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Development and Governance of
the Internet Where we came from and where we are going to?
Challenges and Opportunities
BHN APT SeminarJan 28, 2013
Izumi Aizu
2
Suggestions
Think hard!Make your own memoPrepare comments & questionsDon’t hesitate to ask questions or
make comments any time
3D Printer, Laser cutter
“FabLab movement suggests the new direction of the Information Society as a whole”
Prof. Shumpei Kumon
3May 22 2010
4May 22 2010
Telecom or Internet?
TelecomNetwork
Internet Services
InternetTelephony
Fixed Line Services
Mobile/wirelessServices
YouTubeFacebook
AmazonBlog
SkypewwwEmail
Four Questions
1.Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?
2.What is your professional goal?
5
Telecom or Internet
3. Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?
6May 22 2010
Internet Governance
4. Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?
7May 22 2010
Wahyu Winarto, IndonesiaWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?Because I got scholarship from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (incumbent telecommunication company in my country) in 1992, then I started to join PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia since 1997.What is your professional goal?I want to be a Professional HR Practitioner, specially in Telecommunication industries.Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?In my opinion, at this time, internet services become very much important because of emergent of digital economy, but digital economy can only has significant contribution to GDP if there are sufficient telecom network.Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?No, I haven't, but in my perception, it's related to how to govern the internet. In Indonesia we have such law. It's Law of Electronic Information & Transaction.
8
O.Babakulov, UzbekstanWhy did you get Telecommunications / Communications?Because, I have grown fond of technology. And then, the modern trends in the global market, there is innovation in the field of information and communication technologies, and their effective use in more efficient management and technological processes in enterprises, the creation of new and expansion of existing markets for goods and services in different areas.Telecommunication services are increasingly intertwined with the concept of the Internet and its availability promotes more intensive exchange of information and knowledge between people, leading to a society based on knowledge. Consequently, the development of telecommunications services, including the Internet contributes to higher living standards.Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network orInternet services?Why do you think so?Because the telecommunications and Internet related to many. Internet - without telecommunication networks represent is difficult. I think so.
Aminur Rahman, BangladeshWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?Now is the age of Telecom/ICT. ICT plays the key role in today’s economy. No matter what industry people are in, it’s unlikely that it is untouched by the advent of Telecom/ICT – which is mostly the preserve of techies. Telecom/ ICT jobs can be very rewarding. After all, it’s the hot growth sector of the 21st century. Things are changing constantly. Technology is ever improving. Business models are rushing to keep pace with technological developments, which sometimes can be highly disruptive. If this is the kind of challenge that one enjoys and the kind of environment that he wants to thrive in, then he should consider a career in Telecom/ICT. Moreover, an EEE graduate dreams to innovate and serve in his own field. Considering the described matters I got involved with Telecom/ICT.
What is your professional goal?
My professional goal is to be a resource personal in Telecom/ICT sector. Especially, I want to be a professional in the management/administration of ICT in a broader sense.
Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 2
3. Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Now a days people talk which is more important, telecom network or internet services? I say both of them are important. As telecom network is obviously necessary for enter into the server to retrieve information, internet services are necessary to make peoples’ life easier using those data communication. Internet services have no meaning if there is no network to use those services. On the contrary, telecom network has no uses if there is no internet services. Now people do not want to talk only, they like to use online services using telecom network and internet services. In some extent, services are more desirable to people rather they bother what network they are using.
4. Have you heard the term "Internet Governance”?If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?Yes, I have heard the term “Internet Governance”. Internet governance is the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet. This article describes how the Internet was and is currently governed, some of the controversies that occurred along the way, and the ongoing debates about how the Internet should or should not be governed in the future. Internet governance should not be confused with E-Governance which refers to technology driven governance.The definition of Internet governance has been contested by differing groups across political and ideological lines. One of the main debates concerns the authority and participation of certain actors, such as national governments, corporate entities and civil society, to play a role in the Internet's governance. A Working group established after a United Nations-initiated World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) proposed the following definition of Internet governance as part of its June 2005 report:Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.
Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 3
Gayan Munasinghe, Sri Lanka1. Electronic and telecommunication was my favorite subject/topic from my school life to date. Therefore I selected Telecommunication sector as my carrier2. Updating my knowledge on new telecommunication based technologies to serve the society as possible as I can3. Telecommunication is the most important. It is the infrastructure to deliver the internet services. There is no internet services at all when there is not a Network.4. I have heard little bit about internet governance. It says about the requirement of Common way of communication among all the users in the global intranet.
