Beyond Post-Racialism, Beyond Post-Racialism, Toward Opportunity and Toward Opportunity and Social Justice Social Justice john a. powell, Executive Director of the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, and Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Moritz College of Law Presentation at the MOSES 12th Annual Presentation at the MOSES 12th Annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Banquet Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Banquet January 19, 2009 January 19, 2009
Transcript
Beyond Post-Racialism, Toward Beyond Post-Racialism, Toward Opportunity and Social Justice Opportunity and Social Justice
john a. powell,Executive Director of the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity,
and Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Moritz College of Law
Presentation at the MOSES 12th Annual Presentation at the MOSES 12th Annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. BanquetDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Banquet
January 19, 2009January 19, 2009
Today’s ConversationToday’s Conversation Reflecting on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.Reflecting on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Our current situationOur current situation Difficulties faced by DetroitDifficulties faced by Detroit Recognizing the relevance of raceRecognizing the relevance of race Moving forwardMoving forward
Opportunity, coalition building and targeted Opportunity, coalition building and targeted universalismuniversalism
Importance of community organizations like Importance of community organizations like MOSESMOSES
“ “Let us rise up tonight with a greater Let us rise up tonight with a greater readiness. Let us stand with a greater readiness. Let us stand with a greater determination. And let us move on in these determination. And let us move on in these powerful days, these days of challenge to powerful days, these days of challenge to make America what it ought to be. We make America what it ought to be. We have an opportunity to make America a have an opportunity to make America a better nation.” better nation.”
-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Dr. King and Barack ObamaDr. King and Barack Obama
Dr. King and Barack ObamaDr. King and Barack Obama
““This is our moment. This is our time, to put ourThis is our moment. This is our time, to put ourpeople back to work and open doors of opportunitypeople back to work and open doors of opportunityfor our kids; to restore prosperity and promote thefor our kids; to restore prosperity and promote thecause of peace; to reclaim the American Dreamcause of peace; to reclaim the American Dreamand reaffirm that fundamental truth, that, out ofand reaffirm that fundamental truth, that, out ofmany, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope.many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope.And where we are met with cynicism and doubtsAnd where we are met with cynicism and doubtsand those who tell us that we can't, we willand those who tell us that we can't, we willrespond with that timeless creed that sums up therespond with that timeless creed that sums up thespirit of a people: Yes, we can.” spirit of a people: Yes, we can.”
-Barack Obama-Barack Obama
Dr. King on Economic JusticeDr. King on Economic Justice Called for an “economic bill of rights” and a Called for an “economic bill of rights” and a
massive jobs program and worked on the Poor massive jobs program and worked on the Poor People’s campaignPeople’s campaign ““It must not be just black people…We must include It must not be just black people…We must include
American Indians, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and American Indians, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and even poor whites.”even poor whites.”
In 1968, Dr. King supported a sanitation workers In 1968, Dr. King supported a sanitation workers strike in Memphisstrike in Memphis
““Our only hope today lies in our ability to Our only hope today lies in our ability to recapture the revolutionary spirit and go out into recapture the revolutionary spirit and go out into a sometimes hostile world declaring eternal a sometimes hostile world declaring eternal hostility to poverty, racism, and militarism. hostility to poverty, racism, and militarism.
Poverty by the NumbersPoverty by the Numbers The official 2007 poverty rate was 12.5 percentThe official 2007 poverty rate was 12.5 percent
37.3 million people were in poverty, up from 36.5 37.3 million people were in poverty, up from 36.5 million in 2006.million in 2006.
