necessary to fully understand these biological responses…. lighting manufacturers should be careful to only claim well‐supported, understood, and verifiable physiological
Two ways to reduce energy consumption:• Reduce Input Watts S S l b• Reduce Input Watts
– Replace equipment with higher efficiency units– Incorporate dimming to reduce light output
Source: Solatube
p g g pand input power
– Supplement lighting with natural light (e.g. use of daylight harvesting)
• Reduce Operating Time– Incorporate lighting controls to reduce operating time– Incorporate lighting controls to reduce operating time– Use of occupancy sensors to limit operating time to
Network ‐Will the network selected to carry the information remain
Wireless Systems – Other considerations
Network Will the network selected to carry the information remain available for the typical timeframe of a lighting fixture? As an example, typical outdoor fixtures last between 15‐20 years.
Spectrum – Electromagnetic spectrum is a valuable and a very limited commodity/ Licensed spectrum is the subject of many high priced auctions On occasion spectrum is repurposed which can be disruptiveauctions. On occasion spectrum is repurposed which can be disruptive to those applications using that portion of the spectrum. Long term availability of the chosen portion of the spectrum will be vital.
Coverage – Will the connected luminaires have coverage over the lifecycle of the fixtures? Private networks may be required to insure coverage as public networks can change coverage as demands changecoverage as public networks can change coverage as demands change.
Standards – The choice of proprietary versus standards‐based networks is important, as there is the risk of proprietary networks
p , p p ybecoming obsolete. Source: Connected Streetlights: Why economics will dictate IoT technology
decisions, Keith Day, Telensa, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
Lighting ControlsNow you have heard everything – hackers and wireless
ldi iTrustwave Holdings, an e‐security firm, published an advisory notice last week warning Satis smart toilet
th t th i t il t ldowners that their toilets could potentially get hacked.
“Attackers could cause the unit toAttackers could cause the unit to unexpectedly open/close the lid, activate bidet or air‐dry functions, causing discomfort or distress tocausing discomfort or distress to user,” Trustwave Holdings said in its notice.
Today's Lighting Control Systems – What are the issues?
• Focus on devices (widgets) and technologies • Complex configuration requirements
Solutions in search of problems
• High total cost of deployment • Poor user satisfaction• Lack of standardization• Lack of standardization • Limited performance monitoring and continuous optimization • Frequent misalignment with owner/occupant organizational q g / p gmaturity
• Limited interaction with non‐lighting systems • Difficult to predict performance and energy savings• Lack of proper training (across the board) • Low adoption (estimated as < 1%)
• Timing – sets on/off or dimming level based on time of day
SensorsOccupancy vs. Vacancy Sensors – What is the difference?
• Occupancy sensors turn lights on when someone enters anOccupancy sensors turn lights on when someone enters an area and turns them off a set time after the person leaves– preferred for areas where someone entering the area may not be able
to turn on the lighting control (e g playrooms for small childrento turn on the lighting control (e.g. playrooms for small children, laundry rooms where arms may typically be carrying items, etc.)
• Vacancy sensors do not turn lights on. Someone entering an area controlled by a vacancy sensor must manually turn thearea controlled by a vacancy sensor must manually turn the lights on. However, the vacancy sensor will turn the lights off when it senses that person has left the area– preferred in areas where the lights should not come on automatically
should someone enter the area. For example, children's bedrooms, areas where pets are free to roam, etc. Some building codes require the use of vacancy sensors whenever sensors are used
Sensors – Energy savings have a number of elements
Energy savings will be a function of:• Time delay until turn‐off
– Longer time delays decrease energy savingsLonger time delays decrease energy savings– Shorter time delays can increase the annoyance factor for facility occupants
• Low illumination setting• Low illumination setting– Decreasing the low level setting increases the potential energy savings
• Exogenous factors such as amount of vehicular and pedestrian traffic the sensor detectssensor detects– Heavy traffic can negate the overall usefulness of an occupancy or motion sensor (e.g. it is on High LevelLow Level
The FutureLighting Controls – Lighting run by IT departments
• Lighting Control Systems become ubiquitous• Lighting Control Systems become ubiquitous
• Every lamp and every luminaire has controls and communications built incommunications built in
• Digital control becomes the norm and wiring architectures k h h i i f ktake on the characteristics of computer network systems
• The Internet of Everything captures lighting as well
• Programming and commissioning of the lighting control system becomes a more important and more complex task– California is requiring certification of those responsible for
– Control manufacturers will be expected to provide needed expertise to lighting designers regarding control systems
The FuturePersonal Lighting – Having it your way
• Individuals gain much more control on lighting environmentsIndividuals gain much more control on lighting environments– Having control provides a less stressful atmosphere for employees
• Seamless integration between lighting control systems andSeamless integration between lighting control systems and HVAC, building automation and security systems
• Use of smartphone technology to allow lighting controlUse of smartphone technology to allow lighting control systems to recognize who is entering an area and set appropriate lighting level and color pallet preferences
• Ability to match color with activities
• Emphasis on the use of light to improve human experience as p g p pmedical research establishes firmer relationships between photometric characteristics such as intensity, wavelength and exposure time to physical and mental well being
– Commission & configure several thousand fixtures in few hours – Easy to re‐commission by end user – No need for manual data entry or stickers – Experts needed for only 10‐20% of tasks – Energy saving ≥ expert‐commissioned systems
• Software & user interface to directly empower end‐users – Personalize & control ambiance – Instantly re‐configure zones, scenes, download lighting profiles
• Approachpp– Use of software to automate greater than 90% of tasks – Mass market IoT micros in each light fixture – Intelligent software in each IoT node & server g– Replace custom installation tools with mobile user interface tools – Integrate control & power electronics, wherever possible – Use as many sensors as budget will allow
Source: Reducing Configuration Complexity with Next Gen IoT Networks,Kishore Manghnani, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting 11/15
The FutureSelf‐Commissioning – Is it possible?