13
Vongketh Phitsarath, LaosWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?I can face many new difference things, new opportunities & challenges, learning of new knowledge of technologies and can communicate with new peoples.What is your professional goal?To make a positive impact in the company though my expertise and ethics. I also look forward to develop myself in leadership areas and can leading my team to new innovations and growthWhich one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Internet service is more importance. It’s the greatest development in the domain of communication industry while it functions as a valuable resource of information. To communicate with unlimited people in the same time. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet. Business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another such as e-commerce. To community by discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge. Beside that it’s more comfortable such as A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive. Have you heard the term “Internet Governance”? No, never
Anna Marie Fernando, The Philippines
Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?I got involved in Telecom/Communication when:a) I worked for the Philippine National Economic Development Agency (the economic think tank government branch of our country) andb) I worked for the Philippine Long Distance Telecommunications Company (the dominant telco player in the Philippines to date). I wanted to get involved in Telecom/Communication because I think it's a economic infrastructure for nation building. As an enabler of a lot of possibilities, I think Telecom/Comms will also provide good learning opportunities for me.What is your professional goal?To have a successful career and find meaning in the work I do.
Anna Marie Fernando, The Phillipines, 2Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Both since I think lines between Telecom and Internet is blurring as the ICT sector evolves.Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?Yes, in my reading for the BHN CyberLaw Subject. In my understanding, Internet Governance is about establishing standards and regulations that would promote usage while serving the interest of the consumers. However, I think there's a huge debate on this one because it's difficult to strike a balance between the 2 (e.g. internet regulation on internet libel vs. right to freedom of speech, etc.)
17
In the beginning…Few people believed that ordinary people
will use computers Very few people believed that people will
use computers to communicate In the Telecom world…Internet was
regarded as “dirty”, “not secure”, not suited to serious business
Governments, Telco, ITU, Business, Academia - all main stream people were against the Internet
IntroductionThe user is the center
PC enabled people to control computers
“Counter-culture” from West Coast“Hackers”, Steven Levy” “Tools for Thought”, Howard Rheingold
Linking computers made users more powerful“Virtual Community”, H. Rheingold
Internet empowering people & society
Free communication, action, inter-action“Smart Mobs”, H. Rheingold
ITR at WCIT/ITU, just finished• ITR: International Telecommunications Regulation
an International Treaty, revised since 1988 version• WCIT: World Conference on International Telecommunication, held in Dubai, Dec 2012
New global telecoms treaty agreed in DubaiWorld Conference on International
Telecommunications forges solid new framework for tomorrow’s hyper-connected world
News Release by ITU
Dubai, 14 December, 2012 – After two intensive weeks of negotiations, delegates from around the world have agreed a new global treaty that will help pave the way to a hyper-connected world that will bring the power of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to people everywhere.
Over 2,000 delegates were registered for the conference, which was held by ITU at the request of its 193 Member States to renegotiate the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), the binding global treaty facilitating global interconnection and interoperability of information and communication services, their efficient operation and their widespread public availability.
The treaty sets out general principles for ensuring the free flow of information around the world. New provisions in the text place special emphasis on future efforts to assist developing countries, on promoting accessibility to persons with disabilities, and on asserting all people’s right to freedom of expression over ICT networks.
Other pioneering new provisions include a Resolution to create a single, globally harmonized number for access to emergency services, new text mandating greater transparency in the prices set for mobile roaming, and new provisions to improve the energy efficiency of ICT networks and help combat e-waste.
Tough issues that provoked considerable debate at the conference included network security, unsolicited bulk content such as spam email, the definition of entities providing services under the terms of the treaty, the principle of non-discriminatory access of countries to each other’s networks, and whether or not to include language on freedom of expression in the Preamble text of the treaty.
A true success?Chairman Mohamed Nasser Al Ghanim (UAE) succeeded in breaking a
seeming deadlock on Thursday, after discussions late into the night on Wednesday 12th failed to make headway on the few remaining sticking points. Coming back to the meeting on Thursday evening after a tense start to negotiations earlier that day, Mr Al Ghanim presented a new ‘consolidated package’ containing all agreed compromise texts that had been negotiated painstakingly section by section over the past two weeks at Committee, Ad Hoc Group and informal group level.
ITU Secretary-General Dr Hamadoun Touré called the signing of the treaty this afternoon a “momentous occasion and historic opportunity to bring connectivity to the two thirds of the world’s people who are still offline.”