Poverty did not change for Whites (8.2 percent), Poverty did not change for Whites (8.2 percent), Blacks (24.5 percent), and Asians (10.2 percent) Blacks (24.5 percent), and Asians (10.2 percent) from 2006, however they increased for Hispanics from 2006, however they increased for Hispanics
The poverty rate increased to 18% for children The poverty rate increased to 18% for children under 18 years old while it remained unchanged under 18 years old while it remained unchanged for people 18-64 years old and people over 65for people 18-64 years old and people over 65 Over 3 times as many families fall below family Over 3 times as many families fall below family
budget thresholds as opposed to the poverty linebudget thresholds as opposed to the poverty line
Source: US Census Bureau
The Impact of Concentrated The Impact of Concentrated ForeclosuresForeclosures
Foreclosures pull Foreclosures pull wealth/equity and wealth/equity and assets out of the assets out of the neighborhoodneighborhood
Widespread Widespread displacement of displacement of renters & renters & homeowners tears homeowners tears disrupts the social disrupts the social fabric and creates fabric and creates instability for school instability for school age childrenage children
Vacant property Vacant property encourages crime, encourages crime, disinvestment and disinvestment and public safety riskspublic safety risks
These challenges These challenges eventually ensnare all eventually ensnare all residentsresidents
7
Disproportionate ImpactDisproportionate Impact Surge in foreclosuresSurge in foreclosures
Nearly 900,000 homes repossessed by banks in Nearly 900,000 homes repossessed by banks in just the last 12 monthsjust the last 12 months
Foreclosures rose 81% ensnaring 2.3 million U.S. Foreclosures rose 81% ensnaring 2.3 million U.S. households during 2008households during 2008
A global crisis with racially disparate impactsA global crisis with racially disparate impacts Nearly half of all subprime loans went to African Nearly half of all subprime loans went to African
American and Latino borrowers American and Latino borrowers • even though many qualified for prime loanseven though many qualified for prime loans
African American and Latino homeowners are African American and Latino homeowners are expected to lose between $164-$213 billion in expected to lose between $164-$213 billion in assets due to the crisis*assets due to the crisis*
Sources: United for a Fair Economy, “Foreclosed: State of the Dream 2008”
Detroit Free Press, “Foreclosures up by 81% in US.” http://www.freep.com/article/20090115/BUSINESS07/901150357/-1/rss07
Detroit and ForeclosuresDetroit and Foreclosures According to RealtyTrac Inc, Wayne County fell According to RealtyTrac Inc, Wayne County fell
to 10th place in 2008 foreclosure filings after to 10th place in 2008 foreclosure filings after being 1being 1stst in the nation in 2007 in the nation in 2007 Filings fell by 7.7% from 2007Filings fell by 7.7% from 2007
The rest of metro Detroit (Oakland, Macomb, St. The rest of metro Detroit (Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer and Livingston counties) was up Clair, Lapeer and Livingston counties) was up 42% from 2007. 42% from 2007.
Bank repossessions rose 19% in Michigan last Bank repossessions rose 19% in Michigan last year and the state ranked 6year and the state ranked 6 thth nationwide in the nationwide in the number of foreclosure filingsnumber of foreclosure filings Filings are up 107% from 2006 Filings are up 107% from 2006
Source: Detroit Free Press, “Foreclosures up by 81% in US.” http://www.freep.com/article/20090115/BUSINESS07/901150357/-1/rss07
Detroit (like other “rust belt” cities) is an Detroit (like other “rust belt” cities) is an undercapitalized city with significant urban undercapitalized city with significant urban decline and limited new investment.decline and limited new investment. Other large “undercapitalized cities” include: Other large “undercapitalized cities” include:
Cleveland, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Newark….Baltimore, Newark….
Undercapitalized cities are Undercapitalized cities are categorized as being highly categorized as being highly fragmented and having great racial fragmented and having great racial and social disparities and social disparities
The Core “Rust Belt” Region
The Undercapitalized City of DetroitThe Undercapitalized City of Detroit
Austin
Portland
Indianapolis
Raleigh
Detroit
Cleveland
Chicago
San Fran.
