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Slide 1
Beyond Particle Sizing
ArabLAB 2008
DUBAI
Glen McLellan - Opus Plus Ltd
drs.ing Jacco Schipperen- Ankersmid Intl.
Robert Stevens – Ankersmid Intl.
Oil-in-Water Monitoring , February 2008
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Slide 2
1 Introduction
This presentation discusses:
· The importance & benefits of gathering good quality data on the characteristics of produced water at off-shore oil-rigs.
· How informed decisions can be made about process optimisation & oil/water separation technology
· The EyeTech particle sizing instrument
· Verification trials and the applicability of the technology to the oil & gas industry
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Slide 3
1 The characteristics of produced water
· Produced water at an oil-rig is a complex mixture containing:
- Dispersed & dissolved organic components- Inorganic components & dissolved formation
minerals- Traces of production chemicals- Produced solids & dissolved gas
· Factors such as shear history, salinity, anion/cation balance, oil type, pressure & temperature can all influence the characteristics of the produced water
All of the above influence decisions about processing options
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Slide 4
1 The characteristics of produced water
Produced Water Characterisation
· PWC aims to understand the characteristics of the fluids and the interaction of the process upon them
· Only then can we tackle the core issues of process trouble shooting or production optimisation
· PWC provides valuable data in the selection of appropriate treatment technology
· Less waste (good for OPEC savings!!)
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Slide 5
2 Produced Water Characterisation
· What can we measure?
- Oil droplet size distribution analysis
- Oil in water concentration
- Suspended solids size distribution
- Suspended solids concentration
- Other, including water in oil analysis
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Slide 6
Typical process
2 Applying EyeTech technology in an oil/water separation process train
B CA
Export
Hydrocyclones
1st StageSeparator
2nd Stage Separator
Degasser
Oil droplet sizeOil contentSolids contentSolids sizeSolids typeIon content
Oil water cutEmulsion stabilityWIO characteristicsOIW characteristicsSolids content
Emulsion stabilityWIOOIW
Shearing across pump?
Shearing across chokes?
Oily solids discharged to sea?Oil content
Oil on solidsSolids content
Small inlet droplet size?
Separator efficiency
Separator efficiency
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Slide 7
3 The Benefits - examples
· Oil droplet shear in a process visualised by dropletsize
UpstreamMedian droplet size 26.79 µm
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Slide 8
3 The Benefits - examples
· Oil droplet shear visualised in a process by droplet size
Downstream Median droplet size 10.98 µm
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Slide 9
3 The Benefits
· Mapping of oil droplet size can identify sources of shear
· Small oil droplet size distribution may be indicative of high shear conditions
· Chemical dosing can be optimised and dosing reduced in relation to the impact it has on water quality - can lead directly to OPEX savings
· Allows operators to make informed decisions about choice of treatment technologies
· Can be used as a tool to optimise existing process trains by giving real-time feedback on the impact of changes in operational conditions, such as:- Separator interface level- Processing rates- Chemical dose rates, which can lead directly to OPEX savings
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Slide 10
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle
Single Instrument – Dual Measurement ChannelsScanning Laser Obscuration and Dynamic Video
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Slide 11
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle
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Slide 12
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Laser)
The rotating laser beam scans single particles within its focus.
The diameter of the particle is directly correlated to the duration of the obscuration.
The principle measurement is a time interval, not an intensity measurement.
The time domain is independent of particles’ optical or physical properties
A B C D E F
Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf
Time
V
Scanning Laser
Laser Obscuration Time (LOT)
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Slide 13
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Laser)
Opaque Particles Translucent Particles Transparent Particles
Pulse Profile
Particle Size Measurement is independent of particle’s transparency
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Slide 14
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Laser)
Using Pulse Shape to Discriminate in Oil /Sand Mixtures !!!!!
• Asymmetric pulses are normally rejected as corresponding to
highly irregular shapes, chords, or out-of-focus particles.
• This capability allows discrimination oil droplets and sand
particles.
• SELECTION OF ONLY OILDROPLETS !!!!