Speaking to assembled delegates at the closing ceremony this afternoon, he said: “As you look back today on your very intensive, very long days of work, you can hold our heads up high – proud that you have triumphed over adversity and delivered the goods.” He added that he regretted that some countries have so far declined to ratify the treaty, and hoped ITU will continue to work constructively with those nations going forward.
Or a true failure?WCIT collapses: US, UK, allies refuse to sign treaty
after Africa wins floor vote commsday.com
The International Telecommunications Union and World Conference on International Telecommunications was in crisis as we went to press at 6am AEST, with the United States, the United Kingdom and several of their allies declaring that they would refuse to sign the proposed International Telecommunications Regulations.
The crisis erupted last night when the African bloc attempted to have its preferred form of words over the rights of member states to access telecommunications networks accepted in the treaty. The US and other allies saw the language as an unambiguous attempt to open the ITRs up to governance and content regulation.
Iran took the unprecedented step of calling for a vote, against the oft-stated intentions of the ITU to forge a consensus on the ITRs. The vote was won 77-33 by the African bloc with 6 abstentions.
The US then immediately declared it would not sign the treaty. Ambassador Terry Kramer said “It’s with a heavy heart and a sense of missed opportunities that the US must communicate that it’s not able to sign the agreement in the current form.”
“The Internet has given the world unimaginable economic and social benefit during these past 24 years. All without UN Regulation.”
“We candidly cannot support an ITU Treaty that is inconsistent with the multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance. As the ITU has stated, this conference was never meant to focus on Internet issues. However, today, we’re in a situation where we still have text and resolutions that cover issues on spam and also provisions on Internet governance … the United States continues to believe that Internet policy must be multi-stakeholder driven. Internet policy should not be determined by Member States, but by citizen, communities, and broader society. And such consultation from the private sector and civil society is paramount. This has not happened here.”
UK, Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Denmark followed
Then, UK head of delegation Simon Towle backed the US position. “My delegation came to work for revised ITRs. But not at any cost. We’re not able to sign a bad agreement that does nobody any favors and makes nobody happy.”
“We all agreed that content was not intended to be part of the ITRs, but content issues keep coming up. We preferred no text on security but in the interest of compromise we worked towards language we could accept. Unfortunately, the language that we proposed and the various alternatives we proposed were constantly rejected and the compromise that we have before us we could only possibly accept in the context of a treaty that was acceptable in all other respects. On the Internet itself, our position is clear. We do not see the ITRs as the place to address Internet issues. The proper place is multistakeholder fora, the IGF, the ICANN GAC.”
Other countries including Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Denmark also said they would not sign the treaty. Poland, Kenya, Costa Rica and New Zealand said they would need to consult their governments. Australia did not declare a position before the plenary was suspended.
The WCIT chair immediately went into damage control, calling for a break and hoping to reconvene the event at 11.30pm Dubai time (6.30am AEST) but all signs were that the event had collapsed.
Posted on: Friday, 14th December 2012 http://www.commsday.com/uncategorized/wcit-collapses-us-uk-allies-refuse-to-sign-treaty-after-africa-wins-floor-vote
Countries voted for ITU ITR
ITR SignatoriesNon-signatories
Member States signed for ITRAFGHANISTAN ALGERIA AZERBAIJAN ANGOLA SAUDI ARABIA ARGENTINA
BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BHUTAN BOTSWANA BRAZIL
BELIZE BENIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAPE VERDE
CAMBODIA CENTRAL AFRICA CHINA COMOROS REPUBLIC OF
CONGO COTE D'IVOIRE
CUBA DJIBOUTI DOMINICA EL SALVADOR EGYPT GABON
GHANA GUATEMALA GUYANA HAITI IRAN INDONESIA
IRAQ JAMAICA JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KOREA KYRGYZSTAN
KUWAIT LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LUCIA
MALAYSIA MALI MAURICE MEXICO MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE
NAMIBIA NEPAL NIGER NIGERIA OMAN PANAMA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY QATAR RUSSIAN
FEDERATION RWANDA SENEGAL
SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH SUDAN SRI LANKA
SUDAN SWAZILAND TANZANIA THAILAND TOGO TUNISIA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TURKEY UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES URUGUAY
UZBEKISTAN YEMEN VENEZUELA VIET NAM ZIMBABWE
www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html
States not signed for ITRALBANIA ANDORRA ARMENIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELARUS
BELGIUM COLOMVIA BULGARIA COSTA RICA CANADA CHILE
CROATIA CYPRUSCZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND
FRANCE GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY
INDIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN KENYA
LATVIA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MALAWI MALTA
MARSHALL ISLANDS
MOLDOVA MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO NORWAY NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL SERBIA
SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLANDUNITED
KINGDOM
UNITED STATESOF AMERICA
Debate onInternet Governance
28
It all began withthe World Summit on the Information
Society (WSIS)
Summit: United Nation’s high-level event with Head of States to discuss matters of mutual concerns, mostly global emerging issues
WSIS – proposed by ITU, adopted by GA 1st phase 2003 - in Geneva, 2nd 2005 in Tunis Objective:
Close the digital divide in developing countriesTake advantage of digital economy for further
developmentAddress new issues of information society
“Internet Governance” became the hottest issue
Emerged during prep process in 2002, the hottest of all issues
Developing countries wanted to change the international system around ICANN
“Internet is a global public resource that requires governments to manage”, calling for formal intervention of governments in the management of the Domain Name System, under the UN System by international intergovernmental body
“Replace ICANN with ITU”, “UN to take over ICANN”USA and many Western countries argued for “No regulation” by
governments, let private sector to manage Internet resourcesLong and winding debate continued among
governments as well as business and civil society participants in the preparatory process
04/12/2023 31
What is “Internet Governance”?