Seattle
Columbus
Hot Market Cities Undercapitalized Cities
Midrange
In contrast the only Midwestern regions with In contrast the only Midwestern regions with relatively low levels of disparity are Indianapolis relatively low levels of disparity are Indianapolis and Columbus and Columbus Both regions have more regionalized government Both regions have more regionalized government
structures (Indianapolis through consolidation, Columbus structures (Indianapolis through consolidation, Columbus through proactive annexation)through proactive annexation)
Research by David Rusk, David Miller and others Research by David Rusk, David Miller and others supports this theme, finding that less fragmented regions supports this theme, finding that less fragmented regions as have more racial equity than their fragmented peersas have more racial equity than their fragmented peers
Researchers feel that fragmentation (and corresponding Researchers feel that fragmentation (and corresponding exclusionary policies) produce greater levels of exclusionary policies) produce greater levels of segregation and greater exclusion from opportunity for segregation and greater exclusion from opportunity for people of color, ultimately leading to greater inequitypeople of color, ultimately leading to greater inequity
Regionalism in a Detroit Context: Regionalism in a Detroit Context: An equity-based regional agenda in a undercapitalized cityAn equity-based regional agenda in a undercapitalized city
Population Demographics: By Race/EthnicityPopulation Demographics: By Race/Ethnicity (2006 American Community Survey; U.S. Census)(2006 American Community Survey; U.S. Census)
Black or African AmericanBlack or African American 83.1%83.1%
WhiteWhite 10.0%10.0%
Hispanic/Latino (of any race)Hispanic/Latino (of any race) 6.2%6.2%
AsianAsian 1.1%1.1%
American Indian & Alaska NativeAmerican Indian & Alaska Native 0.3%0.3%
OtherOther 4.2%4.2%
Two or more racesTwo or more races 1.3%1.3%
http://factfinder.census.gov
Low opportunity Low opportunity communities are communities are clustered in inner city, clustered in inner city, high opportunity areas high opportunity areas are found in the suburbsare found in the suburbs
Based on an analysis of Based on an analysis of multiple indicators of multiple indicators of neighborhood opportunity neighborhood opportunity (poverty rates, vacancy (poverty rates, vacancy rates, population change, rates, population change, unemployment rates, unemployment rates, home values and job home values and job change, etc.)change, etc.)
Opportunity in Detroit
Detroit Automakers and RaceDetroit Automakers and Race Detroit car companies employed blacks at a time Detroit car companies employed blacks at a time
when other industries would notwhen other industries would not The decent wages provided a route to the middle The decent wages provided a route to the middle
class for blacksclass for blacks As of December 2008, nearly 20,000 African-As of December 2008, nearly 20,000 African-
American auto workers had lost jobs, a 13.9 American auto workers had lost jobs, a 13.9 percent decline in employment, since the percent decline in employment, since the recession began recession began
““African-Americans earn much higher wages in African-Americans earn much higher wages in the auto industry than in other parts of the the auto industry than in other parts of the economy, and the loss of these solid, middle-economy, and the loss of these solid, middle-class jobs would be devastating” class jobs would be devastating”
Source: Economic Policy Institute
Race and the Economic SituationRace and the Economic Situation White unemployment was at 6.6 percent in White unemployment was at 6.6 percent in
December, but black unemployment was nearly December, but black unemployment was nearly 12% percent. 12% percent. The unemployment rate for black men was 13.4%The unemployment rate for black men was 13.4%
According to report by the Economic Mobility According to report by the Economic Mobility Project, African-American children were less Project, African-American children were less likely than their white children to earn more than likely than their white children to earn more than their parents did.their parents did. This is true even for middle class blacksThis is true even for middle class blacks
45% of African American children fell to the 45% of African American children fell to the bottom of the income scale as adults compared bottom of the income scale as adults compared to only 16 % of whites to only 16 % of whites
Source: U.S. Intra-generational Economic Mobility from 1984-2004http://www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/PEW_EMP_MOBILITY_1984_TO_2004_KEY_FINDINGS.pdf
New York Times, “As Detroit Suffers, Black Workers Hurt.” http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/30detroit.html?_r=1&partner=MOREOVERNEWS&ei=5040
The Continuing Relevance of RaceThe Continuing Relevance of Race
Why does race continue to play such a Why does race continue to play such a critical role in determining societal critical role in determining societal outcomes? outcomes?