• Self‐configuration needs knowledge of the spaceSelf configuration needs knowledge of the space– Intelligence allows individual access and control– Luminaire sensor integration and direct sensor access, e.g. lux level,
allows some understandingallows some understanding– Reflectivity and distance from walls can likely be inferred
• Lux CCT Temp Humidity are only the beginningLux, CCT, Temp, Humidity are only the beginning– Furnishing inventories– Time of flight
S i– Space mapping
• Sensor integration can take over from there…l d l d l h l– Closed loop daylighting, color tuning
Source: Reducing Configuration Complexity – The contribution of chipscale integrated solutions, Tom Griffiths, DOE SSL Program Connected Lighting Meeting, 11/16/15
The Future
You can't (effectively) manage what you can't measure
Energy Reporting – Why it is becoming important
( y) g y
• Reduce energy consumption– Data driven energy management
– Transactive energy marketso "An internet‐enabled free market, where customer devices and grid systems can barter over
the proper way to solve their mutual problems, and settle on the proper price for their services in close to real time" A How‐To Guide for Transactive Energy Jeff St Johnservices, in close to real time A How To Guide for Transactive Energy, Jeff St John, Greentech Media, 11/20/13
• Enable new market opportunitiesP f f ffi i i ti– Pay‐for‐performance energy efficiency incentives
– Energy billing for devices currently on flat‐rate tariffs
– Lower cost, more accurate energy savings validation for service‐based b d lbusiness models
– Verified delivery of utility incented energy transactions (e.g. peak and other demand response)
Source: Sensor Based Configuration of Lighting Controls, Charlie Huizenga , Acuity, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
The Future
If all these sensors are needed, where do we put them?
The Future of IoT – Sensors and lighting
, p• Most sensors need clear, unobstructed views of the monitored• The traditional position of lighting luminaires (on the ceiling) is exactly where these sensors need to bewhere these sensors need to be
Where do these sensors get their power?• LEDs are low‐voltage semiconductor devices which makes their power sources compatible with the needs of the sensors
• Likewise the localized processing requirements (e.g. microprocessors) also are typically low‐voltage devices
What is the economics of implementing this sensor network• Lighting network is typically already in place• Incorporating energy/maintenance saving LED technology provides aIncorporating energy/maintenance saving LED technology provides a system that can pay for itself even with these sensor networks
• Once the new lighting systems are installed, the economics of replacing them with sensor/luminaire fixtures in the future is much less favorable
them with sensor/luminaire fixtures in the future is much less favorableData source: Lighting and the Internet of Things, Brian Chem, Digital Lumens, DOE Connected Lighting Workshop, June 2016
The Future
The lighting control systems of tomorrow offer potential
Tomorrow's Lighting Control – Way more than lighting
The FutureChanging Roles – Across many aspects of the lighting marketplace
• The use of color – in new and unanticipated ways• The use of color – in new and unanticipated ways
• Data communications – understanding protocol layers
• Distribution channels which player in the lighting market has• Distribution channels – which player in the lighting market has the largest market cap?
• Service and troubleshooting – diagnostic subroutines replacingService and troubleshooting diagnostic subroutines replacing continuity checkers
• Programming g g
• Human psychology – becomes a necessary lighting specifier skill
• Changing building codes – continuous push for lower energyChanging building codes continuous push for lower energy usage per square foot while requiring adequate illumination levels will present increasing challenges to the lighting designer
Support for the development and presentation of thisand presentation of this educational seminar was provided by theUS Department of EnergyUS Department of Energyand the National Energy Technology Laboratory
Dr. John (Jack) W. Curran US Department of EnergyPresident LED Transformations, LLC www.ssl.energy.gov PO B 224PO Box 224Stanton, NJ 08885(908) 437‐[email protected]