1. Governance of Internet infrastructureDomain Name System, IP number allocationStandardization process (IETF vs. ITU etc.)Access – to close digital divide
2. Governance of Social activities over InternetIllegal & harmful content (for minors)Spam, cyber security
3. Governance of Information SocietyE-commerce, digital economyDigital cultureSocial inclusion – no one should be left behind
32
Working Definition of Internet Governance:
“Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.”
from the WGIG Report
Why it became so hot?
Facing new challenges with changing realities From research network to global Public & Economic infrastructure
Uneven framework with USG holds discretionary power Historical legacy became political concern
Inadequate current systems “North” dominates the “South” – less participation in ICANN process
from developing countries – appeal made by G8 DOT Force with no result
From governments to civil societyLack of proper understanding about Internet and ICANN
(history, role and functions)Distrust created by politically motivated actors
ITU to regain control over “telecom” “Politics” inside UN system
Internet empowers the users/individuals/citizens
Politics behind
Anti-US, anti globalizationagainst US dominance in military,
technology & economyDemonstration against WEF, IMF, WTO, G8
Summit…
US invasion to Iraq after 911Competition for world hegemony for digital economy
Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) – 2004-05
Outcome of WSIS negotiation on IG 40 members, from South and North,
governments, civil society and private sector Open and closed meetings
Sep 04, Nov 04, Feb, Apr, Jun & July 05
Online consultationsContributions, questionnaire and forumWebcast and real-time captures
2006 ~Internet Governance
Forum ( IGF )
A “Product” of WSISMulti-stakeholder set-up
Gov, Biz, Civil Society – on equal footing
MAG ( appointed by SG)5-year mandate, with scheduled
reviewGreece, Brazil, India, Egypt,
Lithuania, Kenya, AzerbaijanIndonesia (2013)
http://www.intgovforum.org//
IGF Improvementafter 5 years
UN GA agreed to continue IGF for another 5 years with improvements
EcoSoc, CSTD - formed WG to make report on IGF Improvement in 2011 (after negotiation)CSTD WG Report finalized in Mar 2012Adopted at CSTD, May 2012
Improve Outcome Shaping, Outreach, Support Developing countries’ participation
No major change in nature and structure of IGFJust adopted at UN GA, Dec 16?