Haven’t we entered a post-racial moment Haven’t we entered a post-racial moment with the election of Barack Obama?with the election of Barack Obama? While significant in many ways, Obama’s While significant in many ways, Obama’s
victory does not erase the persistent victory does not erase the persistent inequalities that hinder the life chances for inequalities that hinder the life chances for marginalized groupsmarginalized groups
Myth of Post-racialismMyth of Post-racialism Conservative and liberal political commentators Conservative and liberal political commentators
termed Obama as a post-racial candidate much termed Obama as a post-racial candidate much different from Rev. Al Sharpton or Jesse Jacksondifferent from Rev. Al Sharpton or Jesse Jackson ““This was a color-blind election” – Deneen Borelli, This was a color-blind election” – Deneen Borelli,
National Center for Public Policy ResearchNational Center for Public Policy Research
Many others question the notion of past-racialism Many others question the notion of past-racialism and worry about Obama’s desire to transcend a and worry about Obama’s desire to transcend a critical black narrative about Americacritical black narrative about America ““My fear is that, should Obama succeed with his effort to My fear is that, should Obama succeed with his effort to
renegotiate the implicit American racial contract, then the renegotiate the implicit American racial contract, then the prophetic African American voice – which is occasionally prophetic African American voice – which is occasionally strident and necessarily a dissident, outsider's voice – strident and necessarily a dissident, outsider's voice – could be lost to us forever.” – Glenn Loury, Brown Univ. could be lost to us forever.” – Glenn Loury, Brown Univ.
Racial Disparities and InequityRacial Disparities and Inequity Although racial attitudes are improving, Although racial attitudes are improving,
racial disparities persist on every level.racial disparities persist on every level. Inequity arises as disenfranchised groups Inequity arises as disenfranchised groups
are left out of the democratic process. are left out of the democratic process.
www.cartoonstock.com
Spatial Racism and InequalitySpatial Racism and Inequality The government plays a central role in the The government plays a central role in the
arrangement of space and opportunitiesarrangement of space and opportunities These arrangements are not “neutral” or These arrangements are not “neutral” or
“natural” or “colorblind”“natural” or “colorblind” Social and racial inequities are Social and racial inequities are
geographically inscribedgeographically inscribed There is a polarization between the rich There is a polarization between the rich
and the poor that is directly related to the and the poor that is directly related to the areas in which they liveareas in which they live
The Cumulative Effects of Racial and The Cumulative Effects of Racial and Opportunity SegregationOpportunity Segregation
Zoning laws prevent affordable housing Zoning laws prevent affordable housing development in many suburbsdevelopment in many suburbs
Municipalities subsidize the relocation of Municipalities subsidize the relocation of businesses out of the citybusinesses out of the city
Transportation spending favors highways, Transportation spending favors highways, metropolitan expansion and urban sprawlmetropolitan expansion and urban sprawl
Court decisions prevent metropolitan school Court decisions prevent metropolitan school desegregationdesegregation
School funding is tied to property taxesSchool funding is tied to property taxes
Neighborhood Neighborhood SegregationSegregation
School SegregationSchool Segregation
Racial stigma, other Racial stigma, other psychological impactspsychological impacts
Job segregationJob segregation
Impacts on community Impacts on community power and individual power and individual
assetsassets
Impacts on Educational Impacts on Educational AchievementAchievement
The Cumulative Effects of Racial and The Cumulative Effects of Racial and Opportunity SegregationOpportunity Segregation
Exposure to crime; arrestExposure to crime; arrest
Transportation limitations Transportation limitations and other inequitable public and other inequitable public servicesservices
Adapted from figure by Barbara Reskin at: http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/
Segregation impacts a number of life-opportunitiesSegregation impacts a number of life-opportunities
Impacts on HealthImpacts on Health
Other Manifestations of RaceOther Manifestations of Race Historically, the notion of religio-racismHistorically, the notion of religio-racism In 17In 17thth century, many Irish Catholics and native century, many Irish Catholics and native
