Bhaskar Mishra1

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Nuclear pollution and Its

Biological Effects

Presented By:

Archit Sharma

Sahil

Mohd.Ali Khan

AMITY UNIVERSITY HARYANA



Topics to be discussed…….

• Radiation • Radio active waste • Biological effects

On animals On plants On humans

• Preventive measures of radiation



What is Radiation? “Invisible energy waves or particles”

The radioactivity is theproperty of some atoms tospontaneously give off energy as particles or rays. The atoms that makeup the radioactivematerials are the source of radiation.

What is Radioactivity?



Nuclear Pollution and Waste



INTRODUCTION

• Radioactive waste is a material deemedno longer useful that has beencontaminated by or contains radio

nuclides.• Radio nuclides are unstable atoms of an

element that decay, or disintegrate

spontaneously, emitting energy in the formof radiation. • Releases of radio nuclides to the

surrounding environment in liquid and

gaseous forms.



Ionizing and Non-ionizing radiation?

• Radiation carries a range of energy forming an electromagnetic

spectrum.

• Radiation that does not have enough energy to break chemical bondsbut can vibrate atom is referred to as “Non-ionizing Radiations” e.g. radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light etc.

• Radiation that has enough energy to break chemical bonds is referred toas 'ionizing radiation, e.g. alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays etc.



• The potential biological effects and damages caused byradiation depend on the conditions of the radiationexposure.

• It is determined by: quality of radiation quantity of radiation received dose of radiation exposure conditions (spatial distribution)

• Particles with high energy loss effects cause typicallygreater damage.

• Radiation can cause immediate effects (radiationsickness), but also long term effects which may occur many years (cancer) or several generations later (genetic effects).

• Biological effects of radiation result from both direct and



Effects on Plants

• Green plants are extremely sensitive togamma rays.

• Higher plants have more radio sensitivity

than lower plants. • Plants response varies according to age,

growth stage, plant species, chromosome

volume and level of radiation.

• Degree of damage ∞ intensity andduration of exposure of radiation.



Causes • Changes inmorphological, cellular

and genetic levels.

• Alterations in plant’svascular system, water transportation and other

functions also affected. • More causes are

Retarded growth, decreasedpercent germination.

Gigantism, dwarfism, curlyand misshaped leaves.

Negative effects on Seeds.



• Radiation gives positive results also..

o In crop improvement protocols oHigh disease resistance, vigor and high

productivity. • But high dosage may kill the plants.. • It mutate the DNA even in room

temperature. • In a food chain, radiation may affectprimary and secondary consumers also.



Effects on Animals..

• It may include tumor, dry,itchy skin, hair loss anddiscoloration of the skinaround the tumor site.

• In addition, theseparticular tumors oftenrelease a disagreeableodor as the cancerouscells die.

• More serious side effectsmay include some nervedamage and either thedeath or hardening

(called fibrosis) of healthytissue.



Radiation on human body



Effects on Humans…

• Initial signs include, Nausea, vomiting, headache , some loss of white blood cells • Doses of 300 rems or more cause temporary

hair loss, but also more significant internal

harm, including damage to nerve cells andthe cells that line the digestive tract.

• Besides the symptoms, these people also

suffer from fever and diarrhea. If no effectivetreatment is given, death occurs within twoto fourteen days.



• For survivors, diseases such as leukemia,lung cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer,

and cancers of other organs can appear due to the radiation received. • But Exposure to ionising radiation does

not necessarily cause cancer




• Because man's body contains a lot of water, gamma rays traverse through water (H2O) molecules. Ionization of water usually results in the formation of

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Thesemolecules can attack a biomolecule and'denature' (= kill) it.

• Radioactive lead, retains the ability tocause brain damage and plutoniumclumps on the surface of bone, deliveringa concentrated dose of alpha radiation to

surrounding cells.




• It also affects thyroid glands . • It causes the person to have increased pulse

rate, nervousness, excitability, loss of body

weight and, in females, more frequent c.• If radioactive iodine (I 131 or I 129) isingested with food it will enter the blood andtend to accumulate in the thyroid.

• A small amount of radioactive iodine wouldprobably kill only a few cells and have little or no noticeable effect on health.



Preventive measures andconsiderations….

• Site selection for nuclear power plants should becarefully made to avoid, or minimize to the extentpossible, most of thoseimpacts.

• The safe management of radioactive waste isnecessary to protect publichealth.

• If handled improperly,potential exposures of humans to high-levelradioactive waste can bedangerous, even deadly.



Things To follow….

• Regulation of Radiation Usage • Proper disposal • Minimizing the usage • Wearing protective clothes • Control on these in radiated area..

Inhalation Absorption Injection without sterilization



And it is our duty to save our future

generations as healthy human beings…..



Conclusion

• For Radiation, like other aspects of nuclear science, can be both destructive andbeneficial.

• The intelligent use of radiation for thetreatment of cancer, medical diagnosis, foodpreservation, and other useful applicationsrequires an informed public.

• Likewise, the solutions to the storage of nuclear waste also necessitate publicunderstanding of the effects of nuclear radiation.





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