04/12/2023 WSIS - Politics of Internet Management
38
Conventional regulatory framework(at ITU)
Governments to regulate; business and technologist participate and form international organization (ITU)
Civil Society/individual users have no role Inter-national, but not Global
GovernmentsInt’l Orgs
Technologist
IndustryCivil Society
04/12/2023 WSIS - Politics of Internet Management
39
Internet governance old model :private sector self management( IETF, ICANN, W3C, Unicode Consortium)
Self-management led by technologists Engineers, pioneers form “private club” to manage Looks global, but lacks legal and political legitimacy Not scalable, little civil society involvement
Int’lOrgs
Governments
TechnologistsNew industry
Traditionalindustry
Civil Society
Self- management
04/12/2023 40
New Model: Multi-stakeholder governance
Net governance cannot exclude users Not “consumers” or “mass”, but Netizens who have power
All stakeholders to get involved with proper balance Minimize government involvement, support participation from
civil society and developing countries
Government
Civil Society(Netizens)
TechnologistsIndustry
Multi-stakeholder Governance
Int’l Orgs
41
My Commitment to Internet Governance
’80s – promoting PC Networking ’90s – promoting the Internet Principle
People to People Communication is the base For the better society User centric perspective
Practice ’96 organized “Netizen Forum” – mailing list discussion, TV live debate Promoting Internet in Asia ’ 97-2000 ARN in Malaysia ’98 – SG for APIA, participated in IFWP
Bring voices from Asia, users and citizens into ICANN formation process ( MAC 、 AtLarge)
’99 – promoted Global Internet Y2K Campaign ’00 – participated in G8 DoT Force representing NPOs from Japan ’03-05 participated in WSIS, from Civil Society ’04 - IGTF WGIG process
Network Security, IPv4 depletion, NGN issues
Development of Internet
History to learn
May 22, '10 43
Early history of Computer NetworkingInternet was not the only game
ARPANET 1969 ARPA, US DoD JC Lickrider
Com 1970s Uppsala U. /Stockholm U. Jacob Palme
Community Memory 1972 Berkrey, US Mark Szpakowski
UUCP 1977 Bell Lab
CBBS 1978 Generated many “hobbyists” Christensen/Suess
UseNet 1979 U. North Carolina/Duke U. Source of “Netizen”
Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) 1979 Computer Conferencing, NJIT Murray Turoff
The Source 1979 Online Utility
CompuServe 1980 Forum
TCP/IP 1982 CNRI Vint Cerf/ Bob Khan
Confer U Michigan/MTS Bob Parnes
CoSy 1983 U. of Guelph, Canada Alastair Mayer
Fidonet 1983 Linking BBS globally Jenkins?
Well 1985 Whole Earth Review S. Barnd etc
BITNET 1981 City U. of NY / Yale U. I. Fuchs / G. Freeman
World-wide Web 1980-90 CERN Tim Berners-Lee
Mosaic 1993 NCSA Marc Andreesen
May 22, '10 44
Some Pioneers Vannever Bush: “As you may think” Douglas Engelbart: ARC, NLS, Mouse, Word Processor,
Computer Conference J.C.R. Licklider/ Robert Taylor: “Computers for
communications” Vint Cerf/Robert Kahn/Dave Farber/Larry Landwieber/Jun
Murai/Kilnam Chon/Jon Postel/Steve & Dave Clocker/Daniel Karrenburg – Built 1st Internet
Rick Adams- UUNet – 1st Commercial ISP Frank Burns/Lisa Kimball/Jeff Shapard/Joi Ito –
MetaNet/ENA (Electronic Networking Association)
Internet became the main stream1992 “Information Super Highway” Al Gore Presidential campaign
INET92 in Japan
1993 National Information Infrastructure (NII)UN online
1994Global Information Infrastructure (GII)APII/KII, proposed by President Kim of Korea at APEC Mosaic/Netscape, YahooJapanese PM office, US Whitehouse online
1995NSF backbone quietly retired, Commercial Internet to bloomNRI, Iran’s first ISP onlineAmazon.com, eBay, Vatican, Canadian Gov online