Irish (Celtic tribes) lost a considerable amount of Irish (Celtic tribes) lost a considerable amount of landholdings due to an Act passed by the English landholdings due to an Act passed by the English governmentgovernment
““From 1652 onward, racial oppression…was From 1652 onward, racial oppression…was anchored in the very bedrock of the Irish colonial anchored in the very bedrock of the Irish colonial economy,” (p. 51)economy,” (p. 51)
Irish Catholics, Anglo-Irish landlords, and “native Irish Catholics, Anglo-Irish landlords, and “native Irish” became a combined racialized ‘other’Irish” became a combined racialized ‘other’
Source: Allen, Theodore. The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control. London, UK: Versa, 1994
Misconceptions about Obama’s Faith Misconceptions about Obama’s Faith
• 46% of Americans unable to 46% of Americans unable to identify Obama as a identify Obama as a Christian Christian
• 3-in-10 say he is a Muslim or 3-in-10 say he is a Muslim or that they have heard that they have heard different things different things
• 2-in-10 McCain supporters 2-in-10 McCain supporters say that Obama is a Muslimsay that Obama is a Muslim
• Fewer than one-in-ten Fewer than one-in-ten Obama supporters (7%) Obama supporters (7%) identify him as a Muslimidentify him as a Muslim
• More than three times as More than three times as many white as African many white as African Americans voters think Americans voters think Obama is MuslimObama is Muslim
Distribution of Religious Centers in the Metropolitan Detroit
Tradition (by County Wayne Oakland Macomb
Baha'i 1%
Buddhist 3% 11% 30%
Asian Christian 2% 14%
Caribbean Christian 5% 2%
Hispanic Christian 14% 2%
Indian Christian 3%
Middle East Christian 6% 20% 20%
Other Christian 6% 11% 30%
Hindu 3% 3%
Islam 56% 27% 20%
Native American 2%
Jain 2%
Jewish 3%
Sikh 1% 3%
Total 100% 100% 100% Source: Pluralism Project
Moving Forward Effectively and Moving Forward Effectively and ProactivelyProactively
How do we make sense of all of this?How do we make sense of all of this?
Targeted Universalism as an approachTargeted Universalism as an approach
Coalition building and the role of community Coalition building and the role of community organizations like MOSESorganizations like MOSES
Opportunity is MediatedOpportunity is Mediated For much of human history, For much of human history,
we interacted exclusively we interacted exclusively on a face-to-face basis on a face-to-face basis within small communitieswithin small communities How we understand How we understand
discrimination, discrimination, prejudice, and identityprejudice, and identity
Now, many of our Now, many of our relationships are mediatedrelationships are mediated TechnologyTechnology DistanceDistance InstitutionsInstitutions People in foreclosure People in foreclosure
cannot find a person to cannot find a person to talk totalk to
And our opportunities are And our opportunities are strengthened or truncated strengthened or truncated by these mediating factorsby these mediating factors
Opportunity is GlobalOpportunity is Global Our world today is more complex and Our world today is more complex and
interconnected. Current and future changes interconnected. Current and future changes will not be only driven by local/national issues, will not be only driven by local/national issues, but influenced by systemic global trends and but influenced by systemic global trends and challengeschallenges ExamplesExamples
• GlobalizationGlobalization• Climate changeClimate change• The credit and foreclosure crisisThe credit and foreclosure crisis• Growing diversity and widening inequalityGrowing diversity and widening inequality
We must adjust our lens of analysis to reflect We must adjust our lens of analysis to reflect these changing conditionsthese changing conditions Moving towards a systems approach of problem Moving towards a systems approach of problem
solving and identifying solutionssolving and identifying solutions
Opportunity is RacializedOpportunity is Racialized Structural racialization: the joint Structural racialization: the joint
operation of institutions operation of institutions produces racialized outcomes.produces racialized outcomes.
Structures unevenly distribute Structures unevenly distribute benefits, burdens, and racialized benefits, burdens, and racialized meaning.meaning.
In 1960, African-American In 1960, African-American families in poverty were families in poverty were 3.8 3.8 times more likely to be times more likely to be concentrated in high-poverty concentrated in high-poverty neighborhoods than poor whites.neighborhoods than poor whites.
In 2000, they were In 2000, they were 7.37.3 times times more likely.more likely.
This uneven distribution has This uneven distribution has negative consequences not just negative consequences not just for those with the greatest need, for those with the greatest need, but all of us.but all of us.