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Slide 15
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Laser)
Advantages
• Data is collected on single particles or oil-droplets
• Detection of minor fractions
• Direct measurement of correct oil-droplet – or particle size, not influenced by physical or optical properties
• No calibration required
• Robust measurement, no alignment required by user
• Concentration measurement
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Slide 16
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
· Video Channel collects digital images used for:- Visualisation during laser measurement- Dynamic Shape Analysis- Grabbing Images and Recording Movie
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Slide 17
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Slide 18
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Dynamic Shape Analysis
• For each individual particle, size and shape parameters are detemined.
• The EyeTech Image Analysis software automates set-up and measurement.
• EyeTech software includes many IA procedures such as:
Pre-processing procedures Image Filters Out-of-focus Rejection Morphology Operations Grouping according to size/shape (Re-)processing of stored images
and movies
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Slide 19
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Dynamic Shape Analysis
A solution for characterisation of non-spherical materials:
• Multiple size & shape parameters to adapt to any application.
• No assumptions about particle’s sphericity.
• Random orientation of particles. No preferred orientation as in microscopy.
• Grouping & sselection of particles based upon size or shape.
• Visualisation for measurement validation/verification.
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Slide 20
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Feret DiametersDetermination of distributions of:- Minimum Feret- Maximum Feret- Average Feret
Average Feret diameter:
F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 … F36
36
For a sphere size = diameter
F1
F3
F2
F4
[ min Feret diam.]
Aspect Ratio = --------------------------
[ max Feret diam.]
[Area * 4 ]Shape Factor = ------------------ (=
Circularity) [Perimeter]2
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Slide 21
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Comparing Shape Factor to Aspect Ratio
Shape Factor Aspect Ratio
1 1
<0,1 1
0,785 0,707
0,604 0,577
0,436 0,250
0,160 0,100
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Slide 22
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Additional Parameters:
• All ISO parameters• Legendre Ellipse• Ellipse Ratio• Elongation• Curl• Modification Ratio• Compactness• Roughness• Wadell’s Shericity• Solidity• Convexity• Average Concavity• Fractal Dimensions
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Slide 23
4 The EyeTech – Measurement Principle (Video)
Summary
• Two dimensional analysis of video images enables the determination of different shape parameters.
• Feret Diameters, Shape Factor and Aspect Ratio for shape characterisation.
• Isolation of classified particles using strategic Shape Filter options.
• Validation of particle size results: “SEEING IS BELIEVING”
• More accurate characterisation of non-spherical materials
• Re-processing of stored data
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Slide 24
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
Features
· Laser and video in one program
· Easy setup and measurement using software
wizards (one click operation)
· Automated Report Generator
· Results stored in SQL database
· Hardware Diagnostics
· Calibration and verification tools available
· Multiple data display of graphs, tables etc
· On-Line cycle compare
· On-Line help
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Slide 25
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 26
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 27
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 28
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 29
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 30
4 The EyeTech – Advantages
Advantages
• Easy setup and measurement
• Advanced preprocessing algoritmes
• Size and Shape grouping/selection of oildroplets
• Automated report generator
• Storage of real raw data (un processed images)
• Re-processing of raw data (movie files)
• Concentration measurement including calibration
• Integrated laser and video software
• Simultaneous laser and video results
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Slide 31
5 System Trials - Objectives
Objectives
• To verify this technology against a range of typical process conditions experienced offshore• Parameters varied included oil concentration &
droplet size, solids concentration and particle size and varying combinations of both.
• To compare the technology to existing industry standard particle size analysers
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Slide 32
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 33
4 The EyeTech – The Analysis Package
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Slide 34
5 System Trials - Conclusions
· Very close size correlation with the reference analysers with equal or better reproducibility
· The raw data suggest successful discrimination of oil droplets and solids particles with the laser channel
· Applicability of the technology to produced water characterisation confirmed
· Trials highlighted the flexibility of both the dual channel capabilities and the data presentation software
· The ability to identify specific particles and their characteristic parameters will enable the technology to be simply applied to additional areas of characterisation such as the identification of Calcium Naphanate particles in fluid streams
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Slide 35
6 Summary
· Produced water characterisation techniques provide a specialist tool in optimising existing oil-rigs and in selecting new technology for retrofit applications
· Based on the trials carried out , the performance of the EyeTech instrument matches or exceeds that of industry standard particle size analysers
· The measurement, data manipulation and highly user friendly software makes the instrument very attractive with regards to use in the offshore environment.
· We have determined that the EyeTech technology is applicable to use for fluids characterisation in the oil & gas industry