1996 “Internet Boom” in Japan, NTT:OCN startedE*Trade IPO
1997 Clinton “E-Commerce” strategy
1998 ICANN est.
May 22, '10 Internet History & Governance 46
“ICT for Development”1991- Networking Training Workshop at INET etc,
1992 Sustainable Development Network Program (SDNP), by UNDP as outcome of Earth Summit
1993 Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG) (APCIRN ’91)
1995 “GII Summit” by G7, Brussels, EU: “Information Society”
1995 PAN Asia Networking /IDRC SingaporeMongolia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Sri-Lanka, China…
1996 Information Society and Development, South Africa
1996 Acacia, IDRC
1996 Multimedia Super Corridor (Malaysia)SingaporeONE (Singapore)
1997 APDIP by UNDP
2000 Okinawa Summit, IT Charter, DoT Force
2001 DoT Force Genoa Action Plan
47
Global trend around “Information Society”
1993 NII – Clinton/Gore
1994 GII – Gore proposed at ITU Development Conf
1995 G8 Information Society SummitJapan – promoted “Advanced Info Society”
1996 MSC/Singapore One spread to Asia
1997-98 IFWP – ICANN Governance became the issue
1999 Y2K, Dot Com boom
2000 G8 Okinawa Summit – “New Economy” recognizedDigital Divide - DoT Force 、“ e-Europe”
2003 WSIS Geneva
2004 WGIG
2005 WSIS Tunis
2006 Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) started
48
My encounter to Internet (1)
1985 Asked Jun Murai to talk about “Academic Network” in a study group meeting
1986 Established Institute for Networking Design, promoting PC Networking
1987 Organized Networking Forum in Tokyo and Oita1988 Jun Murai presented in Networking Forum in Sendai1990 Found the strange use of Email
Jeff Shapard of TWICS introduced the Internet at ENA Symposium, but I could not understand it well. He criticized Japanese networkers as living in “Denshi Shimaguni”
49
My encounter to Internet (2)1992 Contributed an article to Global Networks from MIT Press,
used Mailing List among authorsINET92 in Kobe, NTT rejected Internet, Clinton/Gore won the
campaign, GLOCOM connected to Internet via 192K 接続 IIJ est.1993 Clinton/Gore started, “NII” announced over the Net, NTT
request to explain Internet, IHNS est. MIC connected to Internet, GLOCOM Web started, wrote to Nikkei Keizai Kyoshitsu, INET San Francisco, visited Mike Nelson at White House, GLOCOM faced crisis, NTT shift to Multimedia, gave presentation to Japan Inc, no good understanding
1994 Gore announced “GII”, Executives visited White House, IIJ got license, ODN presentation Multi Media Joint Trial (Oita) APNG Beijing Conf, 「進化するネットワーク」 published
1995 Kobe Great earthquake, NTT Break-up debate InfoCom Policy SG proposals
1996 Netizen Forum, Live TV Debate NTT “Brake-up” report GLOCOM Forum, NTT started OCN 2nd visit to White House, Multi-media Asia in Malaysia with MSC
Internet History & Governance 50
How global are we?From Nepal to Cairo to Jerusalem, to Kuala Lumpur...
51
Evangelizing the Internet in Japan
Promoting the PC Networking (Pasokon Tsushin) since 1986
Shift from PC Networking to Internet, 1992Stand-alone to network of networksLocal to Global, Closed to Open, Physical to
LogicalUS – going ahead with “digital” industry
Japan is getting behind – most people did not take this seriously – until 1995
Spoke with “Japan Inc.”Toyota, DDI, NEC, Hitachi, JAL, Ajinomoto, Seibu…
52
1992Jan-Apr - “Global Authoring Network” for the book “Global
Networks” (Linda Harasim ed. MIT Press 1994)Apr? - Prof. Ishida came asked for participation to INET ’92 Jun - 8 members of GLOCOM went to INET ’92 in Kobe
real encounter with the Internet – many from Africa! GLOCOM decided to link Internet – 1/3 of annual budget
Jul – proposed “Internet” to NTT, strongly rejectedNov – Bill Clinton elected as US President
Watched the ballots counted in Cambridge w/ Mitch Kapor NY Times – “Now Japan’s Turn to Play Catch-up”
Nov - GLOCOM linked to Internet with 192k leased line Using is believing, really!
53
1998 - 20121998 IFWP Process, ICANN established
1999 Y2K Campaign
2000 G8 Summit in Okinawa
2001 G8 DOT Force
2002 WSIS PrepCom
2003 G8 Summit in Okinawa
2004 G8 DOT Force
2005 WSIS – Tunis
2006 IGF - Athens
2007 IGF - Rio de Janeiro
2008 IGF - Hyderabad, India
2009 IGF - Egypt
2010 IGF - Lithuania
2011 IGF - Nirobi, Kenya
2012 IGF – Baku, Azerbaijan WCIT – Dubai, UAE
54
US Government Involvement
97.7 “Global Framework on E-commerce” announced
98.2 Green Paperhearings & coordination – solicited
global inputs98.6 White Paper98.9 Approve “newCo”?98.11 Hand-over beginning
55
ICANN 1997-20121997 – IAHC process1998 – White Paper, Green Paper, ICANN1999 – DNSO, MAC…2000 – Global Election, G8 DoT Force2001 – AtLarge Study, 9/11 2002 – “Reform” 2003 – ICANN 2.0 w/ ALS/RALO/ALAC WSIS I2005 – WSIS II2006 – IGF started2008 – ALAC completed – ICANN 3.0?2009 – AtLarge Summit, New TLD, AoC2010 – IDNccTLD introduction2011-12 – New gTLD introduction
56
Lessons LearnedUsing is Believing – still validBe part of history, not outsideValue of human networkingJapan as closed society – hard to breakHistory repeats
How to prevent same mistakes?