All members of a society share a linked fateAll members of a society share a linked fate Inequality is a sign of an economically/socially inefficient Inequality is a sign of an economically/socially inefficient
society, where proper investments are not made in society, where proper investments are not made in human capital, and where much of the population can human capital, and where much of the population can not meet its creative potential. These disparities and not meet its creative potential. These disparities and inequities make our nation less competitive, depressing inequities make our nation less competitive, depressing opportunities for allopportunities for all
should be collaborative and focus on coalition buildingshould be collaborative and focus on coalition building recognize the interconnectedness of our being and faterecognize the interconnectedness of our being and fate re-conceptualize society to promote the political, re-conceptualize society to promote the political,
economic, spiritual, and psychological health of all economic, spiritual, and psychological health of all
Targeted UniversalismTargeted Universalism Through collective imagination, we need to Through collective imagination, we need to
define what the future should look likedefine what the future should look like A New Paradigm!: Targeted UniversalismA New Paradigm!: Targeted Universalism
What is our alternative vision?What is our alternative vision? A model where we all grow togetherA model where we all grow together A model where we embrace collective A model where we embrace collective
solutionssolutions This vision requires collective action and will This vision requires collective action and will
require coalitions to be successfulrequire coalitions to be successful
Challenge: False UniversalismChallenge: False Universalism An example of Transactional thinkingAn example of Transactional thinking
Uneven distribution of pathways to Uneven distribution of pathways to opportunityopportunity
Universal programs do not account for Universal programs do not account for the differences in experience among the differences in experience among Whites and people of colorWhites and people of color Examples: Poverty-reduction programs, Examples: Poverty-reduction programs,
social securitysocial security Inability to reach opportunity through Inability to reach opportunity through
these universal programs is seen as an these universal programs is seen as an individual failureindividual failure
Coalition BuildingCoalition Building Move from transactional level to a deeper Move from transactional level to a deeper
transformative leveltransformative level Coalition across groups, space, ideologyCoalition across groups, space, ideology Ethics of connectedness and linked fateEthics of connectedness and linked fate
Structures, policies, institutions actively Structures, policies, institutions actively disconnect us whereas they could proactively disconnect us whereas they could proactively connect us connect us
Coalition Building and Coalition Building and CollaborationCollaboration
Action-linked intervention should focus on multi-racial and Action-linked intervention should focus on multi-racial and multi-ethnic coalitions multi-ethnic coalitions Leadership and coalition building will be vital to creating the Leadership and coalition building will be vital to creating the
political momentum for changepolitical momentum for change Regional actors must have an inclusive series of conversations Regional actors must have an inclusive series of conversations
that foregrounds equitythat foregrounds equity The capacity to coordinate and move various initiatives forward The capacity to coordinate and move various initiatives forward
must be developed must be developed Residents can help build public support for policy reformsResidents can help build public support for policy reforms
Importance of community Importance of community organizations: MOSESorganizations: MOSES
Community organizations play an essential Community organizations play an essential role especially with an administration that is role especially with an administration that is likely to be more receptive likely to be more receptive
MOSES is geared toward the community MOSES is geared toward the community and its mission is conducive to coalition-and its mission is conducive to coalition-based grass-roots activismbased grass-roots activism
Faith serves as important anchor Faith serves as important anchor Broad engagement in a number of social Broad engagement in a number of social
issues including employment, healthcare, issues including employment, healthcare, immigration, land banks, civil rightsimmigration, land banks, civil rights
MOSES Initiatives and ‘Greening’MOSES Initiatives and ‘Greening’ Efforts to enrich and expand the mass Efforts to enrich and expand the mass
transit system in Southeastern Michigantransit system in Southeastern Michigan Pushing for wider availability of high Pushing for wider availability of high
quality, healthy, and affordable foodsquality, healthy, and affordable foods These initiatives are critical in terms of These initiatives are critical in terms of
community building and going greencommunity building and going green Pressure on Detroit automakers provides Pressure on Detroit automakers provides
an opportunity for groups like MOSES to an opportunity for groups like MOSES to push for new, more environmentally push for new, more environmentally friendly car product linesfriendly car product lines
Let us rise up tonight with a greater Let us rise up tonight with a greater readiness. Let us stand with a greater readiness. Let us stand with a greater determination. And let us move on in these determination. And let us move on in these powerful days, these days of challenge to powerful days, these days of challenge to make America what it ought to be. We make America what it ought to be. We have an opportunity to make America a have an opportunity to make America a better nation. better nation.
-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.-Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
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